1、备战高考概要写作之议论文理论指导及实战演练要点精析概要写作的语言微技巧1. 要点获取。要点获取过程就是文本解读过程。对于结构比较清楚的段落，可以通过筛选、寻找主题句找到要点，这通常是指能够概括全文或段落的关键句子；对于主题句不明确的文章或段落，可以使用关键词来设计主题句的方法。2. 要点转述。要求使用自己的语言来进行自主表述。可以从以下几个主要方面进行转述：（1） 同义替换法，指用相同的单词、短语替代原文；（2） 语态转换法，指把句子在主动与被动语态之间转化；（3） 词性改变法，在写作时，可以尝试改变词性，如将动词改成名词，或把形容词改为名词等手段变化原文；（4） 句子重构，概要写作语言要求“
2、以简为贵”，只有掌握多种句式，如定语从句、非谓语动词等，写作时就能从容自若，就能化复杂句式为简单句或整合重组松散句子。3. 要点衔接。 概要写作并不是简单的要点罗列与堆砌，因此，在获取要点和转述要点之后，应特别关注各要点之间内部联系和逻辑结构，用适当的衔接将要点进行连接，从而形成一篇结构紧凑的小小短文。写作中常见的衔接词如下： 1）对立关系包括让步和转折关系，常见的标志词和短语：but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, unfortunately, although, even though, nevertheless, in spite
3、 of, regardless of, anyhow, instead of, rather than, notbut等。2）因果关系常用的标志词和短语有：because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, sothat, suchthat, in order that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, in response to, on account of, because of, considering that, seeing that, in that, now tha
4、t, as a result, for this reason等。3）并列关系常用的标志词和短语有：and, or, neithernor, eitheror, not onlybut also, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say, as well as, sameas等。4）总分关系常用的标志词和短语有：such as, for example, for instance, to illustrate, as an illustration, to take an example, more speci
5、fically等。5）递进关系常用的标志词和短语有：then, besides, additionally, in addition, furthermore, moreover, what is more, whats worse, even worse等。议论文概要写作技巧 议论文（Argumentation）：找出议论文的三要素，即论点、论据和结论。其关键是找出主题句或结论句。而这种文章的整体结构多数为总分结构、分总结构、平行结构等。因此，我们通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句找论点。若文中有一分为二(即对立观点)的观点，两种观点都要概括，不要漏掉其中一方的观点。课堂典例Direc
6、tions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.例文1:Click to download teacher“Books will soon be obsolete (过时的) in schools,” Thomas Edison announced in 1913: they would, he believed, soon
7、be replaced by silent lms. Each new wave of information technologyradio, television, computershas led to similar predictions. And each time, the old technologies of books, classrooms and teachers have proved startlingly resilient. Like teachers, digital educational technology comes in many forms, fr
8、om wonderful to appalling (糟糕的). But, used properly, it now deserves more prominence in schoolsespecially in poor countries where human teachers are often ignorant, absent or both.The UNs Millennium Development Goals included the ambition that by 2015 all the worlds children would complete primary s
9、chool. This has largely been achieved: nine out of ten children are now enrolled. Alas, the figure is not as impressive as it sounds. Even though most of the worlds children go to school, an awful lot of them learn pretty much nothing there. According to a recent World Bank study of seven sub-Sahara
10、n African countries, half of nine-year-olds cannot read a simple word and three-quarters cannot read a simple sentence. The reason is terrible teaching. The same study found that only 7% of teachers had the minimum knowledge needed to teach reading and writing effectively. When classrooms were inspe
11、cted to see whether a teacher was present, half the time the answer was no. Paying teachers more, in the hope of recruiting better ones, is not the answer. In poor countries, teachers are well paid by local standardsannual salaries are four times GDP per person in India and five times in Kenya and N
12、igeria. As for absenteeism (经常无故缺勤), if expensive teachers do not turn up to class, governments would, surely, sack them? Easier said than done. Poor governments often lack the wherewithal (做某事所需的金钱) to check on teachers in distant villages.Several recent studies suggest ed-tech can help. It seems t
13、o bring about bigger improvements in poor countries than in rich ones. Some of the scarce resources being spent on teachers could therefore be better spent on ed-tech. That does not mean dumping computers on schools in the hope that children will understand how to use them. Instead, it means providi
