1、 第一讲 谓语动词 动词的时态、语态与主谓一致 谓语动词的形式变化主要有时态、语态和主谓一致。语法填空主要考查形式为给出提示词动词，主要考查时态、语态和主谓一致语法一致、就近一致和意义一致。虚拟语气虽然在语法填空中鲜有考查，但在写作中属于高级句式，它的合理运用能给作文增色添彩，因此在二轮备考中，考生也应加强这一部分知识的学习。如何判断填谓语动词提示词是动词，且空格位于主语之后，分析句子成分后发现句中找不到谓语或者虽然已有谓语动词，但需要填的动词与之是并列关系时，所给动词应该作谓语，此时要结合语境考虑动词的时态、语态变化和主谓一致，有时还需要考虑虚拟语气。典例1 2020全国卷 The unma
2、nned Change-4 probe(探测器)the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess_61_(touch)down last week in the South Pole-Aitken basin.touched考场思维(1)读句子定成分：句子主语是The unmanned Change-4 probe，空格touch是谓语动词。(2)时间状语last week 可判断用一般过去时。(3)尝试解答：_典例2 2020全国卷65.When/_As he asked the villagers on the banks o
3、f the river where he could find the legendary(传奇的)artist,they smiled and _66_(point)down the river.pointed考场思维(1)读句子定成分：句子主语是they，空格处与smiled是并列谓语动词。(2)有smiled可判断用一般过去时。(3)尝试解答：_考点1考查动词的时态3个技法搞定谓语动词时态技法1 慧眼识别标志词12020江西省重点中学盟校第二次联考At present,Tech giants Apple and Google _(team)up to create a system th
4、at would let smartphone users know when theyve come into contact with someone who has COVID-19.答案与解析：are teaming 考查时态。句意：目前，科技巨头苹果公司和谷歌公司正在合作开发一个系统，可以让智能手机用户知道他们何时与新冠肺炎患者有过接触。根据时间状语at present可知，是叙述现在正在发生的情况，因此用现在进行时be doing，表示现阶段正在进行的动作；主语Tech giants Apple and Google中giants是复数，因此谓语动词用复数形式。22020江西省南昌
5、市高三二模Since those breeds cost moreto feed,their eggs _(be)more expensive.答案与解析：are 考查动词时态及主谓一致。句意：由于这些品种的饲料成本更高，它们的蛋也更贵。根据上文Since those breeds cost more to feed可知为一般现在时，主语为eggs，故谓语动词用复数形式。32020新高考卷The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane,for example,_38_(form)the core collection of the British
6、 Museum 39._which/that opened in 1759.答案与解析：formed 考查动词时态。根据上文内容以及时间状语 in 1759可知，应用一般过去时。42020洛阳市高三5月第三次统考And on the weekends,she _(teach)local kids who needed extra help with their schoolwork.答案与解析：taught 考查时态。根据后面的needed可知，此处也用一般过去时。52020赣州市高三年级适应性考试They _(become)a part of daily life and a part of
7、 our throwaway culture for decades.China set a goal of reducing overconsumption in order to get rid of our reliance on single-use plastics.答案与解析：have become 考查动词时态。根据后文for decades可知应用现在完成时，且主语为they，故助动词用have。62020“安徽省示范高中皖北协作区”高三联考Quanzhou is also known for its thriving private economy.The past four
8、 decades _(see)the birth of tens of thousands of private businesses and hundreds of famous brands.答案与解析：has seen/have seen 考查时态。句意：在过去的四十年里，数以万计的私营企业和数百个著名品牌应运而生。分析句子结构可知，空处填时态，再根据句意可知，the past four decades是句子的主语，此处用现在完成时，谓语动词可用复数，也可以用单数，故填has seen/have seen。72020天津卷The number of medical schools rea
9、ched 18 in the early 1990s and _(remain)around that level ever since.答案与解析：has remained 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。ever since是解题关键，与现在完成时连用。“the number of复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。82020浙江卷7月By about 6000 BC,people _61_(discover)the best crops to grow and animals to raise.答案与解析：had discovered 考查动词的时态。根据时间状语By about 6000 B
