1、2023年高考英语外刊时文精读精练 (8)Perception: A rose by any other name文化认知：情人眼里出西施主题语境：人与社会 主题语境内容：社会与文化【外刊原文】（斜体单词为超纲词汇，认识即可；下划线单词为课标词汇，需熟记。）TO THE SWEDES, there are few smellsmorepleasantthan thatof surstrmming(鲱鱼罐头). To most non-Swedes there are probably few smellsmoredisgusting. Indeterminingwhichscents(气味)
2、people find pleasant and which they do not, surstrmming suggests culture must play a large part.New research, however, suggests that might not be the case. Artin Arshamian, a neuroscientist at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden, and Asifa Majid, apsychologistat the University of Oxford, began with t
3、heexpectationthat culture would play an important role indeterminingpleasant smells. They had noticed from their ownpreviouswork that people from different cultures describedsmellsdifferently. They also knew from past experiments by other researchers that culture was important indeterminingwhich sor
4、ts of faces people found beautiful. Thus, they expected to see a similarphenomenonwith smells.To study howscentand culturerelate, Dr Arshamian and Dr Majid presented nine different groups of people with ten smells. The cultures doing the smelling varied widely . They includedhunter-gatherercommuniti
5、esalong the coast of Mexico,farmers living in thehighlandsofEcuador,shorelineforagers, gardeners living in thetropicalrainforests of Malaysia, and cityfolkfrom Thailand and Mexico City. All235participantswere asked to ranksmellsaccording to pleasantness. The team compared their results to earlier wo
6、rk on New Yorkers who had been exposed to the same scents.Writing in Current Biology this week, the researchers noted that pleasantnessrankingsof thesmellswereremarkablyconsistentregardlessof where people came from. The smell of isovalericacid(异戊酸)was disliked by the vast majority of theparticipants
7、, only eight giving it a score of1to3on the pleasantnessscale(where1was very pleasant and10was very unpleasant). On the other hand, more than190people gavevanillaextract (香草精)a score of1to3and a tiny minority, only12people, found itdisgustingenough to rate8to10. Overall, thechemicalcompositionof the
8、 smells that the researchers presented explained41% of the reactions thatparticipantshad. Incontrast, culturalfactorsaccountedfor just6% of the results. Dr Arshamian and Dr Majid point out that this is very different from howvisualperceptionof faces worksin that case a persons cultureaccountsfor up
9、to50% of theexplanationfor which faces they find beautiful.Even so, while culture did not shapeperceptionsofsmellsin the way that it is known to shapeperceptionsof faces, the researchers did find an “eye of the beholder” effect. Randomness, which Dr Arshamian and Dr Majid suggest has to be coming fr
10、om personalpreferenceslearned from outsideindividualculture,accountedfor54% of thedifferencein which smells people liked. “eye of the beholder” effectdoes not slip off thetongueso easily but it too appears to be a realphenomenon.【课标词汇】1. Disgusting令人反感的；令人愤慨的He had the most disgusting rotten teeth.他