14、ng schools with software that children can use with minimal help from an adult, that sends teachers prompts about what they are supposed to be teaching and that allows the authorities to check on whether the teacher is in the classroom. Suspects may wonder whether the poorest places have the necessa
15、ry infrastructure. But Africa is electrifying apace (飞速地)in Kenya, electricity coverage has gone up from 27% to 55% of households in three years. Where the grid is not available, solar chargers can work. Schools do not need internet access. Devices can be taken to where there is a connection to uplo
16、ad or download the necessary information. Cost does not have to be a huge problem either. The biggest issue is the governments commitment: where it is enthusiastic, the chances of success are good. Technology is no panacea (万全之策). Good traditional teachers are not obsolete, and are never likely to b
17、e. And authorities need to hold teachers to account. But ed-tech can help greatlyby monitoring pupils and teachers alike, assisting the best teachers and, most important, making up for the failings of the worst._【文本解析】1. Main idea 这是一篇议论文，文章围绕“ed-tech”这个话题展开。文章开头提出观点：随着科技进步的发展，ed-tech应该受到更多重视，尤其是在一些
18、贫穷国家。接着，文章详细分析了贫穷国家面临的一些教育问题。虽然在联合国的努力下，许多孩子能够走进校门了，但是学不到什么东西。在这些国家，教师素质不合格，还经常缺勤。而ed-tech能够很好地解决这些问题。一方面，它可以把课程送进学校，辅助教学；另一方面，政府还可以利用ed-tech监管教师的出勤。有一些人质疑ed-tech在贫穷国家的广泛应用，因为缺少必须的基础设施。但是作者认为只要政府决心坚定，这些都不是问题。2. Text structure全文可以划分为四个部分：-第一部分：陈述观点：ed-tech在一些贫穷国家应受到更多重视。-第二部分：贫穷国家面临的教育问题：师资不合格，教师经常缺勤
19、。-第三部分：ed-tech的优势，以及针对ed-tech的质疑。第四部分：总结观点：ed-tech不是万全之策，但是能极大地解决问题。3. Mind map4. Summary writingEd-tech is a solution to educational problems facing poor countries, like poor teaching quality and teachers frequent absences. Some have doubts about its popularity in backward countries which might lac
20、k necessary infrastructure, but this concern is unnecessary as long as governments support it. Ed-tech can make a big difference because it facilitates teachers work and helps regulate teaching quality. (59 words)例文2:Most bonus projects are poorly designed, says Professor Edward Deci. He thinks the
21、reason is that organizations try to keep bonus arrangements simple. Bonuses can also encourage cheating. “Once you start making peoples rewards dependent on outcomes rather than behaviors, the evidence is people will do whatever they can to get those outcomes. ”But the problem with bonuses runs far
22、deeper than poor design or cheating. In 1971, Deci asked students to solve puzzles, with some receiving cash prizes for doing well and others getting nothing. He found those offered cash were less likely to keep working on puzzles after they had done enough to get paid. The study suggests that offer
23、ing rewards can stop people doing things for the pure joy of it. This was the basis for a series of books by Kohn in which he argues that rewarding children, students and workers with grades, scholarships and other “bribes”leads to low-quality work in the long run.Those who believe in the power of b
24、onuses fail to distinguish between inner drive and outside pressurewanting to do something because you like it for itself in contrast to doing something because you want the reward, ，Kohn says. “Its not just that these two are different, its often that the more you reward people for doing something,
25、 the more their inner drive tends to decline.”A “do this and get that” approach might improve performance in the short term, but over longer periods it will always fail, Kohn says. People who receive bonus will naturally play safe, become less creative, cooperate less and feel less valued, he adds.
