1、必备清单 1 并列连词连词分为并列连词和从属连词两种。如果句子包含两个或更多的互不依从的主谓结构，则该句就是并列句。含表递进，表选择，表转折，表因果等四种主要句型。并列句中的分句通常用一个并列连词来连接，其中各分句意义同等重要，联系密切，无从属关系。连接各种从句的连词为从属连词(状语从句中重点介绍)。1.并列连词归纳属性连接词典型例句并列关系and，not only.but(also)，neither.nor.，and.as well，both.and.Their car broke down half-way and they had to stay in a small inn for t
2、he night.汽车半路抛锚了，他们只好在一家小旅馆过夜。选择关系or，either.or.，otherwise，or else，not.but.(不而)Either you are mad，or I am.要么你疯了，要么我疯了。转折关系but，(and)yet，while，whereas，however，on the contrary，on the other sideMary was a nice girl，but she had one shortcoming.玛丽是个好女孩，但她有个缺点。因果关系for，so，thus，therefore，because，and thenSomeo
3、ne is coming，for the dog is barking.有人来了，因为狗在叫。2.使用并列连词应注意的问题(1)and，not only.but(also).，neither.nor.等词连接的并列句，在意义上主要对前一句子作补充或引申，包括肯定和否定两方面的意义。Think it over，and youll find a way out.仔细考虑，你将发现一条出路。Not only is he himself interested in the subject，but also his students began to show interest in it.不仅他自己对
4、这个科目感兴趣，他的学生也开始显示出兴趣来。Neither does he work hard，nor does his brother.他和他兄弟工作都不努力。(2)or，either.or.，otherwise 连接并列句表示选择意义。The children can go with us，or they can stay in.孩子们可以跟我们一起去，也可以留下。Either he is to blame or you are.不是他就是你该受责备。Hurry up，otherwise youll be late for the meeting.快一点，要不然你开会会迟到的。必备清单 2
5、 状语从句的连接词1.时间状语从句：when，while，as，whenever，till，until，before，after，by the time，the first time，the last time，as soon as，once，the moment，each time，since，ever since，no sooner.than，hardly.when，the minute，immediately，directly，instantly，every time，next time2.地点状语从句：where，wherever，anywhere，everywhere3.条件状语从句
6、：if，unless，providing/provided that，as/so long as，on condition that，suppose/supposing that，in case，only if4.原因状语从句：because，since，as，now that，seeing that，considering that，for the reason that，given(that)5.目的状语从句：that，so that，lest，in case，for fear that，in order that6.结果状语从句：so that，so.that.，such.that.7.
7、让步状语从句：though，although，even if/though，as，while，whatever，wherever，whoever，however，no matter，whether.or，in spite of the fact that，despite the fact that8.比较状语从句：(not)as.as，(not)the same as，not so.as，(not)such.as，than9.方式状语从句：as if/though，(just)as必备清单 3 时间状语从句和地点状语从句(一)时间状语从句1.when，while，as 用法解析when 引导的
8、时间状语从句表示某个具体时间，有“当时候”的意思，从句中的动词可以是终止性动词，也可以是延续性动词，从句的动作和主句的动作可以是同时或先后发生；while 只表示一段持续的时间，有“在的同时”的意思，主句的动作在从句动作发生的过程中或主从句两个动作同时发生，从句中的动词必须是延续性动词；as 从句通常表示动作的进展过程，有“随着，一边一边”的意思，从句的动作和主句的动作同时或几乎同时发生，不强调先后。When I got to the airport，the guests had left.(主先从后，从句谓语 got 表示终止性的动作)当我赶到机场时，客人们已经离开了。When he had
9、 finished his homework，he took a short rest.(从先主后，从句谓语 finished 表示终止性的动作)当他完成作业后，他休息了一会儿。When/While/As we were dancing，a stranger came in.(we were dancing 表示延续性的动作)当我们跳舞时，一位陌生人走了进来。The atmosphere gets thinner and thinner as the height increases.随着高度的增加，大气越来越稀薄。注意(1)由 when 引导的时间状语从句，主句用过去进行时，从句应用一般过去
10、时；如果从句和主句的动作同时发生，两句都用过去进行时的时候，多用 while 引导。When the teacher came in，we were talking.当老师进来时，我们正在说话。(当此句改变主从句的位置时，则为：While we were talking，the teacher came in.)They were singing while we were dancing.他们在唱歌，我们在跳舞。(2)when 和 while 还可作并列连词。when 表示“在那时，此时突然”；while 表示“然而，却”，表对比或转折关系。并列连词 when常用于以下句型中：.was/we
