1、一、非谓语动词的形式及物动词不及物动词 主动语态被动语态主动语态一般式to writeto be writtento go不定式完成式to havewrittento have beenwrittento have gone一般式writingbeing writtengoing动词的-ing 形式完成式havingwrittenhaving beenwrittenhaving gone过去分词 writtengone二、非谓语动词的用法(一)作主语、宾语1.动词不定式或动词-ing 形式作主语或宾语时，可用 it 作形式主语或形式宾语。如：Eugenes never willing to a
2、lter any of his opinions.Its no use arguing with him.Nobody thinks it an easy job to have done so much in only one day.2.动词不定式和动词-ing 形式作宾语比较：有些动词后只能接 doing，如：admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，enjoy，escape，finish，imagine，keep，miss，mention，practice，risk，suggest 等。如：Lydia doesnt feel like studying
3、 abroad.Her parents are old.Bill suggested holding a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation.有些动词后只能接 to do，如：agree，decide，expect，hope，manage，plan，pretend，refuse，threaten，wish 等。如：David threatened to report his neighbour to the police if the damages were not paid.I cant stand
4、 working with Jane in the same office.She just refuses to stop talking while she works.有些动词后接 doing 和 to do 都可以，且意思差别细微或没差别，如：begin，start，hate，like，love，continue 等；但另一些词差别很大，如：forget，try，remember，mean，stop，regret 等。如：I still remember being taken to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.His father di
5、dnt remember to lock the door before he left home，so a thief broke in and stole many things.动词 need，require，want 作“需要”解时，其后须用动词-ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语。如：As you know，the young tree needs watering/to be watered once in a while；otherwise，it would die soon.(二)作表语动词-ing 形式作表语表示一般或抽象的习惯性动作，也可以说明主语的特征和性质，相
6、当于形容词。不定式作表语表示具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作。过去分词作表语表示主语的状态：及物动词的过去分词作表语，有被动和完成的意味；不及物动词的过去分词作表语，只表完成。如：Up to now，he has really realized that helping others is helping himself.The news that he has got the first prize in the English contest is inspiring.His wish is to be a teacher in a small village，though many
7、 people dont want to be.(三)作宾补、主补1.作宾补的过去分词，大都来自及物动词，与宾语是被动关系。动词-ing 形式作宾补，与宾语是主动关系。如：Even the best writers sometimes find themselves lost for words.Alexander tried to get his work recognized in the medical circles.Listen！Do you hear someone calling for help？2.在感官动词和某些使役动词后作宾补的不定式不带 to，但转换为被动结构时，其后作
8、主补的不定式必须补充出 to。如：My parents have always made me feel good about myself，even when I was twelve.The boy was made to go to bed early.3.with 复合结构with宾语宾语补足语，构成 with 复合结构，宾语可以是名词或代词，宾语补足语可以是动词不定式、过去分词、动词-ing 形式等。不定式与前面的名词是主动关系，表示动作还没发生；过去分词与前面的名词是被动关系，表示动作已经发生；动词-ing 形式与前面的名词是主动关系，表示动作正在进行。如：The living r
9、oom is clean and tidy，with a dining table already laid for a meal to be cooked.Come on，please give me some ideas about the project.Sorry.With so much work filling my mind，I almost break down.With no one to turn to in such a frightening situation，she felt very helpless.(四)作定语1.不定式作定语有三种情况：与所修饰的词是动宾关系
10、。如：I have a lot of readings to complete before the end of this term.His first book to be published next month is based on a true story.与所修饰的词是主谓关系。如：The last one to arrive pays the meal.Agreed！与所修饰的词是同位关系。如：The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.That is the only way we can
11、 imagine to reduce the overuse of water in students bathrooms.2.过去分词作定语，与所修饰的词是动宾关系。如：The players selected from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game.3.动词-ing 形式作定语可以表示用途，也可以表示一种主谓关系。如：When he came home，he found his old friend Tom waiting for him in the living room.On
12、receiving a phone call from his wife saying she had a fall，Mr.Gordon immediately rushed home from his office.(五)作状语1.不定式作状语，常表示原因、结果、条件、目的等。不定式作结果状语时，往往表示未曾预料到的或令人不快的结果，不定式前常加 only。如：Simon made a big bamboo box to keep the little sick bird till it could fly.He hurried to the booking office only to b
13、e told that all the tickets had been sold out.2.过去分词作状语，表示主语是过去分词动作的承受者。如：Seen from the top of the tower，the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.3.动词-ing 形式作状语，表示主语是动词-ing 形式动作的发出者，常表示时间、伴随、原因、结果、方式、条件等。当表示动作发生在谓语动词动作之前时，要用完成形式 having done。如：Approaching the city centre，we saw a stone statue
14、 of about 10 metres in height.The retired man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu，enabling the students to return to their classrooms.Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock，sending supplies to Yushu，Qinghai Province after the earthquake.Dina，hav
15、ing struggled for months to find a job as a waitress，finally took a position at a local advertising agency.4.独立主格结构作状语独立主格的构成：名词或代词(主格)不定式/动词-ing/过去分词等，在句中多作状语，表示时间、原因、结果等。如：The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft，the most recent having been launched at the end of last March.The children went home from the grammar school，their lessons finished for the day.注意：动词-ing 形式一般表示句子主语的动作，但作句子状语、说明说话人的看法时，则情况不是这样。如：Judging by the direction of the wind，it wont rain today.Generally speaking，the more expensive the camera，the better its quality.