26、Whats more，the studies also suggest that offering rewards can also stop people taking responsibility.参考答案：Offering cash rewards can actually bring about worse performance.(要点 1) Firstly, most reward systems are of poor design and contribute to dishonest behavior.(要点2) More importantly, it encourages
27、 people to do the job for the reward instead of the pleasure from the job itself.(要点 3) Therefore, though it may help short-term productivity,(要点 4) financial encouragement will result in less creativity, cooperation and responsibility in the long run.(要点 5)分析过程：核心内容本文是一篇议论文，全文共分五段。第一段引人话题对工作行为进行奖励实
28、际上对工作行为 是有害的，奖励越多行为越差。第二段作者引述Deci教授的话说明两点：一是大多数的奖金系统设置过于简单;二是奖金鼓励欺骗。第三段通过介绍Deci的实验结果说明提供奖金不仅仅有上述两个弊端，更重要的是它阻碍了学生或员工去体验行为本身带来的乐趣的积极性。第四段进一步指出有些人深信奖金的魅力主要原因在于没有区分内驱和外压奖金在某种程度上给人外在的刺激，却削弱了人的内驱力。第五段总结奖金制度在短期内将可能促进良好的行为，但长期而言会降低人的创造力、合作性、责任心等。写作思路(1)理清文章脉络，概括段落大意。第一段提出全文的起点即奖金于行为有害。第二段和第三段是对原因的分析，第四段则是对第
29、三段原因的进一步解释，因此可以把三、四两段的内容合并为一句。第五段是总结，呼应第一段，主要描述奖金制度带来的危害。(2)确定表达要点，灵活准确表达。第一段提出了全文的中心话题奖金bonus,即下文的“do this and get that approach。我们可以用不同的形式来进行表达，如“pay for performance”、“offering cash rewards”和“financial encouragement”等。第二段两个要点“poorly designed”和“encourage cheating”中 的第二个短语可以用“contribute to dishonest
30、 behavior”进行同义替换。第三段的要点需要对原文进行 概括表达。第五段作为要点5也需要对原文进行整合和概括，用though来连接两个平行结构。范文解析范文用“offering cash rewards”来表达核心话题奖金bonus,要点1即全文第一段的主要内容。要 点2和要点3是对要点1的原因分析，两者属于并列关系，用Hrstly和“more importantly”来连接，概括 了第二段和第三段的中心内容。要点4和5是对第五段的概括，也是对上文的总结，用therefore引出， 其中段落五里面包含的两层意思用though进行连接，表达了奖金的作用“ promote short-ter
31、m productivity”和主要弊端“result in less creativity, cooperation and responsibility”。归纳总结：1.语义转换本范文中我们将中心话题bonus用“offering cash rewards”和“financial encouragement”进行替换 表达。本文中的“bonus projects”和 cheating 我们用“reward systems”和“dishonest behavior”进行转换。 原文中的“become less creative，cooperate less”可以用其名词形式“less cre
32、ativity, cooperation”来替 换，以避免重复。2.要点整合本文中第三段说明奖金阻碍了学生或员工去体验行为本身带来的乐趣的积极性，第四段进一步指 出其原因在于人专注于获得奖金而削弱了内驱力，范文在表达时对这两点进行了整合。第五段用 though 将奖金的利弊进行了整合，“promote short-term productivity”是其利，“result in less creativity， cooperation and responsibility”是其弊。实战演练演练1 Gardening can have many positive effects on your
33、physical and mental health. Whether youre growing fruit and veggies, flowers or succulents, getting your green thumb on can have a surprising number of health benefits for you and your family.Depending on the size of your garden, maintaining it can be a great way to be physically active. This could
34、be as tough as mowing the lawn, or as gentle as getting a good stretch and practice stabilizing yourself while kneeling, sitting or reaching. In fact, gardening is a recommended activity as it can encourage the use of many motor skills, improve endurance and strength and keep you moving.These days,
35、we can buy pretty much any fruit and vegetable we want from the supermarket, at any time of year. But gardening enables us to eat seasonally, which has important benefits for our bodies. For example, asparagus and apricots grow in spring and summer, while Brussels grouts get going in winter. Eating
