1、第3讲非谓语动词考点1非谓语动词的形式及意义非谓语动词主动语态被动语态意义不定式一般式to doto bedone表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生进行式to bedoing表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生完成式to havedoneto havebeendone表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前动词ing形式一般式doingbeingdone表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或基本上同时发生完成式havingdonehavingbeen done表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生过去分词一般式done与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表示完成There are s
2、till many problems to be solved before we are ready for a long stay on the moon.在我们准备在月球上长住之前，仍有很多问题需要解决。Walking in the street, I came across an old friend.走在大街上，我碰到了一位老朋友。Based on an interesting story, the novel was well worth reading. 基于一个有趣的故事，这部小说很值得一读。考点2非谓语动词作状语1. 不定式作状语(1)作目的状语，有时用in order to
3、或so as to。We will continue our campaign to prevent and control air pollution to make our sky blue again.我们将继续我们的运动，以预防和控制空气污染，使我们的天空再次蔚蓝。(2)作结果状语，常表示出乎意料的结果，常用于下列结构中：only to, enough to, too . to ., so/such . as to . 等。Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky.汤姆乘出租车去了
4、机场，结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。Im too tired to stay up any longer.我太累了，实在不能熬夜了。(3)作原因状语，常用在“主语系动词形容词to do”结构中。这类形容词有：easy, difficult, hard, cheap, heavy, good, expensive, comfortable, dangerous, fit, important, impossible, surprised, astonished, delighted, disappointed 等。We were astonished to find the temple s
5、till in its original condition.令我们吃惊的是，这座寺庙仍保持着最初的样子。语法填空中常考查 “主语be形容词不定式”结构，句子的主语和不定式构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且此时不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义。另外，需注意的是，在该结构中，不定式中的动词必须是及物动词；若为不及物动词，则要在其后加上适当的介词，使之构成及物动词短语。2. 动词ing形式及过去分词作状语分词作状语时，其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语。动词ing形式作状语时，它所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。We sat
6、in the garden, talking about the days we spent together last year.我们坐在花园里，谈论着去年我们一起度过的日子。(2020江苏卷)Technological innovations, combined with good marketing, will promote the sales of these products.技术创新与良好的市场营销相结合，将促进这些产品的销售。Ordered over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time now.这些书是一个
7、多星期以前订购的，现在有望随时到货。Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way using the sun and the stars.像古代的船员一样，鸟类可以利用太阳和星星找到它们的路。部分过去分词作状语时不表示被动，也不表示完成，而表示一种状态。常见的有：located (坐落于), lost(迷路的), seated(坐着的), hidden(躲着的), lost/absorbed/buried in(沉溺于), dressed in(穿着), tired of(厌烦的), faced with(面对着)。3. 独立成分作状语有些分词或
8、不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常考的有generally/frankly/roughly/strictly speaking, talking of, speaking of, judging from/by, taking everything into consideration, compared to/with, to be frank, to tell (you) the truth, to be honest, to make things worse 等。Judging from his accent, he is from London.从口音判
9、断，他来自伦敦。To tell you the truth, I am a little tired.说实话，我有点累。4. 独立主格结构非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，在句子中作状语，我们称之为独立主格结构。(1)独立主格结构的特点：独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词或不定式是逻辑上的主动或被动关系。独立主格结构一般用逗号与句子分开。(2)独立主格结构的构成：名词/代词动词ing形式/过去分词；名词/代词不定式；with/without名词/代词分词/不定式。Weath
10、er permitting, we shall play the match tomorrow.明天如果天气好，我们就进行比赛。The test finished(When the test was finished)，we began our holiday.考试结束后，我们就开始放假了。考点3非谓语动词作定语1. 不定式作定语(1)不定式作定语通常放在所修饰词之后，表示将来的动作。不定式与其所修饰的词之间往往是动宾关系，若该不定式是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。Suddenly a good idea occurred to her，but she couldnt find any pa
11、per to write on.突然她想到了一个好主意，但是她找不到纸把它写下来。(2)序数词，形容词最高级，the last, the only 等后或被这类词修饰的名词/代词后，常用不定式作定语。He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。(3)被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见名词：ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way 等。And