11、re doing.when.(正在做突然).was/were about to do.when.(刚要做突然).was/were on the point of doing.when.(刚要做突然).had just done.when.(刚一就)Hardly/Scarcely had done.when.(刚一就)The children were running to move the bag of rice when they heard the sound of a motorbike.孩子们正要跑过去搬开那袋米，这时他们听到了摩托车的声音。He is strong while his
12、 brother is weak.他长得很结实，而他弟弟却很瘦弱。2.before 引导时间状语从句(1)before 引导时间状语从句时词义非常灵活。Before I could get in a word，the tailor had measured me.(还没来得及就)我还没来得及插话，裁缝就给我量好了尺寸。We hadnt run a mile before he felt tired.(还没就)我们还没跑到一英里，他就感到累了。We had sailed 4 days before we saw land.(才)我们航行了四天才看到陆地。Please write it down
13、before you forget it.(趁还没就)趁你还没忘记请写下来吧。(2)before 引导时间状语从句常用句型。It was/will be时间段before.过了多久才It was three years before he finished the work.他花了三年时间才完成这项工作。(谈论过去)It will be three years before he finishes the work.他得花三年时间才能完成这项工作。(谈论将来)It wont be/take long before.不久就(这里 long 可用一段时间来替代)It wont be long be
14、fore he finishes the work.他不久就会完成这项工作。3.till/until 和 not.till/until(1)肯定句：主句谓语动词必须是持续性的，意思是“直到(某时某动作停止了)”。The students made much noise till/until the teacher came into the classroom.直到老师走进教室学生们才停止了大声喧哗。注意 until 可以放在句首而 till 则不行。Until they used up all their money，the young couple were very happy.()Ti
15、ll they used up all their money，the young couple were very happy.()(2)否定句：主句谓语动词必须是短暂性的，意思是“某动作直到某时才(发生)”。She wont go to bed till/until he returns home.直到他回来她才睡觉。(3)not.until 还有强调式和倒装式强调句：It is not until he returns home that she will go to bed.倒装句：Not until he returns home will she go to bed.(not un
16、til.置于句首，主句要倒装)4.since 引导时间状语从句since 引导的时间状语从句表示自从某时或某事发生以来，从句一般表示动作的起点，用过去时，主句表示动作的延续情况，一般用现在完成时。常用句型：It is/has been一段时间since.(自从以来有)。Since he graduated from the college，he has worked in this city.他大学毕业后一直在这座城市工作。Jack came to see me last month，since we left school we had not seen each other.杰克上个月来看
17、我，自从我们离开学校，我们一直没有见过面。It is/has been three years since he finished the work.自从他完成这项工作已经三年了。注意 该句型中，从句的动词如果是延续性的，时间要从从句的动作结束时算起，要翻译成否定含义，即“没做某事已经多久了”。It has been three years since he worked here.他不在这工作已经三年了。(二)地点状语从句1.引导地点状语从句的从属连词 where，wherever(no matter where)指具体地点时，从句可用于主句之前或之后；表示抽象的含义时，从句须放在主句之前。
18、They are planting trees where there is plenty of water and sunlight.他们在阳光雨水充足的地方植树。Wherever you go，I go too.无论你到什么地方，我都去。(wherever 多用于句首)While she was wondering where to go，she met a policeman.正当她琢磨去哪里时，她遇到一个警察。(疑问副词 where 后跟不定式，构成不定式短语)2.区分 where 引导的定语从句与状语从句where 引导定语从句时，where 是关系副词，在从句中作地点状语，其前面有
19、表示地点的先行词，where 引导的从句修饰先行词；where引导状语从句时，where 是从属连词，where 引导的从句修饰主句的谓语动词，where 前面没有表示地点的先行词。Go back where you came from.(where 引导地点状语从句)回到你来的地方去。Go back to the village where you came from.(where 引导定语从句，修饰 village)回到你来的那个村子里去。必备清单 4 条件状语从句和原因状语从句(一)条件状语从句1.在表示条件的状语从句中，既可以用陈述语气做“真实条件句”，也可以用虚拟语气做“非真实条件句
20、”。if 表示正面的条件，意为“如果”；unless(if.not)表示反面的条件，意为“除非，如果不”。If you ask him，he will help you.如果你请求他，他会帮助你。If you had come a few minutes earlier，you would have met him.要是你早来几分钟就碰到他了。(用虚拟语气表示非真实条件句的情况)I may not come to see you recently unless I can complete the project ahead of time.除非我能提前完成那个项目，否则我最近不会来看你了。注
