1、第三编 核心语法必备 第二层级 精通“句法”求满分 英 语 2021内 容 索 引考点1 并列句、感叹句、祈使句考点2 定语从句考点3 名词性从句考点4 状语从句考点5 特殊句式(强调句、倒装句、省略句、there be句型)考点1 并列句、感叹句、祈使句 考点清单探考点寻规律 1.并列句 并列句的构成(1)用并列连词连接。We fished all day,but we didnt catch one.(2)用分号连接。She tried her best;she failed,however.表示转折或对比关系的并列连词:but,yet(然而,可是),while(然而)表示并列或递进关系的
2、并列连词:and,not only.but(also),both.and.,neither.nor.表示选择关系的并列连词:or,either.or.,not.but.表示因果关系的并列连词:so,for(因为)特殊并列连词:when when可用作并列连词,意为“就在这时,那时”,常用于下列句式:be doing sth when.正在做某事,就在这时 be about to do sth when.马上要做某事,就在这时 be on the point of doing sth when.正要做某事,就在这时 had just done sth when.刚刚做某事,就在这时 2.感叹句
3、what引导感叹句的结构:What+a(n)+形容词+可数名词单数(+主语+谓语)!What+形容词+可数名词复数(+主语+谓语)!What+形容词+不可数名词(+主语+谓语)!What interesting books they are!how引导感叹句的结构:How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语!How+主语+谓语!How surprising it is!How I wish to join the football club!“What+a(n)+形容词+名词(+主语+谓语)!”与“How+形容词+a(n)+名词(+主语+谓语)!”可以互换,但应注意冠词的位置:What a long w
4、ay it is from Beijing to Guangzhou!=How long a way it is from Beijing to Guangzhou!3.祈使句 肯定结构:动词原形+其他 否定结构:否定形式用dont,位于句首且只能用缩略形式。可以加助动词do,或使用always或never加强语气。Do let me know the truth.Never tell a lie to anyone.“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”,有时祈使句部分也可以用名词短语。Work hard,and you will pass the exam.More healthy food,o
5、r you will break down soon.考点对练单句语法填空 1.They wanted to charge$5,000 for the e-bike,we managed to bring the price down.2.Youd better make greater efforts,you wont get next semesters scholarship.but 前后两句之间为转折关系,故使用连词but。or 由句意可知用or(否则)。3.The cost of living in Haikou is among the lowest,the quality of
6、life is probably one of the highest.4.Father was about to close the window his attention was caught by an injured bird.5.Please do me a favour (invite)my friend Mr.Smith to Youth Theater at 7:30 tonight.while 前后两句具有对比或转折关系,故使用并列连词while(然而)或but。when 由句意可知应填when,使用了“be about to do sth when.”结构。invite句
7、中破折号表示解释说明,空格后是祈使句,故用动词原形。6.It is often said that the joy of travelling is not in arriving at your destination in the journey itself.7.In some places women are expected to earn money men work at home and raise their children.but句中使用“not.but.”连接两个并列成分。while前后句之间表示对比关系,故使用while。8.He found it increasin
8、gly difficult to read,his eyesight was beginning to fail.9.What he saw was that a car ran directly into the tree.a terrible scene it was!10.Before you resign from the company,(consider)how your family would feel about your decision.for使用并列连词for解释前一句情况的原因。What感叹句的中心词是名词“scene”,应使用what。consider空格部分是祈使
9、句,故用动词原形。课课练随堂清 语法填空 Each school year begins as usual though you may feel worried about your hard study.Other teens,including many Senior 1 students,are 1.nervous and excited because they will have tons of new things to deal withnew teachers,new friends and even a new school.There are new worries,2.