36、seasonally can keep healthy eating exciting by encouraging you to try new recipes using in-season produce. You will also get a wider variety of different coloured produce, providing nutritious vitamins and minerals in your diet throughout the year as the produce you eat changes with the seasons.Gard
37、ening is also a great way to relax, providing opportunities to still the mind and get away from the busyness of everyday life. There is even evidence to suggest that gardening can help ease symptoms of mental illnesses like depression and anxiety. Whether youre gardening by yourself, or getting the
38、whole family involved, its a great way to spend some time outdoors, away from screens and to-do lists, and engage with nature. From repetitive tasks like weeding that provide opportunity for meditation, to practising patience while waiting for plants to grow, gardening is a great exercise for your m
39、ind as well as your body._【参考答案】Gardening may bring positive benefits to your fitness physically and mentally. It keeps you physically active, because it involves using motor skills and improves endurance and strength. Besides, gardening helps you to eat seasonally, through which you can maintain he
40、althy eating and get adequate nutrition. Also, its a great way to calm your mind and ease your daily stress.演练2Foragesthewordhasbeengoingaroundthatthedogisthemansbestfriend.Iagree.Adogcan behandyasanightwatchmanaroundthehouse,asapointeronahuntingtrip,asaguardianand playmateforthechildren.ButIthinkth
41、athavingadogforapetissoexpensiveandannoyingthat Icandowithoutsuchafriend.Providingforthedogsneedsissoexpensivethattheanimalshouldbeanincometaxdeduction. Theresthemedicalbillforshotstokeeptheanimalhealthy.Unlessitskeptinthehouse24hours aday,afemalemustbegivenpreventivemaintenance,aten-totwenty-dollar
42、investment. Otherwise,beforeyouknowit,youllhavemore“incometaxdeductions”inyourfamily.Anddogs havetoeat.DontthinkyoucanbuyacaseofKen-L-Rationandbedonewithit.Adogcanbeas particularaboutfoodasaFrenchexpert.TofeedevenaChihuahua,averysmallMexicandog, youllspendthreetofivedollarsaweek.Ifyouownabigdog,youn
43、eedalargedog-house.Theyre expensive.Acarpenterwillbuildaluxuriousmodelforaboutseventy-fivedollars.Foraboutthirty dollarsworthofmaterials,aweekendswork,andasmashedthumb,youcanbuildasimpleone yourself.Andtheseareonlythemajorcosts.Adogissoannoyingthatnooneinhisrightmindwouldwanttoownone.Considerthedog
44、ownerblessedwithadogthatfetchesslippers,rubbertoys,newspapers.Haveyoueasedyourbare feetintoslippersbittenbydogs,seenalivingroomdestroyedbyatoyboxer,triedtoreada newspaperchewedtowetpiecesbyanobedientBostonbull?Anddogsmakenoise.Somehuge dogsbarkallnight.Butyouarenttheonlyonetoenduresleeplessnights;yo
45、urneighborsletyou knowtheydidntsleepeither.Policemenarefrequentvisitorstodogownershomes.Theyinquire aboutholesreportedduginneighborsflowerbeds,prizecatsinjuredandbleeding,andpetchickens andduckssenttotheirreward.Suspect:yourdog!Youdenyeverything,ofcourse.Rex,youassure theofficers,wasasleepbythedoor.