10、C可知，句子谓语动词用过去完成时，故填had discovered。在高考语法填空中，有时会给出时间标志，考生可根据所给标志词或时间状语轻松得出答案。1一般现在时：every day,always,often,seldom,sometimes,usually等。2一般过去时：yesterday,last night,a few days ago,the other day,one rainy day等。3一般将来时：tomorrow,next year,in a week等。4现在进行时：at present,now,at this moment等。5现在完成时：already,so far,
11、for一段时间，since过去的时间点或ever since;in/over/during/for the last/past recent一段时间等。6过去完成时：by,by the end of,by the time等后接过去时间点。技法2 瞻前顾后找并列和细心体会辨语境12020北京卷She _1_(persuade)me to join the poetry society and lit in me a fire for literature.答案与解析：persuaded 考查动词的时态。根据该句中的“lit in me a fire for literature”可知，此处表述
12、的是过去发生的事情，故填persuaded。22020山东模拟卷The way she held their hands,_(touch)their faces and just looked at them,you could tell they had such a special bond.答案与解析：touched 考查过去式。此处与held和looked并列作谓语，故用过去式touched。32019全国卷Our hosts shared many of their experiences and _45_(recommend)wonderful places to eat,shop
13、,and visit.答案与解析：recommended 根据and可知所填词语与前面的shared构成并列谓语，故填recommended。42020浙江卷7月This style of farming lasted for quite a long time.Then，with 64.the rise of science，changes began.New methods _65_(mean)that fewer people worked in farming.答案与解析：meant 考查动词的时态和语态。结合句意可知，New methods与mean是主谓关系，同时结合前两句的时态为
14、一般过去时，故填meant。52019全国卷Picking up her“Lifetime Achievement”award,proud Irene _64_(declare)she had no plans to retire from her 36-year-old business.答案与解析：declared 分析句子结构可知，主句中缺少谓语动词；结合后面的had可知，此处应使用一般过去时。1瞻前顾后找并列可根据并列连词and,but,or,rather than,neither.nor.，not only.but also.等前后的谓语动词形式确定所填谓语动词的时态；同一个主语连接
15、两个或两个以上的并列谓语，谓语动词时态要一致。2细心体会辨语境：有些题目在时间状语和其他参照物都不明显的情况下，应仔细分析设空处所在句前后句子中的谓语动词的时态，弄清动作发生的时间及顺序，确定所填谓语动词的时态。技法3 固定句式要牢记，主从时态要呼应12019浙江6月卷One study in America found that students grades _62_(improve)a little after the school introduced uniforms.答案与解析：improved 主句谓语动词是found，用了一般过去时，此处从句时态应该与之保持一致。22018全国
16、卷While running regularly cant make you live forever,the review says it _64_(be)more effective at lengthening life 65.than walking,cycling or swimming.答案与解析：is 此处the review says后跟的是宾语从句，主句谓语动词为一般现在时，宾语从句与主句的时态应保持一致，空格处应用一般现在时；且宾语从句中的主语为it，故填is。32017天津卷I _64_(drive)down to London when I suddenly found
17、 that I was on the wrong road.答案与解析：was driving 此处是be doing.when.句型，意为“正在做，这时(突然)”。由从句的谓语动词found可知，主句应用过去进行时。42020沈阳监测This was the first time I _(experience)sandstorms and I dont ever want to be in one again.答案与解析：had experienced 考查动词时态。此题考查固定句式“This was the first time that sb.had done sth.”可知，从句用过去
18、完成时。52020梧州一模I say to him with a cheerful smile，“Go to exercise and you _(feel)better.”答案与解析：will feel 考查动词时态。此题考查固定句式：祈使句and/or陈述句，陈述句用一般将来时。熟记以下固定句型中的时态1was/were doing sth.when sb.did.2It is/has been一段时间since sb./sth.did.3This/It/That is the first/second.time that.从句要用现在完成时4This/It/That was the fi
19、rst/second.time that.从句要用过去完成时5Its(high)time that.did/should do sth.6祈使句and/or 主语 将来时在宾语从句中，如主句用一般过去时，从句应用过去的某种时态；从句表客观事实或真理，用一般现在时。考点2考查动词的语态把握逻辑关系，析主动或被动12020全国卷“This really excites scientists，”Carle Pieters,a scientist at Brown University,says,“because it means we have the chance to obtain inform