10、they wont stay around for long.If you know what to do,you can easily make your back-to-school worries go away.bothbutOn the first day,most teachers talk about all the cool things to do at school this year.Many teachers also ask students to tell the class something about themselves.3.(prepare)somethi
11、ng to say.And 4.(be)nice to your classmates.That can bring you new friends.Say hello to those you know 5.to the new ones in your class.6.helpful it is to be friendly!To make you feel better,it might help to wear nice clothes on the first day of school.Try your favourite pair of jeans 7.a nice new T-
12、shirt from the summer holiday.If you have to wear a school uniform,8.(wear)something cool!PreparebeandHowor/andwearThe following tips may help you to get ready for the new term more quickly.Get enough sleep at night,9.dont sleep in class.Try to go to school with a happy face every day.Join some stud
13、ent clubs.10.remember not to ignore your schoolwork.and But考点2 定语从句 考点清单探考点寻规律 1.定语从句的分类 限制性定语从句:对先行词起修饰、限制作用,不能用逗号与先行词隔开。She has two daughters who work in the same company.非限制性定语从句:对先行词或主句起补充说明作用,与先行词或主句之间常用逗号隔开。She has two daughters,who work in the same company.2.who,whom,whose引导定语从句 先行词指人时,who/th
14、at在从句中若作主语,则不可省略;whom/who/that若在从句中作宾语,则可省略。先行词是those时用who引导定语从句。“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句,如果先行词指人,用whom指代且不可省略。whose在定语从句中一般指人,有时也可指物,在从句中作定语。3.that,which引导定语从句 当先行词是不定代词all,little,few,much,anything,everything,nothing,none,some等时,关系代词只用that。当先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much,the only,the very,the right,t
15、he last,few,just等修饰时,关系代词只用that。先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰,或先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级时,关系代词只用that。当先行词既有人又有物时,关系代词只能用that。引导非限制性定语从句时,关系代词只能用which。位于介词后时,关系代词只能用which。4.as引导定语从句 用于限制性定语从句:当先行词前被such,the same修饰时,关系代词用as。用于非限制性定语从句:as引导的从句可以位于主句前,主句后,或位于主句中间。as表示说话人对所说话语的看法、态度,具有“正如,像”等意义,常与动词know,see,hear,remember,say,
16、show,expect,guess等连用。As we all know,she is a famous film star.As we had expected,the parents meeting worked out very well.5.where,when,why引导定语从句 where在从句中作地点状语,它的先行词通常为place,spot等表示地点的名词。case,point,condition,situation等先行词虽不表示具体的地点,但表达一种“地步,境地,形势”,此时也应用where引导从句。Can you think of a case where you are
17、mistaken by others,but you cant tell the truth?It seems that their relation has reached the point where they have to divorce.when在从句中作时间状语,先行词通常为time,year等表示时间的名词。why 在从句中作原因状语,它的先行词只有reason。when,where,why引导从句时,均可与“介词+which”结构换用:Jinan is a city where/in which there are many well-known springs.Ill ne
18、ver forget the days when/during which we traveled together.That is the reason why/for which she told a lie to her husband.先行词虽然是表示时间、地点或原因的名词,但从句中缺少的不是状语,而是主语、宾语时,定语从句的关系词应为that/which,切不可选when,where,why。There are two points(that/which)we must stick to.Beijing,which is the capital of China,is especia
19、lly beautiful in autumn.6.“介词+which/whom”引导定语从句 代替when,where,why引导定语从句 I forgot the exact place in which/where I had put the bank note.介词的使用取决于句子意义的需要,或取决于句中动词、形容词、副词与介词的搭配。She bought a cellphone,on which she spent over 1,000 dollars.(由“spend.on.”搭配决定)The gas without which we cannot live is called o
20、xygen.(由句意决定)“不定代词/数词+of which/whom”引导非限制性定语从句,意为“中的部分”。She has three daughters,two of whom work as nurses.I earn only 3,000 yuan a month,half of which is spent on my rent.7.定语从句中的主谓一致 关系代词在从句中作主语时,定语从句中的谓语动词在人称和数方面与先行词保持一致。The professor who is lecturing now is from Zhejiang University.考点对练单句语法填空 1.