12、 the best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit.增强意志力最好的方法就是让意志力成为一种习惯。The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。2. 动词ing形式及过去分词作定语(1)作定语的及物动词的分词形式：动词ing形式、“being过去分词”、过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用动词ing形式；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示正在进行时，用“being过去分词”；当被
13、修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示完成时，用过去分词。(2)作定语的不及物动词的分词形式：动词ing形式和过去分词。动词ing形式表示动作正在进行；过去分词只表示动作已完成，不表示被动。To return to the problem of water pollution, Id like you to look at a study conducted in Australia in 2012.为了再讨论一下水污染的问题，我想让你们看一项2012年在澳大利亚进行的研究。Last night, there were millions of people watching the openin
14、g ceremony live on TV.昨天晚上，有几百万人观看了开幕式的电视直播。考点4非谓语动词作宾语1. 只接不定式作宾语的动词：agree, plan, demand, promise, prepare, decide, refuse, choose, wish, hope, expect, fail (未能), pretend, manage, determine, beg, arrange, threaten, claim, hesitate, wait, happen (碰巧)等。She seated herself at a small table in the resta
15、urant, waiting to be served.她坐在餐馆里的一张小桌子旁等着服务员。2. 只接动词ing形式作宾语的动词及短语：admit, avoid, consider, escape(避开), imagine, mind, miss, practise, suggest, feel like, give up, put off, object to, look forward to等。此外，have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.; have fun (in) doing sth. 等结构中也用动词ing形式作宾语。I avoided me
16、ntioning the subject in case he should be offended.我回避提及这个话题，以免冒犯他。Its quite hot today. Do you feel like going for a swim?今天很热。你想去游泳吗？3. 接不定式与动词ing形式作宾语意义不同的动词：That would mean wasting a lot of labour.那将意味着浪费许多劳动力。Really？I dont mean to waste any labour.是吗？我并没打算浪费劳动力。Was she worried that I would stop
17、buying the groceries if I knew the truth?她是担忧我知道真相后会停止买食品杂货吗？(1)动词want, need, require作“需要”讲时，其后要用动词ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语。与此用法相同的动词还有deserve(值得)。(2)不定式作动词(短语)learn, decide, know, wonder, show, understand, explain, teach, advise, find out 等的宾语时，前面常带引导词how, what, whether, where, when, who等。(3)介词后一般要接动
18、词ing形式作宾语，但介词but/except后接不定式作宾语时，若前有实义动词do，不定式要省略to。考点5非谓语动词作宾补1. 不定式作宾补不定式作宾补时，宾语和不定式之间在逻辑上是主谓关系，不定式表示将要发出的主动动作。常接不定式作宾补的动词(短语)：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, intend, invite, order, persuade, prefer, require, remind, tell, want, warn, wish, call on, depend on等。If
19、we expect people to give up the habit of driving，we must give them an alternative they can rely on.如果我们期望人们放弃开车的习惯，我们必须给他们可以依赖的选择。Having finished the project, Tara was invited by the school to speak to the new students.完成她的项目之后，塔拉被学校邀请去给新生讲话。(1)有些动词，如think, consider, believe, suppose, feel, find, un
20、derstand等后常用to be作宾补或主补。Chinese people are considered to be the most hardworking people in the world.中国人被认为是世界上最勤劳的人民。(2)在sb. be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thoughtto do/to have done结构中，不定式作主语补足语。The president was reported to have visited China.据报道，那位总统已经访问了中国。2. 动词ing形式及过去分词作宾补(1)动词ing形
21、式作宾补时，动词与宾语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，且强调正在进行的主动动作。可接动词ing形式作宾补的常见动词：感官动词(see, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen to, feel)，使役动词(have, get), find, leave, keep, catch等。Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help?听！你听到有人正在呼喊救命吗？(2)过去分词作宾补时，动词与宾语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，且表示被动动作。可接过去分词作宾补的常见动词：感官动词(see, watch, observe, notice
22、, hear, listen to, feel)，使役动词(have, make, let, get), find, leave, keep等。The teacher raised his voice in order to make himself heard.那位老师提高嗓门以便让自己被听到。(3)使役动词have和get后接非谓语动词作补语的异同点：have sth. doneget sth. done让别人做某事；have sb./sth. doing让一直做某事；get sth./sb. doing 使开始做某事；have sb. do sth.get sb. to do sth.