46、Butyousecretlysuspecthim,becauseyoudontreallyknow whereRexwasallweek.Andyourememberwonderingwhyfeatherswerefloatinginhiswater bowlyesterday.Dogsareannoying.Neitherafire-breathingmother-in-lawnoratalkativewifewill provemoreannoyingtomanthanadog.Dogloverswill,ofcourse,claimmyargumentone-sided,evenexag
47、gerated.Theymight considermeascruelastheRussians,whopossiblyattemptingtosolvetheirowncaninecrisisshotFidointoorbit.Butthefactremains,ifourbestfriendscausedustheexpenseandannoyance ourdogdoes,wedsoonencouragethemtobecomeastronauts.【答案】Thewriterarguesagainstkeepingdogsaspets.Firstly,itcostsalottomeetp
48、etdogs needsformedicine,foodanddog-houses.Secondly,dogsareannoyinginthattheyturnhousesinto amess,makeunbearablenoisesanddestroyneighborsproperties.Inconclusion,keepingpetdogs isthelastthingtheauthorwoulddoinhislife.(58words)演练3Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 word
49、s the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.Farming todayWhen modern farming methods were introduced in the 1950s and 1960s, people believed they were the answer to world food shortages. However, the modern methods did not solve the problem of hung
50、er over a billion people still go hungry every day and they created many other serious environmental problems.According to modern methods, farmers plant only one crop in large quantities and use only the new “improved” seed types. These seeds require farmers to use lots of chemical fertilizers to ma
51、ke the seeds grow and chemical pesticides to kill harmful insects. They also require farmers to use lots of water. Farmers and scientists now realize that these methods may raise production immediately, but they have negative effects in the long term. For example, planting the same crop repeatedly a
52、nd using lots of chemical fertilizers makes the soil unproductive. Also, the farming of very large, open fields results in the loss of valuable top soil.There are often negative effects outside the farm as well. Farm irrigation (灌溉) uses up enormous quantities of water, causing water shortages in ne
53、arby cities and towns. The heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides leads to the pollution of groundwater, rivers, lakes, and even the ocean. It also leads to the development of superinsects that survive all pesticides.For farmers in the developing countries, there are other kinds of problems. Often
54、the only seeds available are the modern seed types. However, they may not be able to afford to buy the fertilizers and pesticides that these seeds require. There also may not be much water available or the farmers may not be able to pay for irrigation. Without chemicals and water, these seeds will n
55、ever produce much, especially since poor farms are often located in dry areas. Thus, many farmers are not even able to feed their own families.Modern farming failed to solve starvation and did damage to the environment. First, the use of new seed types and the fertilizers required will do damage to
56、the soil in the future. Second, irrigation may cause water shortage. Finally, farmers in developing countries cant afford irrigation and fertilizers, thus failing to support themselves. 演练4In the United States alone , over 100 million cell-phones are thrown away each year. Cell-phone are part of a a
57、 growing mountain of electronic waste like computers and personal digital assistants. The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole. Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gold and silver . A Swiss study reported that while the weight of
58、 electronic goods represented by precious metals was relatively small in comparison to total waste , the concentration (含氟) of gold and other precious metals was higher in So-called e-waste than in naturally occurring minerals. Electronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals. Even when the mach
59、ines are recycled and the harmful metals removed , the recycling process often is carried out in poor countries , in practically uncontrolled ways which allow many poisonous substances to escape into the environment. Creating products out of raw materials creates much more materials, up to 100 times
60、 more, than the material contained in the finished products . Consider again the cell-phone , and imagine the mines that produced those metals , the factories needed to make the box and packaging(包装) it came in . Many wastes produced in the producing process are harmful as well. The U.S. Environment
61、al Protection Agency notes that most wast is dangerous in that “ the production , distribution , and use of products -as well as management of the resulting waste-all result in greenhouse gas release.” Individuals can reduce their contribution by creating less waste at the start - for instance , buy
62、ing reusable products and recycling In many countries the concept of the extended producer responsibility is being considered or has been put in place as an incentive（动机）for reducing waste. If producers are required to take back packaging they use to sell their products , would they reduce the packa
63、ging in the first place?Governments incentive to require producers to take responsibility for the packaging they produce is usually based on money . Why , they ask , should cities or towns be responsible for paying to deal with the bubble wrap (气泡垫)that encased your television?From the governments p