20、ation about how the moon _68_(construct)”答案与解析：is constructed 考查被动语态。此处表示“月球是如何构成的”，应用被动语态，且此处描述的是客观情况，故填is constructed。22020浙江卷7月 Farming produced more food per person than hunting and gathering,so people were able to raise more children.And,as more children were born,more food _59_(need)答案与解析：was
21、needed 考查动词的时态和语态。结合句意“出生的孩子越多，需要的粮食就越多”可知，more food与need构成被动关系，且文章的基本时态为一般过去时，故填was needed。32020河南省高三5月质量检测Plastic microbeads or tiny solid plastic particles _ (use)mostly in cosmetics production,face washes,toothpastes and other products.When we use these things,the plastic microbeads get into our
22、 pipes that carry water,and eventually end up in the ocean.答案与解析：are used 考查时态和语态。句意：塑料微珠或细小的固体塑料微粒在化妆品、洗面奶、牙膏和其他产品中被广泛使用。该段的主时态是一般现在时，Plastic microbeads or tiny solid plastic particles和use之间是被动关系，故用一般现在时的被动语态。42020濮阳市高三毕业班第二次模拟Greta Thunberg,a 16-year-old Swedish climate change activist,_(elect)as
23、2019s“Person of The Year”last week.答案与解析：was elected 考查时态和语态。分析句子可知，此处是句子谓语动词，主语Greta Thunberg和elect之间是被动关系，由last week判断为一般过去时，应用一般过去时的被动语态，主语是单数，故填was elected。52020江西省南昌市高三二模Eggs are great for breakfast and can_(cook)in different ways.One topic of debate,however,is why brown chicken eggs usually co
24、st more than white ones.答案与解析：be cooked 考查动词语态。本句中主语与谓语动词构成被动关系，且can后跟动词原形。看主谓关系定语态动词的语态一般和时态放在一起进行考查。做好此类试题，考生需要掌握以下几点：1主语和谓语的关系一般分为两种：主动关系和被动关系。主动关系使用主动语态，被动关系使用被动语态。2被动语态的基本形式为：be done。3做题步骤一般分为两步：先考虑语态，再考虑时态。4主谓一致常和动词的时态、语态放在一起考查。考点3主谓一致语法、就近、意义三原则12019天津卷Amy，as well as her brothers,_(give)a war
25、m welcome when returning to the village last week.答案与解析：was given 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：埃米和她的兄弟们上周回到村里时受到了热烈的欢迎。A as well as B作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由A，也就是本题中的Amy决定；由last week可知give表示的动作发生在过去，且Amy与give是被动关系。22019全国卷Of 69.the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations,three are declining,six _70_(be)stable,one is
26、 increasing,and nine lack enough data.答案与解析：are 考查时态和主谓一致。此处陈述客观事实，应用一般现在时；six指代six polar bear subpopulations，谓语动词应用复数。32020聊城检测However,thanks to the international agreement,there _(be)much less illegal hunting since 1990.答案与解析：has been 句意：然而，多亏了这项国际协议，自从1990年，非法捕猎少了很多。根据时间状语since 1990可推知设空处用现在完成时；本
27、句主语hunting为单数第三人称，故填has been。42019浙江6月卷When every pupil in the school wears the uniform,nobody _56_(have)to worry about fashion(时尚)答案与解析：has/will have 此处用一般现在时描述一般情况；分析句子结构可知，主语是nobody，所以谓语动词用has。或理解为When引导的时间状语从句谓语动词用一般现在时表将来，主句用一般将来时，故也可填will have。52020山东省济南市高三5月模拟Sharing food and drinks _(be)one
28、of the everyday habits that should change forever after coronavirus.答案与解析：is 考查主谓一致。主语是Sharing food and drinks，动名词作主语，谓语用单数，此处指一般事实，用一般现在时。主谓一致三原则1语法一致原则主语后跟有with,together with,as well as,like,but,except,along with,rather than,including,in addition to等时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。2就近一致原则(1)由or,either.or.,nei