21、The small mountain village we were volunteer teachers lies in the south of the town.2.We live in an age more information is available with greater ease than ever before.in which/where 定语从句中缺少地点状语,故填in which/where,意义上相当于in the village。when先行词age(时代)表示时间,关系词在从句中作状语,故填when。3.Maria has written two novel
22、s,both of have been made into television series.4.There must be a time in every mans life he is in low spirits.5.The air quality in the city,is shown in the report,has improved over the past two years.which 由句意及结构可知,此处是代词+介词+关系代词引导的定语从句,应使用关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句,which指代前面提到的two novels。whentime为先行词,从句中缺
23、少状语,故填when。as由句意(正如报告里所显示的)和句子结构可知,应使用as引导非限制性定语从句。6.It is the third time that she has won the prize,has surprised us all.7.Sales director is a position communication ability is just as important as sales skills.8.My boss said the work would be done by October,personally I doubted very much.which由句意
24、及句子结构可知应填which引导非限制性定语从句,which指代主句所提及的事情。in which/where由句子结构可知,position后接定语从句,关系词在从句中作状语,即in theposition=in which=where,故填in which/where。which此处使用which引导非限制性定语从句,which指代主句所表达的意义。9.When you are in a group,dont get too close to the boys behaviour and quality are bad.10.Australia is one of the few coun
25、tries,people drive on the left.whose关系词在定语从句中作定语,故填whose。in which/where因为先行词表示地点,故填in which/where。课课练随堂清 语法填空 Have you heard of the story about“Titanic”1.sounds moving?The story happened on the ocean 2.the great ship“Titanic”was on her first trip,but also her last one.The ship went down at a place 3
26、.there were not many icebergs(冰山).The ship broke on the night 4.there were stars in the sky.None of the people on the ship knew the reason 5.the great ship should sink(下沉).The weather was fine and the sea was calm.Now evening quietly came into the sky.Suddenly,a strange sound came from down below th
27、e ship 6.was flying forward like a great bird.Captain Smith did not find there was something wrong until the engine(引擎)had stopped and he was told that the ship was flooded.As soon as he got the report,he went to the radio room.Another ship“the Californian”7.was sailing near did not come for help be
28、cause the radio was turned off at 11:30 pm when the man on duty had gone to bed.A ship 8.was sixty miles away got the signals,but it would get there four hours later because it was too slow.If there was anyone 9.still believed that“Titanic”was not in real trouble,he was wrong.So,the captain decided
29、to help those 10.were young or weak to leave the ship first.1.which/that 空格部分引导定语从句,先行词是story,从句中缺主语,故填which或that。2.where 由句子结构可知空格后是定语从句,先行词ocean是地点名词,从句中缺少状语,故填where。3.where 空格后是定语从句,先行词是地点名词place,从句中缺少状语,故填where。4.when 先行词是表示时间的名词night,之后的定语从句中缺少状语,故填when。5.why 空格后是定语从句,先行词是表示原因的名词reason,从句中缺状语,故
30、填why。6.which/that 空格后是定语从句,先行词是ship,从句中缺少主语,故填which或that。7.which/that 空格后是定语从句,先行词是ship,从句中缺少主语,故填which或that。8.which/that 空格后是定语从句,先行词是ship,从句中缺少主语,故填which或that。9.who 空格后是定语从句,先行词是表示人的代词anyone,从句中缺少主语,故填who。10.who 空格后是定语从句,先行词是表示人的代词those,从句中缺少主语,故填who。考点3 名词性从句 考点清单探考点寻规律 1.名词性从句的连接词 从属连词that,wheth
31、er和if引导名词性从句,在从句中不作任何句子成分。That the coal miners are alive is a wonder.(主语从句)Nobody knows whether/if he likes to learn a foreign language.(宾语从句)The fact is that we should depend on ourselves.(表语从句)There is possibility that he will lose his work.(同位语从句)连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whomever,wha
32、tever,whichever引导名词性从句,在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等。Who will be the chairman hasnt been decided.(主语从句)I want to know what the manager said at the meeting.(宾语从句)The problem is who can lend us so much money.(表语从句)连接副词when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however引导名词性从句,在从句中作状语。Where we shall hold the party is not de