64、oint of view , a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer responsibility is to transfer both the costs and the physical responsibility of waste management from the government and tax-payers back to the producers.参考答案: Electronic waste are increasing quickly , which contain both valuable meta
65、ls and poisonous metals. The recycling process causes harm to the environment . In addition , harmful waste material is also created during production. Therefore , to reduce greenhouse gas, we should create less waste at the beginning and the responsibility of e-waste treatment should be shifted fro
66、m government to producers. 演练5Directions: Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.Four-day workweekIn the United States, employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day. However, many employee
67、s want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so. A mandatory (法定的）policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay will benefit the economy as a whole as well as the indi
68、vidual companies and the employees who decide to take the option.The shortened workweek will increase company profits because employees will feel more rested and alert, and as a result, they will make fewer costly errors in their work. Hiring more staff to ensure that the same amount of work will be
69、 accomplished will not result in additional payroll costs (工资成本) because four-day employees would only be paid 80 percent of the normal rate. In the end, companies would have fewer overworked and error-prone (容易出错的) employees for the same money, which would increase company profits.For the country a
70、s a whole, one of the primary benefits of offering this option to employees is that it would reduce unemployment rates. If many full-time employees started working fewer hours, some of their workload would have to be shifted to others. Thus, for every four employees who went on an 80 percent week, a
71、 new employee could be hired at the 80 percent rate.Finally, the option of a four-day workweek would be better for individual employees. Employees who could afford a lower salary in exchange for more free time could improve the quality of their lives by spending the extra time with their families, p
72、ursuing private interests, or enjoying leisure activities._参考答案:Working for four days a with less pay will do good to the country, companies and employees. First, companies can hire more efficient employees with same payroll costs. Second, with more people at work, the country will benefit from redu
73、ced unemployment rates. Finally, with more free time employees will lead a life of higher quality. 演练6 The benefits of having a higher education are manifold（多样的）and range from financial to cultural and from common benefits to some unexpected surprises, below you will find a number of reasons which
74、will help to serve as justification for a higher educationFor many high school students, it is hard to imagine what the long term benefits of a college education might beCollege is demanding, the work seems challenging, and meeting all new people seems overwhelming However， what most young people do
75、 not realize is that there is a high likelihood at college that you will find new friends with similar interests and values， You may find yourself developing new interests by getting along with those who have completely different life experiences As opportunity to get to know your professors can als
76、o be counted one of the benefits of having a college education. These intellectuals can be counted on to welcome questions and discussion from students Therefore, one of the key benefits of a college education is the social bonds created and developed during this unique time in a persons life Beside
77、s, the fact that youll be building a career for the rest of your life is reason enough to make time for a college education Indeed， a clear benefit of a college education is that not only will it give you time to better know your likes and dislikes before entering the labor force， it will also enhan
78、ce the likelihood of a more successful career for you. Many young people are uncertain about a career path at the start of college. This is a time of exploration， and taking the time to explore a variety of college majors is time well spentOne more justification for higher education could be that it
79、s best way to enhance yourself in an allround wayGetting a good education may be the most important price you can pay for your personal advancement， because perhaps more than anything else， what you do with that huge gray material between your ears will determine your future You never know where you
80、r talent could reach So higher education can provide you can with the chance to realize your personal valueTherefore never undervalue the benefits of entering a higher education， which surely will bring you something beyond expectation_Keys: A higher education benefits ones life in many aspects（综述）
81、Despite precollege anxiety， you can establish valuable social relationships there， with friends or professors（高分句型一） Besides， higher education can better prepare you for a future career by exploring your interest and likelihood of success （高分句型二）Last but not least，higher education can lead to full personal development （三个要点）Therefore， its advantages can never be underestimated（结论）