23、让某人做某事。Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car washed.在开车进城之前，你需要洗洗车。(4)with的复合结构：“with宾语doing”表示主动，说明动作正在发生或经常发生；“with宾语done”表示被动或完成；“with宾语to do”表示将要发生的动作。The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog following them.这对老夫妇常常在晚饭后到公园里散步，他们的宠物狗则在后面
24、跟着。With such a short time left before the deadline, it doesnt seem likely that John will finish the job.截止日期之前只剩下很短的时间，约翰似乎不可能完成工作了。With a lot of work to do, she wasnt allowed to leave her office.由于有许多工作要做，她不被允许离开办公室。考点6非谓语动词作主语和表语1. 不定式作主语和表语(1)不定式作主语时，一般表示具体某一次的动作。若不定式太长，常用it作形式主语而将不定式后置。No matter
25、 how bright a talker you are, there are times when its better to remain silent.无论你多么能说会道，有些时候保持沉默会更好。(2)不定式作表语时：表示预定要发生的动作；当主语是aim, purpose, idea, plan, wish, decision, choice等词时，常用不定式作表语；主语为what引导的名词性从句时，表语多用不定式。His wish is to be a doctor in the future.他的愿望是将来当一名医生。What I want to do most in senior
26、high school is to improve my English.我在高中最想做的事就是提高我的英语水平。2. 动词ing形式作主语和表语(1)动词ing形式作主语常表示抽象的、泛指的概念，也可用it作形式主语，把作真正主语的动词ing形式放在句末。常用于固定句型：Its a waste of time doing .; Its no use/good doing .; It is useless doing .; There is no point doing . 等。Facing up to your problems rather than running away from t
27、hem is the best approach to working things out.直面你的问题而不是逃避它们，是解决这些问题最好的方法。Its no use complaining without taking action.不采取行动而只是抱怨是没有用的。(2)动词ing形式作表语时相当于名词，用于解释主语的内容，表语和主语常常可以互换位置。My job is cleaning the house three times a week(Cleaning the house three times a week is my job.)我的工作是每周打扫三次房子。(3)remain作
28、系动词，意为“仍然是”时，后可接动词ing形式或过去分词作表语；但作不及物动词，意为“尚待；留待”时，后常接to be done。She remained standing though we repeatedly asked her to sit down.虽然我们三番五次地请她坐下，但她还是站着。It remains to be seen whether the newlyformed committees policy can be put into practice.新成立的委员会提出的方针能否实行还有待观察。【技巧点拨】1. 分析句子结构，判断是谓语动词还是非谓语动词首先判定所给提示
29、词是否充当句子的谓语，如果句子不缺少谓语，那就是非谓语动词。2. 找逻辑主语，再判断与动词之间的关系(1)非谓语动词作定语时，其逻辑主语是被修饰词；作状语时，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语；作补语时，其逻辑主语是动词或介词的宾语。(2)如果逻辑主语与非谓语动词之间是主谓关系，则用动词ing形式；如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是动宾关系，则用过去分词。但是当含有被动意义时，如果非谓语动词表示的动作尚未发生，则用不定式的被动式；如果非谓语动词表示的动作正在进行，则用动词ing形式的被动式。3. 判断所给动词与谓语动词发生的先后顺序(1)to have done, having done表示该动作发生在
30、谓语动词表示的动作之前；(2)to be doing, doing表示该动作与谓语动词表示的动作(几乎)同时发生。. 单句语法填空1. (2021全国甲卷)After spending (spend) some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall, we decided it was time for some action and what better than to ride on a piece of history!2. (2021全国甲卷)It is possible to walk (walk) or b
31、ike the entire 14 kilometers.3. (2021浙江卷6月)Marys sister, Frances Todd Wallace, often came over to plant (plant) flowers in the front yard.4. (2020浙江卷7月)Later, they learned to work with the seasons, planting at the right time and, in dry areas, making (make) use of annual floods to irrigate (灌溉) thei
32、r fields.5. (2020全国卷)They make great gifts and you see them many times decorated (decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune. 语法填空(2021湖北十堰高三4月模拟)A new bike route, 1. which stretches 3，700 miles from Washington DC to the Pacific Ocean, is aiming to be “Americas Main Street”. The Great
33、 American RailTrail will enable cyclists and hikers 2. to cross (cross) the entire US.The multiuse trail will run from Washington DC to Washington State. It 3. was carried (carry) out in May 2019, and the route will 4. eventually (eventual) connect over 145 existing paths. So far nearly 2，000 miles
34、of it has been completed.“5. Determining (determine) the route was ever a long journey，” said Brandi Horton, vicepresident of communications at RailstoTrails Conservancy (RTC)Once it is fully completed, almost one in six 6. Americans (American) will live within 50 miles of the route, and it will off
35、er an incomparable experience of the country. The timing couldnt be 7. better (good) because trail use across the US has risen in large part due to peoples need for exercise.“I think the need showed to a lot of officials that access 8. to the outdoors actually is key. Creating these connections 9. i
36、s (be) really critical，” added Horton.RTCs late cofounder David Burwell once had a dream that one day people could go across the entire country on flat, wide, offroad paths. He wants railtrails to be “Americas Main Street”. Now, 10. the dream is ready to be realised. 写作运用根据汉语提示补全下面写作， 注意非谓语动词的运用。Dea
37、r Mr Smith，Im writing on behalf of our calligraphy club to 1. invite you to come to the Student Activity Centre for some activities with us (邀请您来学生活动中心和我们一起参加一些活动) from 2：00 pm. to 5：00 pm. this weekend.2. Being an important part of traditional Chinese culture (作为中国传统文化的重要组成部分), calligraphy serves t
38、he purpose of 3. conveying thoughts and showing the beauty of lines (表达思想并表现线条之美)Not only is it a practical technique for writing Chinese characters, but 4. its a unique art form to purify our souls as well (它也是一种净化我们灵魂的独特艺术形式). You will enjoy a lecture about the Chinese calligraphy and appreciate masterpieces of some celebrities. After that, you will be exposed to some handson activities.Hopefully, you will be able to feel the beauty and power of Chinese calligraphy. Looking forward to your reply!Yours，Li Hua