33、cided.(主语从句)The policewoman asked me how the car accident happened.(宾语从句)The question is where we can live this night.(表语从句)I have no idea why she gave up the work.(同位语从句)2.主语从句的常用句型 It+系动词+形容词+that.It is quite clear that he will fail in the driving test.It+系动词+名词+that.Its no wonder that youve made
34、such great progress.It+be+动词-ed+that.It is said that no child was injured in the accident.It+特殊动词(seem,happen)+that.It seems to me that he is against my travel plan.It happened that I was at the school gate at that time.3.名词性从句的特殊用法 连接代词(who,what等)和连接副词(when,where,how等)引导主语从句时既可以置于句首,也可以放在句末并用it作形式主
35、语。What we should do next remains unknown.It hasnt been made clear when the road is open to traffic.宾语从句的否定转移:主句谓语动词为think,believe,suppose等,并为一般现在时,且主句的主语是第一人称时,从句的否定一般要转移到主句上来。I dont suppose thats true.whether与if的区别(1)在宾语从句中whether,if可以互换,但当与or not连用或者在“be+形容词”之后时只能使用 whether。I wonder if/whether the
36、 news of her death is true or not.I dont care whether or not he comes.He was not sure whether the managers answer was right.(2)作介词宾语或与不定式连用时只能用whether。Whether youll succeed depends on whether you are honest.I cant decide whether to go there right now.(3)引导主语从句位于句首时,只能用whether;若it作形式主语,则if,whether可互换
37、。Whether he will be admitted to Peking University hasnt been known.It hasnt been known whether/if he will be admitted to Peking University.(4)引导表语从句时只能用whether。The problem is whether we have enough money.宾语从句的时态 主句为一般现在时时,从句谓语动词可根据实际情况使用任何时态;主句若为一般过去时时,从句谓语动词要用与过去时态相关的某种时态,但如果从句表示客观事实和真理,则用一般现在时。4.同
38、位语从句和定语从句的区别 同位语从句相当于名词,用来说明前面名词的内容;定语从句相当于形容词,用来修饰前面的名词。We are glad at the news that he will win.(同位语从句)We are glad at the news that he told us.(定语从句)考点对练单句语法填空 1.It worried her a lot the hair of her mother-in-law was turning grey.2.It is still not obvious the president can do to get rid of the pub
39、lics anger.3.I read about it in some magazine or other;does it matter it was?that that引导主语从句,句首的It是形式主语。what 由句意可知应使用what引导名词性从句作主语,句首的It是形式主语。which从句意看,应是指“哪一本杂志”,因而用which引导从句作真正的主语。4.Sometimes,we cant get seems better than what we have already had.5.matters most in improving yourself is to make a
40、manageable plan.6.I made a promise to myself this year,my first year in high school,would be different.7.Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt he could have expressed it differently.whatwhat引导主语从句并在从句中作宾语。What根据句意“重要的是”,应使用what引导主语从句并在从句中作主语。thatthat引导同位语从句,说明promise的内容。thatfelt后是宾语从句,从句结
41、构完整,不缺句子成分,故用that引导。8.Before shopping,I make a list of my kids will need for the coming season.9.We should consider the students request the school library should provide more science books.10.There is no possibility we will pick you up at the airport;the snowstorm has been on.what根据句意应使用what引导从句作介词
42、of的宾语。thatthat从句作request的同位语,说明request的内容。that由句意可知使用that引导从句,作名词possibility的同位语。11.Have you heard of the good news the severe flood has been under control?12.I cant understand is why so many high school students are unwilling to major in medicine.13.Some old people still hold the view women should
43、stay at home to take care of the family.that应填that引导同位语从句,说明news的具体内容。What what引导主语从句并在从句中作宾语。thatthat从句作view(观点)的同位语。14.His capability has never been in doubt;the question is he is prepared to put efforts.15.From is written here I can see that a big dance party was held here last evening.whetherwhe
44、ther引导表语从句。whatwhat引导宾语从句作介词From的宾语。课课练随堂清 语法填空 Many are still playing a mobile game called Travel Frog.You play as the“mother”of a frog who lives alone and enjoys traveling.1.you need to prepare are food and tools for his trips.The frog will send you postcards while he is away.The games popularity