11、长着非常恶心的一嘴烂牙。I think the decision is disgusting.我认为这个决定令人恶心。2. determine确定，决定；影响The number of staff we can take on will be determined by how much money were allowed to spend.我们雇用的人数将取决于可支配资金的多少。People should be allowed to determine their own future.应该允许人们决定自己的未来。3. be the case是那样，是那么回事If that is the
12、case then I will be very disappointed.如果是那样的话，我会非常失望。It is simply not the case that prison conditions are improving. 监狱条件得到改善的情况绝非事实。4. expectation期盼；盼望；希望I have high expectations for this job (= I believe it will be good).我对这份工作有很高期望。We did so well - beyond all (= better than) our expectations.我们做得
13、非常好远远超出我们的预期。5. previous以前的，先前的The previous owner of the house had built an extension on the back.这栋房子以前的主人对房子后部进行了扩建。Tickets will be sold on the same basis as in previous years.票将以前几年相同的原则出售。6. phenomenon现象(pl. phenomena )Glaciers are unique and interesting natural phenomena.冰川是独特而有趣的自然现象。Gravity i
14、s a natural phenomenon.重力是一种自然现象。7. relate（与）有因果关系，关联High unemployment is related to high crime rates.高失业率和高犯罪率有因果关系。I dont understand how the two ideas relate.我不明白这两个观点有什么联系8. present赠送，授予；提交；展现The winners were presented with medals.获胜者被授予奖牌。The documentary presented us with a balanced view of the
15、issue.这部纪录片向我们呈现了对这个问题的客观看法。The classroom presented a cheerful busy atmosphere to the visitors全班在访客面前展现出一派快乐繁忙的氛围。9. vary（使）不同；（使）呈现差异;改变；更改My taste in classical music varies greatly/widely , but I usually prefer Mozart or Brahms.我对各种古典音乐的喜好程度很不相同，但我通常比较喜欢莫扎特或布拉姆斯的音乐。The heights of the plants vary f
16、rom 8 cm to 20 cm.这些植物的高度从 8 厘米到 20 厘米不等。10. participant参与者，参加者He has been an active participant in the discussion. 他一直积极参与这次讨论。It was argued that he was a willing participant. 有人争辩说他是自愿参加的。11. rank具有的地位（或等级）；把分等级；确定的地位（或等级）My entry was ranked third in the flower show.在花展中，我送去参赛的花获得了第三名。It is not al
17、ways easy to rank the students in order of ability.把学生按能力排名并非总是容易的。12. exposed暴露的All exposed skin should be covered with protective cream.所有露在外面的皮肤都应该涂上防护霜。13. note留意，注意Please note (that) we will be closed on Saturday.请注意我们周六不营业。Suddenly, I noted that the rain had stopped.突然，我意识到雨已经停了14. remarkably不
18、同寻常地；突出地Maria speaks remarkably good English. 玛丽亚讲一口非常流利的英语。Remarkably, no one was seriously hurt in the accident. 奇怪，没有人在事故中受重伤。15. consistent一贯的；坚持的；始终如一的There has been a consistent improvement in her attitude.她的态度一直在改进。What the witness said in court was not consistent with the statement he made t
19、o the police.证人在法庭上的证供和他对警方的陈述不一致。16. regardlessof管；不顾；不理会:The club welcomes all new members regardless of age. 俱乐部对所有新成员不分年龄一律欢迎。 He went ahead and did it, regardless of the consequences. 他说干就干了,没有考虑后果。 17. majority大多数，大部分The majority of the employees have university degrees.大部分员工都有大学文凭。A large maj
20、ority of people approve of the death sentence.大多数人赞成死刑。18. minority少数Its only a tiny minority of people who are causing the problem.惹麻烦的只是极少数的人。Only a minority of people support these new laws.只有少数人支持这些新法令。19. chemical与化学有关的；化学的:a chemical element 化学元素 the chemical industry 化学工业 chemical reactions /