29、ther.nor.,not only.but also.等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的数常与最近的主语保持一致。(2)由there,here引起的主语不止一个时，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。3意义一致原则(1)由连词and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念，兼具身份或匹配出现(不可分割的整体)时，谓语动词用单数。(2)非谓语动词、名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。考场练兵 检验考试能力小题夯基练单句语法填空12020青岛市高三统一质量检测To stay healthy,the report _(suggest)that people do at least 150 minutes o
30、f moderate(适中的)physical activity or 75 minutes of intense physical activity every week.答案与解析：suggests 考查主谓一致。主语the report是单数，谓语动词suggest应用单三形式。22020湖南长郡中学模拟The traditional Chinese marriage usually _(involve)some necessary procedures,such as match-making,engagement,meeting the bride,and three bows.答案
31、与解析：involves 考查主谓一致。根据该句中的usually可知，此处表示经常发生的动作，故用一般现在时；主语The traditional Chinese marriage为第三人称单数，故谓语动词应用单数形式。32020高三八校第二次联考According to HuffPost,more than 3 million people in the United States are vegans.In the UK,about 542,000 people _(choose)veganism over the past decade.答案与解析：have chosen 考查现在完成时
32、。句意：据赫芬顿邮报报道，美国有超过三百万人都是纯素食主义者。在过去的十年间，英国大约有54.2万人选择了素食。时间状语over the past decade句子要用现在完成时。42020浙江卷1月People tend to focus on the first factor.However,greater attention should _64_(place)on longevity(长寿)答案与解析：be placed 由短语place greater attention on可知，attention 与place之间是被动关系，故用被动语态。52020山东省临沂市高三一模“Ther
33、es no place like home.”This English saying has much truth in it:the best place _(surround)by our loved ones and with a roof over our head.答案与解析：is surrounded 考查动词时态语态。本句中主语与谓语动词构成被动关系，且此处描述客观事实用一般现在时，主语为place，谓语动词用单数形式。62020山东省潍坊滨州市一模In those toughest days,donations in cash and kind _(make)to help b
34、attle the disease.Thanks to the joint efforts,everything is getting better and better.答案与解析：were made 考查一般过去时态的被动语态和主谓一致。句意：在那些最艰难的日子里，现金和实物捐赠被用来帮助抗击疾病。根据In those toughest days可知这里在指过去的事情，句子主语donations是复数形式，和make之间是被动关系，所以此处用一般过去时态的被动语态。大题提能练Test 12020广州市综合检测二 Its just another day for William Lindes
35、ay.It begins by spending some time with his sons.and the Great Wall of China.He has lost count of the number of times he 1._(climb)the wall.However,he still remembers the day when he first saw 2._.1答案与解析：has climbed考查动词的时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，空处为从句的谓语，根据主句中的“has lost”并结合语境可知，空处应用现在完成时，又其主语为“he”，所以填has cli
36、mbed。2答案与解析：it考查代词。根据语境可知，空处代指上文提到的长城，所以填it。The UK native first came to China in 1986 with one of the 3._ (plan)to run the walls entire 4._ (long)but it didnt quite work out that time.He came back a year later and fulfilled his dream,before finally settling in China in 1990.3答案与解析：plans考查名词的单复数。plan
37、是可数名词，根据空前的“one of”可知，此处应用复数形式，所以填plans。4答案与解析：length考查词形转换。根据空前的形容词entire可知，空处应为名词，且指城墙的整个长度，所以填length。Lindesay has had eight books on the Great Wall 5._(publish)over the years.He has completed three photo projects that show 6._ it has changed with the passage of time and led conservation efforts t