45、may have something to do with 2.lonely people are these days.Many players have said 3.the lonely frog is just like them.But playing with the frog helps them forget their loneliness for a while.It seems 4.loneliness is common today.About 40 percent of American adults say 5.they are lonely.And in the
46、UK,about one in five people in the country is“always or often lonely”.This is 6.The Telegraph reported recently.This might be 7.the UK government declared the countrys first“Minister of Loneliness”in January.The ministers job is to find 8.we should help the UK citizens feel less lonely.This loneline
47、ss problem may be partly due to 9.social media does.When we see pictures of friends having fun or posting selfies(自拍)without us,we may compare their“perfect”lives with our own and feel inferior(较差的)and lonely.But we should remember 10.no one is bound(注定)to be lonely.As a poet once wrote,“No man is a
48、n island,entire of itself;every man is a piece of the continent(陆地),a part of the main.”1.What 由句意可知,此处使用what引导主语从句,表达“需要准备的内容”。2.how 由句意可知,此处使用how引导感叹句,作介词with的宾语。3.that 由句意和句子结构可知,空格后是宾语从句,该从句意义完整,故填连词that,that可以省略。4.that 由句意可知,此处应填that引导表语从句,此时that不可省略。5.that that引导宾语从句,作动词say的宾语,此时that可以省略。6.wha
49、t what引导的是表语从句。7.why 由句意可知,应填why引导表语从句。8.how 由前后句信息可知,此处填how引导宾语从句,作动词find的宾语。9.what 此处表示“部分是因为社交媒体的原因”,因而填what引导宾语从句作介词短语due to的宾语。10.that 此处应填that引导宾语从句,作动词remember的宾语。考点4 状语从句 考点清单探考点寻规律 1.时间状语从句 常用连词:when,before/after,(not)until,while(当时候),as soon as,(ever)since,the moment(一就),every/each time(每次
50、),as,immediately(一就),whenever,next time,by the time(到时候),hardly.when.(一就),no sooner.than.(一就)时间状语从句的常用句型(1)not.until/till.“直到才”。He didnt go to bed until he finished all his homework.(2)It will be/was+一段时间+before.“过多长时间才”。It will be long before I come back from Japan.(3)It+was+not long before.“不久就”。I
51、t was not long before we finished the project.(4)It is/has been+一段时间+since.“自从以来多长时间了”。It is three years since he left home.(5)No sooner+had+主语+过去分词+than.(正常语序:主语+had no sooner+过去分词+than.)“一就”。No sooner had I begun to talk than he rang off.=I had no sooner begun to talk than he rang off.(6)Hardly+ha
52、d+主语+过去分词+when.(正常语序:主语+had hardly+过去分词+when.)“一就”。Hardly had we fallen asleep when the bell rang.=We had hardly fallen asleep when the bell rang.注意:(5)和(6)这两个句型中,从句用一般过去时,主句用过去完成时。while与when引导时间状语从句 while引导的时间状语从句中,谓语动词必须是延续性动词或表示状态的动词,when引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词可以是延续性或非延续性动词。Please listen to me while/when
53、I read the article.Mother was cooking when I got home.表示“一就”的连词:as soon as,immediately,directly,instantly,the moment Ill give you an answer the moment I finish reading your paper.2.地点状语从句 常用连词:where,wherever,anywhere,everywhere等。Where there is a will,there is a way.You can go anywhere you like.Every
54、where you go,you should do your work well.与定语从句的区别 where引导定语从句时,从句前有一个表示地点的词作先行词,而状语从句前则没有先行词。Go back where you came from.(地点状语从句)Go back to the village where you came from.(定语从句)3.原因状语从句 常用连词:because,as,since,now that because语气较强,用以回答why的问句;as 语气较弱,所表达的原因比较明显;since语气较弱,常表示对方已知的事实,相当于汉语中的“既然”,since从
55、句多置于主句之前;now that主要用于口语,常译为“既然”。Because it is raining hard,lets take a taxi.As it was a public holiday,all the shops were closed.Since you are free tonight,why not play chess with me?Now that you have come,you may as well stay.4.目的状语从句 常用连词:in order that,so that in order that 可置于句首或句尾,而so that 往往只置于
56、句尾;目的状语从句中常使用may/might/will/would/shall/should/can/could等情态动词。I hurried through my work so that I could be in time for his birthday party.In order that you can get the job,you must prepare for the interview.5.结果状语从句 常用连词:so that,so,so.that.,such.that.so that除了引导目的状语从句,还可以引导结果状语从句,that可省略。We moved to
57、 the country so that we were away from the noisy city.常用句型(1)“so+形容词/副词+that.”意为“如此以至于”。He drove so carelessly that he almost lost his life.(2)“such+(a/an)+形容词+可数名词单数/复数/不可数名词+that.”意为“如此以至于”。The meeting was such a success that it won all praises.6.条件状语从句 常用连词:if,unless,in case,as/so long as,on cond