21、意 unless 是比 if.not 略为正式的表达法，unless 从句的谓语只能是肯定式。Do not come unless I call you.Do not come if I do not call you.不要来除非我叫你。Unless hes in uniform，he doesnt look like a policeman.除非他穿制服，否则他看上去不像个警察。2.in case，on condition that，providing(that)，provided(that)，supposing(that)，suppose(that)等词汇意思相近，指“如果，假如，假使，在
22、条件下”。In case he comes，let me know.如果他来的话，告诉我一声。I will go，providing/provided(that)my expenses are paid.只要我的费用有人付，我就去。Suppose/Supposing(that)he does not come，what shall we do？他要是不来，我们该怎么办？They promised to let us have a meeting in their office on condition that we could keep it clean.如果我们能保持清洁，他们答应让我们在
23、他们的办公室里开会。3.as long as(so long as)引导语气强烈的条件状语从句时，意为“只要”。You may use the book so long as you return it on time.只要你准时还，你就可以借这本书。(二)原因状语从句1.because，since，as，for 都是表示原因或理由的连接词。as，because，since 是从属连词，引导原因状语从句。for 是并列连词。在语气上，becausesinceasfor。2.because 引导的从句多置于句末，表示直接的原因或理由，表示产生那种结果的必然的因果关系，在回答 why 的提问时，必
24、须用because 作答；as 与 since 引导的从句多置于句首，as 意为“由于，鉴于”，说明一般的因果关系，表示比较明显的原因；since 意为“既然”，表示对方已知的无需加以说明的原因或事实；for 连接的分句一般放在句末，其前用逗号，它所叙述的理由是对前面叙述的事实或看法的补充说明。We stayed at home because it rained.因为下雨我们待在家里。As he was not feeling well，I decided to go there alone.由于他身体欠佳，我决定独自去那里。Since everyone is here，lets start
25、.既然大家都到了，咱们就开始吧。There must be nobody in the classroom，for the light is off.教室里一定没有人，因为灯是关着的。必备清单 5 目的状语从句与结果状语从句(一)目的状语从句目的状语从句的连接词可以分为两大部分：表示肯定意义的 so that，in order that，意为“为了使发生，以便”，从句中含有情态动词 can/could，may/might 等；表示否定意义的 in case，for fear that，lest，意为“为了使不发生，以免，以防”，从句谓语动词往往用“(should)动词原形”。Youd bett
26、er leave your phone number，so that I can call you before I come next time.你最好将电话号码留给我，以便我下次来之前可以先给你打个电话。We should go all out in order that we may be able to complete the task.为了完成任务，我们应该全力以赴。Ill keep a seat for you in case you should change your mind.我给你留个座，没准你会改变主意。Batteries must be kept in dry pla
27、ces for fear that electricity leak away.电池应该放在干燥的地方，以免漏电。I will not make a noise lest I(should)disturb you.我不出声，以免打搅你。注意 如果表示“为了使发生，以便”的目的状语从句的主语与主句的主语相同，可用 in order to 或 so as to 代替该目的状语从句。He hurried through his work in order to catch the train.他匆匆干完手中的活，为的是能赶上火车。I sent the plans in order for you t
28、o study them fully before the meeting.我寄给你这些计划以便让你会前充分研究一下。The desks are kept some distance apart，so as to prevent cheating.这些课桌都隔着一段距离摆放，以防作弊。I came so early as to catch the first train.我来得早，以便能赶上头班火车。(二)结果状语从句so.that 和 such.that 都是引导结果状语从句的从属连词，它们都表示“如此以致”的意思。1.结构形式soadj./adv.adj.a/an可数名词单数形式many/
29、much/little/few名词that.sucha/anadj.可数名词单数形式adj.可数名词复数形式/不可数名词a lot of/lots of名词that.He was so angry that he left the room without saying a word.他如此生气以至于什么也没说就离开了房间。He made such an excellent speech that everyone admired him.他作了个如此精彩的演讲以至于每个人都崇拜他。There were so many people in the room that we couldnt ge
30、t in.屋里有这么多人以至于我们进不去。He told us so funny a story that we all laughed.他讲了个如此有趣的故事，以至于我们都笑了。注意 so that 引导结果状语从句，从句中一般不使用情态动词。He worked in the sun for a long time，so that he got burnt.他在烈日下工作了很长时间，结果被晒伤了。2.当 so 或 such 置于句首时，主句部分要倒装。Such a good boy is he that we all love him.他是那么好的一个男孩子，我们都喜欢他。So shallo