21、 processes 化学反应/过程 20. Incontrast对比之下Their economy has expanded enormously, while ours, by/in contrast, has declined.他们的经济快速增长，相比之下，我们的经济则下滑了。21. accountfor 解释；说明He was brought before the Board to account for his behaviour.他被带到董事会上为他的行为作出解释。Can you account for your absence last Friday?你能解释一下上周五你为甚么缺
22、勤吗？22. Visual视觉的；视力的visual perception视觉感知The tall tower adds to the visual impact of the building.高高的塔楼增强了这幢大楼的视觉效果。23. Perception见解，观念，看法感觉，知觉；感知Drugs can alter your perception of reality.毒品会影响你对现实的感知。These photographs will affect peoplesperceptionsof war.这些照片会影响人们对战争的看法。24. shape决定（或影响）（尤指信仰或思想）的形
23、式；决定，影响（性格）Many people are not able to shape their own destinies.很多人不能决定自己的命运。He was very influential in shaping the governments economic policy/strategy.在左右政府的经济政策战略方面，他有着极大的影响力。25. random随机的,随意的a random sample / selection随机抽样/选择randomly selected/distributed 随意挑选的/任意分配的 The information is processed
24、 in a random order. 信息是按随机顺序处理的。26. preference偏爱；爱好；喜爱Her preference is for comfortable rather than stylish clothes.她更注重衣服的舒适性，而非时髦的款式。Choosing furniture is largely a matter of personal preference.挑选家俱主要是个人喜好的问题。We give preference to those who have worked with us for a long time.我们优先考虑那些和我们长期共事的人。27
25、. slip off 迅速脱掉（衣服）Slip your shirt off and I ll listen to your heart. 快点脱掉衬衫，我来听听你的心跳。The ring had slipped off Julias finger.戒指从朱莉娅的手指上滑脱了。【课标词汇精练】根据语境，从上面的“课标词汇”和“重点短语”中选用合适的单词及其正确形式将句子补充完整。1. Passengers were kept for hours in a waiting room.2. He the report to his colleagues at the meeting.3. The
26、samples in quality but were generally acceptable.4. Staff are to be active in the decision-making process.5. She the bottles in order of size along the shelf.6. Theres evidence to suggest that child abuse is not just a recent .7. Researchers are trying to low exam results and/to/with large class siz
27、es.8. The amount will be paid to everyone whether they have children or not. 9. The of students find it quite hard to live on the amount of money they get.10. Your health in part by what you eat.11. If that is the , we need more staff. 12. The holiday lived up to all our .13. Training is provided, s
28、o no experience is required for the job.14. Children with single parents at my school were very much in the .15. My relationship with my father played a major part in my attitude towards men.16. They the consumers growing demand for quicker service.17. All the students did well in their exams this y
29、ear.18. Her work is sometimes good, but the problem is shes not .19. The winning numbers are selected by computer. 20. I have a for sweet food over spicy.21. Tighten the straps so they won t your shoulders. 22. Recent pressure at work may his behavior.23. Artists translate their ideas into images.24
30、. We have to change the publics that money is being wasted.Keys:1. disgusting .乘客被迫在令人厌恶的候车室里等了好几个小时。2. presented.他在会议上向同事们做出报告。3. varied.这些样品品质有差异，但是大体上可以接受。4. participants.全体职员要积极参与决策。5. ranked.她把瓶子按大小顺序摆放在架子上。6. phenomenon .有证据显示虐待儿童并不是近来才有的现象。7. relate.研究者们正试图证明学生考分低和班级规模大有关系。8. regardless of .