58、ition that,once等。(1)由in case引导,意为“如果,假使”。In case he comes,tell him to wait a moment.In case anything important happens,please call me up.(2)由as/so long as/on condition that引导,意为“只要”。As long as youre happy,it doesnt matter what you do.(3)由once引导,意为“一旦,一就”。Once you show any fear,the dog will attack yo
59、u.7.让步状语从句 常用连词:though,although,这两个连词都表示“虽然,尽管”之意,二者都可与yet,still连用,但不能与but连用。其他表示让步意义的状语从句(1)由as/though引导,其结构为:形容词/副词/名词+as/though+主语+谓语。注意:although不可以用于这种倒装结构。Young as/though he is,he knows a lot.注意:上述句型中,若表语是可数名词单数,则需省略名词前的冠词。Child as/though he was,he knew what he should do.(2)由even if/even though
60、引导,表示“即使,纵使”之意。Even if he is poor,she loves him.(3)由whether.or.引导,表示“不论是否,不管是还是”之意。Whether you believe it or not,its true.(4)由“no matter+疑问词”或“疑问词-ever”引导,表示“无论都,不管都”,它们引导的让步状语从句可以互换。No matter what happened,he would not mind.=Whatever happened,he would not mind.(5)由while引导,意为“虽然,尽管”。While I admit hi
61、s good points,I can see his shortcomings.8.方式状语从句 由as引导,表示“正如,像”。Will you do the experiment as I am doing?由as if/as though引导,表示“似乎,好像”。从句中用陈述语气表示可能性很大,用虚拟语气表示可能性很小。She behaved as if she were the boss.It looks as if your mother is tired.考点对练单句语法填空 1.I dont believe weve met before,I must say you do lo
62、ok familiar.2.The crew had hardly got off the plane it began to rain cats and dogs.although/though由句意可知,主句和从句之间存在让步关系,故使用although/though引导让步状语从句。whenhardly.when.是固定句型,意为“刚(一)就”。3.Everything was placed exactly he wanted it for the competition of square dances.4.The consumer smiled politely the girl a
63、pologized for her drunken friends.5.I always felt I would win the calligraphy contest,I never thought I would get first prize.where由句意可知,空格处强调地点概念,故填where引导地点状语从句。when/as根据句意应使用as或when引导时间状语从句。While/Although/Though此处需要一个引导让步状语从句的连词,故填While/Although/Though。6.This kind of pain-killing medicine may wor
64、k more effectively you drink some hot water after taking it.7.All people,they are old or young,are beginning to pay much attention to their health.8.The old passenger asked Lucy to move to another chair he wanted to sit next to his wife.if由句意可知应使用if引导条件状语从句。whetherwhether.or.引导让步状语从句,表示“无论还是”。becaus
65、e由句意看,后面的从句表示原因,故使用连词because。9.The little kids in this kindergarten wont go to sleep the teacher gives each a kiss.10.My nephew was so excited she received the admission letter from Harvard University.11.Because of the heavy traffic,it was already time for lunch break she got to her office.unlessunl
66、ess表示“除非,如果不”,表示否定的条件。when/because根据句意应使用when或because引导时间状语从句或原因状语从句。when根据句意应使用when引导时间状语从句。12.Today,we will begin we stopped yesterday so that no point will be left out.13.John thinks it wont be long he is ready for his great journey to Europe.where不及物动词后接状语从句,表示开始的地方,因而使用连词where。before此处使用before表
67、示两件事情发生相隔时间之短,意为“过不了多久他就会做好准备”。14.Unsatisfied he was with the payment,he decided to continue to work there.15.I really dont like art,I find the young girls works impressive.as/though 由句意看,前一句是让步状语从句,因形容词提前,故填as/though。While/Although/Though由句意看,应使用连词while/although/though引导让步状语从句。位于句首,首字母要大写。课课练随堂清 语法
68、填空 1.I hated dinner parties,I decided to give another try because Im in London.I did so 2.dinner parties in London were very different from those back in New York.Also,my friend Carlas invitation encouraged me.There,“Im having a dinner party”means:“Im booking a table for 12 at a restaurant;you cant
69、afford and well be sharing the money,no matter 3.you eat.”Worse,in New York someone always leaves 4.the bill arrives.Theyll throw down cashhalf of 5.they owe,and then people like me,6.dont drink,end up paying even more.But 7.I try to use the same trick,the hostess will be angry.And its not like I ca