31、w is the lake that no fish can live in it.湖这么浅，因此里面没有鱼。必备清单 6 让步状语从句、方式状语从句和比较状语从句(一)让步状语从句1.although 和 though 引导的让步状语从句，意为“虽然但是”，主句里不可用 but(but 引导并列句也表示“虽然但是”)。若要强调前后两部分的对比意义，可在主句前加 yet 或still。Although/Though he has a lot of money，yet/still he is unhappy.他虽然有很多钱，但并不幸福。even 能和 though 连用表示强调，但不能和 alt
32、hough 连用，因此，不能说 even although，在这里 even thougheven if，意为“即使也”。although 和 though 引导让步状语从句时，常采用省略形式。Although tired(Although he was tired)，he kept on working.虽然很疲劳，但他仍继续工作。The problem，though complicated(though it is complicated)，can be solved without much difficulty.这个问题虽然复杂，但解决起来不会有很大困难。2.当 as 作“尽管，虽然”
33、的意思讲引导让步状语从句时，从句往往放在主句的前面，而且用作让步的部分总是提前到句首。Old as he is，he is still energetic.尽管他上了年纪，却依然还是精力充沛。(表语作为让步的内容，因此提前)Try as he might，he couldnt solve the problem.尽管他很努力，但还是无法解决这个问题。(谓语作为让步的内容，因此提前)Much as you suspected him，you couldnt provide powerful evidence.虽然你非常怀疑他，但是你却无法提供有力的证据。(状语作为让步的内容，因此提前)注意 as
34、 引导的让步状语从句中，若表语为单数的可数名词，倒装时名词前不加冠词。Clever boy as he is，he doesnt work hard at all.虽然是个聪明的男孩，但他学习一点也不努力。3.“疑问词-ever”与“no matter疑问词”的相关用法(1)“疑问代词-ever”可引导让步状语从句和名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句)两种类型的从句。引导让步状语从句。此时 whatever/whoever/whichever 分别等于“no matterwhat/who/which”。Whatever happened，he wouldnt say a word.No matte
35、r what happened，he wouldnt say a word.不管发生什么事，他都一言不发。Whoever says so，it is wrong.No matter who says so，it is wrong.不管是谁这样说的，这都是错的。注意 这类从句中应用一般现在时表将来，从句中也常用情态动词 may/might.引导名词性从句。Whoever smokes here will be punished.无论谁在这儿抽烟都将受到惩罚。(主语从句)You may invite whoever/whomever you like.你可以邀请你想邀请的任何人。(宾语从句，常用
36、whoever 代替whomever)注意 此时不能抽象成“no matter疑问词”的形式，但whoever 等于 anyone who，whatever 等于 anything that。(2)“疑问副词-ever”：wherever/whenever/however 一般只能引导一种类型的从句，即让步状语从句，此时它们分别等于“no matterwhere/when/how”。Wherever he goes/may go，Ill follow him.无论他到哪里，我都跟着他。However late he is，his mother will wait for him to have
37、 dinner together.No matter how late he is，his mother will wait for him to have dinner together.不管有多晚，他母亲都等他回家吃晚饭。注意 当 however 用作连接副词时也可引导名词性从句它们完全可以引导名词性从句。Ill give you however much money you need.(宾语从句，此时however 不能改成 no matter how)(3)whatever/whichever/whoever 与 whenever/wherever/however分别可相当于 what
38、/which/who 与 when/where/how 的强调式，引起的特殊疑问句往往是简单句，与原疑问词的意思、用法完全相同，只是表达的语气更为强烈，翻译时可加上“到底，究竟”等。What(ever)are you doing？你(到底)在干什么？Which(ever)do you want to buy？你(究竟)要买哪一个？Who(ever)told you such a foolish story？(究竟)是谁讲给你这么蠢的故事的？When(ever)can I enjoy a long vacation？(究竟)什么时候我才能享受长假呢？Where(ever)did you leav
39、e your dictionary？你(究竟)把词典放哪儿了？How(ever)did you collect so much money？你(到底)是怎样筹到这么多钱的？(二)方式状语从句as if 或 as though 引导的方式状语从句中，如果表示真实情况应该用陈述语气；如果表示非真实情况则应该用虚拟语气。这一点也取决于说话人的态度、看法。It gets darker and darker in the sky as if its going to rain.(表示真实情况，用陈述语气)天越来越暗，似乎要下雨了。She speaks as if she knew everything in the world.(表示非真实情况，用虚拟语气)她说话的样子就像她知道世界上的一切事情。(三)比较状语从句 注意 than 和 as.as 中的第二个 as 都是连词，后面若是人称代词，应该用主格形式。Her mother is not as tall as she(is)她妈妈没有她个子高。I dont think that he is taller than I我认为他的个子没我高。