38、o protect it.5答案与解析：published考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空处为非谓语动词，和其逻辑主语eight books构成动宾关系，故用过去分词形式published。6答案与解析：how考查名词性从句。根据语境并分析句子结构可知，空处引导宾语从句，表示“怎样，如何”，所以填how。Now he and his Chinese friends are using drones(无人机)7._(film)the Great Wall,which provides a 8._ (complete)new and fascinating perspective.7答案与解析
39、：to film考查固定用法。use sth.to do sth.“用做”是固定用法，所以填to film。8答案与解析：completely考查副词。分析句子结构可知，空处应为副词，修饰形容词new，所以填completely。In many ways,the Great Wall has defined Lindesays life.His solo adventure 9._(describe)as“the most successful foreign exploration of the Great Wall”.He even received a medal 10._ the Ch
40、inese government for his conservation efforts.9答案与解析：is/was/has been described考查动词的时态和语态。分析句子成分可知，空处为句子的谓语，与句子的主语His solo adventure构成被动关系，故用被动语态；又根据语境可知，此处可看成是对客观存在的情况的描述，也可与空后一句中的一般过去时相呼应或与空前一句中的现在完成时相呼应，所以填is/was/has been described。10答案与解析：from考查介词。结合语境可知，空处表示来源，所以填from。Test 22020武汉市高中毕业生6月供题 Here
41、 is why you should care about astronomy.Its true that its advances benefit millions of people across the world.It has developed technology now to track where your package goes,to determine where you are and so 1._.答案与解析：on考查固定搭配。and so on为固定搭配，意为“等等”，符合语境。But all of these are mere second thoughts an
42、d 2._(benefit)that have occurred without the primary 3._(intend)of the maker.And that is 4._ makes astronomy beautiful.2答案与解析：benefits考查名词的单复数。分析该句结构可知，该句中that引导定语从句，空处与thoughts为先行词，空处与复数名词thoughts对应，benefit为可数名词，故该处用其复数形式benefits。3答案与解析：intention考查词形转换。根据空前的without the primary可知，空处应用名词的单数形式，故填inten
43、d的名词单数形式intention。4答案与解析：what考查表语从句连接词。分析该句结构可知，空处引导表语从句，作表语从句的主语，表示“的事物”，故用what引导该表语从句。To study something not because were looking to gain anything in particular,but purely 5._ (enjoy)natural wonders 6._ (be)all that makes us human.Doing work for the work itself creates room for joy.5答案与解析：to enjoy
44、考查动词不定式。空处与to gain并列，表示目的，故用动词不定式作目的状语。6答案与解析：is考查主谓一致和动词的时态。该句主语为不定式“To study something”，故谓语动词应用单数形式；又根据语境可知，该句陈述的是客观存在的情况，故用一般现在时。I 7._ (firm)believe that astronomy has a spiritual dimension in the sense of how it connects us with something bigger than ourselves.Because 8._ astronomy we now know e
45、xactly when the universe 9._ (come)into existence.7答案与解析：firmly考查副词。空处修饰动词believe，应用副词形式，表示“坚定地相信”。8答案与解析：of考查介词。because of为固定搭配，意为“因为，由于”，符合语境，故填介词of。9答案与解析：came考查动词的时态。根据语境可知，该句意为“由于天文学，我们现在确切地知道宇宙是什么时候形成的”。根据常识可知，宇宙的形成是发生在过去的事情，故用一般过去时。And weve spotted thousands of planets orbiting other stars.It has explained mysteries(神秘的事物)10._(confuse)us for thousands of years,but even more significantly,it has opened up more mysteries than any of us can study in our lifetime.10答案与解析：confusing考查现在分词。分析该句结构可知，空处修饰前面的名词mysteries，该名词和动词confuse之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词作后置定语。