70、n say I have somewhere to goeveryone knows I have nowhere to go.Although/Though/WhilebecausewhatbeforewhatwhoifBut in London,dinner parties are in peoples homes.Not only that,the guests are an interesting mix.8.I went to one last time,the guests were from France and Japan.9.I arrived,I felt it was l
71、ike a gathering at the United Nations.In New York,the mix is less striking.Its like a gathering at a well-known department store.For New Yorkers,people like talking about other parts of the world 10.they are free.They are interested in new things.WhenWhenwhenever/when 考点5 特殊句式(强调句、倒装句、省略句、there be句型
72、)考点清单探考点寻规律 1.强调句 基本句型:It is/was+被强调部分+that/who/whom+剩余部分。该结构可以用来强调句中的主语、宾语、同位语、状语等。I didnt realize my mistakes until you told me yesterday.It was I that/who didnt realize my mistakes until you told me yesterday.(强调主语)It was my mistakes that I didnt realize until you told me yesterday.(强调宾语)It was n
73、ot until you told me yesterday that I realized my mistakes.(强调状语)引导词运用:被强调部分是人时,可用who/whom/that;强调时间、地点、原因状语时使用that,而不使用when,where,why。It is in Shanghai that the young scientists will get together.It was Mum that/who sent me the most lovely toy.时态运用:原句是现在或将来各种时态,用is;原句是过去时态,则用was。人称和数的运用:被强调部分如果是句子主
74、语,that/who之后的谓语动词在人称和数上应与句子的主语保持一致。It is I that/who am your true friend.It is they that/who are often praised by the teacher.其他强调方式:(1)强调谓语:助动词do/does/did+动词原形。Do come early to school tomorrow morning.She did tell me about her address,but I forgot it.She does come from an African country.(2)wh-ever/
75、however构成的疑问强调:在疑问词后面加上ever可以对疑问句进行强调,常译为“究竟、到底”。Whatever are you going to do this evening?2.倒装句 部分倒装:部分倒装指将句中的助动词(do,have等)、系动词(be)或情态动词(can,may,must等)置于主语之前。常见的有以下几种:(1)否定词never,seldom,hardly,little,not,nowhere,by no means(决不),at no time(任何时候都不),on no account(决不),neither,nor等放在句首时。Seldom does the
76、manager go to work on foot.By no means shall we give up our faith.(2)具有否定意义的连词not only.but also.,no sooner.than.,hardly.when.,not until.位于句首时。Not only is he clever but also he works hard.(3)only在句首修饰状语(副词、介词短语、状语从句)时。Only in this way will you persuade him to accept our plan.Only when you reach eight
77、een can you join the army.(4)so,neither,nor位于句首表示“也如此”“也不”时。I loved this movie.So did all my friends.(5)在so/such.that.(如此以至于)句型中,当so,such及其所修饰成分位于句首时。So angry was the chairman that he could not speak any words at the meeting.完全倒装 完全倒装指把句子的谓语全部提到主语之前。主要有以下几种情况:(1)句首有表示方位或时间的副词(here,there,out,in,on,of
78、f,up,down,away,back,now,then)时。Now comes your turn.Hearing the baby crying,out rushed the mother.注意:如果主语是人称代词则不倒装。(2)句首是表示地点、时间的介词短语时。In front of the house stands a tall tree.(3)作表语的分词(短语)或形容词(短语)位于句首时。Lying on the floor was a wounded boy.Present at the discussion were several health experts.(4)such
79、位于句首时。Such is my father,a very strict man.3.省略句 宾语从句中的省略 在两个或两个以上的并列宾语从句中,第一个连词that可省略,其余的则不可省略;在形容词sure,glad,certain,happy等后所接的宾语从句中,连词that可省略。He said(that)he felt happy and that he decided to stay here another week.I am very happy(that)I have passed the driving test.定语从句中的省略 可以省略作宾语的关系代词。The first
80、 thing(that)Im going to do is take a long vacation!状语从句中的省略 在表示时间、条件、地点、比较、方式或让步的状语从句中,如果谓语动词是be,从句的主语和主句的主语一致,或主语是it时,常省略主语和部分谓语。Once(they are)injured,they must be sent to hospital.Make some changes when(it is)necessary.The host of the meeting hurried away as if(he was)angry.4.there be句型 there be句型
81、的时态变化 There is a tall tree in front of the classroom.(一般现在时)There was a concert at the National Theatre last night.(一般过去时)There will be a meeting in the lecture room tomorrow morning.(一般将来时)He said that there was going to be an English contest the next Friday.(过去将来时)There have been no letters from m
82、y parents since I left home two years ago.(现在完成时)there be句型的其他形式(1)There must be.肯定有 There cant be.不可能有(2)There may be.可能有 There used to be.曾经有过(3)There must/may have been.肯定/可能已经有过(4)There ought to be.应该有(5)There be likely to be.可能有(6)There happens/happened to be.碰巧有(7)There appears/appeared/seems/