31、不管有没有孩子,每个人都会得到相同的金额。9. majority.大多数学生都觉得很难靠他们得到的那点钱生活。10. is determined .在某种程度上你的健康状况取决于你的饮食。11. case. 如果真是那样，那我们就需要更多的员工了。12. expectations假期过得一点也没有令我们失望。13. previous .这项工作提供培训，因此不要求以前有相关经验。14. minority.在我的学校里单亲孩子只占极少数。15. shaping.我和父亲之间的关系在很大程度上决定了我对男性的看法。16. noted.他们留意到消费者对便捷服务与日俱增的需求。17. remarka
32、bly. 所有学生在今年的考试中都表现得非常优秀。18. consistent她工作有时不错，问题是她不能始终如一。19. randomly获奖号码是由电脑随机选取的。20. preference 比起辛辣食物我更喜欢甜食。21. slip off系紧带子，这样它们才不会从你的肩上滑下来。22. account for他的行为也许是最近的工作压力导致的。23. visual画家把自己的思想转换成视觉画面。24. perception大众认为这是在浪费金钱，我们必须改变他们的这种看法。【译文】对瑞典人来说，没有什么比鲱鱼罐头的气味更令人愉悦了。而对于大多数非瑞典人来说，可能没有比这更令人厌恶的气
33、味了。瑞典人对鲱鱼罐头的喜爱表明，在确认人类喜欢哪些气味、不喜欢哪些气味方面，文化发挥了相当大的作用。 然而，新的研究表明，事实可能并非如此。瑞典卡罗林斯卡学院的神经学家Artin Arshamian和牛津大学的心理学家AsifaMajid最初的预期是，文化在决定宜人气味方面发挥着重要作用。他们在之前的研究中发现，不同文化背景的人对气味的描述是不同的。他们还从其他研究人员过去的实验中得知，文化在决定人们认为哪种面孔美丽方面很重要。因此，他们希望看到这一定律也同样适用于气味。为了研究气味和文化之间的关系，Arshamian博士和Majid博士向九组不同的人提供了十种不同的气味。气味研究参与人员的
34、文化跨度也十分广泛，包括：沿墨西哥海岸的狩猎部落、生活在厄瓜多尔高原的自给农民、海岸线觅食者、生活在马来西亚热带雨林的园艺家，以及来自泰国和墨西哥城的城市居民。所有235名参与者都被要求根据好闻程度对气味进行排序，然后研究人员将结果与之前纽约人民对同样气味测试的结果进行了比较。研究人员本周在当代生物学杂志上撰文指出，无论人们来自哪里，他们对气味愉悦度的排名都异常一致。 绝大多数参与者都对异戊酸的气味嗤之以鼻，只有 8 人在宜人量表上给其打了 1 到 3 分（其中 1 表示非常愉悦，10 表示非常不愉悦）。 另一方面，超过 190 人给香草精打了 1 到 3 分，而只有极少数的12 人认为香草精
35、令人作呕，打了 8 到 10 分。总体而言，研究人员提供的气味化学成分解释了参与者41%的反应。相比之下，文化因素只占6%。 Arshamian 博士和Majid 博士指出，这与人脸视觉感知的作用方式大不相同在这种情况下，一个人的文化背景，在他们认为哪些面孔美丽的因素中占50%。尽管文化对气味感知的塑造没有像人脸感知那样起作用，研究人员也发现了“情人眼里出西施”效应。Arshamian博士和Majid博士认为，实验的偶然性来自于个人从外界主观文化习得的个人偏好，在影响人们喜欢哪种气味的因素中占54%。 “情人的审美”可能不会轻易改变，但“情人眼里出西施”貌似也是真实存在的。【背景知识】在我们的
36、地球上，有千千万万不同的人，他们有着不同的口味，喜欢吃不同食物，他们在听觉和视觉上都有着千差万别的审美，但最近发表在当代生物学（Current Biology）上的一项新研究发现：人们对气味的偏好是差不多的。卡罗琳斯卡研究所临床神经科学系研究员阿廷阿尔沙米安（Artin Arshamian）说：“我们想研究世界各地的人是否有相同的嗅觉，是否喜欢相同类型的气味，或者这是否受文化背景的影响。传统上，对气味的偏好被视为一种文化，但我们可以证明，它跟文化的关系不大。”目前的研究表明，气味分子的结构决定了一种气味是否令人愉快。研究人员发现，不管参与者的文化背景如何，他们都更喜欢某些特定的气味。阿尔沙米安博士说：“来自世界各地的有不同文化背景的人都会以相似的方式对不同的气味进行排序，不管他们来自哪里，但是在细节上，对气味偏好有一些个人因素，但不是文化因素。”这项研究共包括235名受试者，他们被要求对气味进行从好闻到不好闻的分级。结果显示，尽管每个群体中的个体之间存在差异，但是在对令人愉快和令人不愉快的气味的分辨这点上，所有人都是一致的。研究人员表明，这种差异主要是受分子结构（41%）和个人偏好（54%）影响的。