83、seemed to be.似乎有 There may be/is likely to be a foreign film at the cinema this evening.There can be no doubt about this case.there lie/exist.句型 除了be以外,下列表示存在概念的不及物动词stand/lie/live/happen/remain/exist等,也可以用于there be句型。There lived a famous country doctor,but he went abroad later.There lies a low-pric
84、e hospital in my hometown.there be句型的主谓一致 如果有两个或两个以上的主语时,be动词的单复数形式取决于与它最近的名词。There is a pen,two books,and many pencils on the desk.There are two magazines and a pen on the desk.考点对练单句语法填空 1.It is not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do benefits our work most.2.Film has a much sh
85、orter history,especially when (compare)to such art forms as music and painting.that分析句子成分可知,题干使用的是强调句型,因而填that。句意:对我们的工作最有益的不是我们做了多少,而是我们对所做的事情付出了多少爱。compared句子的主语Film和compare之间是被动关系,因而空格处应用被动形式。可把when部分还原为完整的时间状语从句“when it is compared to such artforms.”。3.Not until he retired from teaching three ye
86、ars ago (do)he consider having a holiday abroad.4.Never before the coach seen anybody who can play tennis as well as Robert.did表示否定意义的not until位于句首时,主句要用部分倒装,再根据前面从句的时态可知主句为一般过去时,故填did。has never位于句首时,句子使用倒装语序,再根据句中时间信息before可知应使用现在完成时,因而填has。5.When (ask)about how to fight against COVID-19,Mr.Zhong s
87、aid further separation and wearing masks are still needed.6.At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and Jialing River (lie)Chongqing,one of the largest cities in China.7.Only after Mary read her composition the second time (do)she notice the spelling mistake.asked句子主语Mr.Zhong与ask之间为被动关系,分析句子结构可知,w
88、hen部分实际上是一个省略的状语从句,完整的句子是“When he was asked.”。lies句首是表示方位的介词短语,故题干使用完全倒装句式。didonly修饰时间状语从句位于句首时,主句应使用部分倒装语序,再结合从句的时态可知应填助动词did。8.Johns success has nothing to do with good luck.It is years of hard work has made him what he is today.9.So severe was the flood the local government had to start the first
89、 degree emergency plan.10.The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise,if (carry)out regularly,can improve our health.that 此处强调第二句的主语years of hard work,因而使用连词that。that 题干实际上使用的是so.that.这一结构,只是so部分放在句首构成了倒装结构,由此可知应填that。carriedif carried out regularly是省略结构,完整的句子是:if they are carried outregula
90、rly。课课练随堂清 语法填空 Eating“cleaner”meat Where does the meat on our table come from?It is from livestock like chickens and ducks 1.meat comes.Hardly has anyone 2.(know)that meat can also be made in a lab,however.US company just has announced that lab-grown meat could be on some restaurant menus in the US
91、 by the end of 2018.There will 3.(be)such meats like chicken nuggets(鸡块),sausage and goose gras(鹅肝).It was in 2013 4.the first clean meat burger was produced.But it was said to taste dry.How does clean meat taste now?There 5.(be)many clean meat supporters saying that it tastes just like traditional
92、meat.Among other advantages of clean meat 6.(be)its healthier quality.Meat producers can control what type of fat goes into the meat.7.will be more healthy fats in clean meat.8.is these fats that are good for peoples hearts.Another advantage is that clean meat 9.(do)help to solve global warming.Acco
93、rding to The Washington Post,about 14.5 percent of the planets greenhouse gas emissions(排放)come from raising livestock.Thats more than the emissions from every car,train,ship and airplane in the world combined.Its predicted that 10.by turning to clean meat can green gas emissions be lowered by 96 pe
94、rcent.1.that 此处是强调句式。2.known 此处是倒装句,根据前面的has可知使用现在完成时。3.be 空前有will,故填be。4.that 此处是强调句式。5.are 后面的主语是supporters,故填are。6.is 句子使用的是倒装句式,真正的主语是后面的“healthier quality”。7.There 此处是“There be”句型。8.It 此处是强调句式,故填It。9.does 此处使用does强调谓语。10.only 由后面的“can green gas emissions be lowered by 96 percent.”可知,句子使用倒装结构,结合句意用only。本课结束
