2012高考英语课外阅读材料.doc

1、高考英语课外阅读材料【每两天一篇阅读+单词学习】Unit One: How to Improve Your Study HabitsTEXTWant to know how to improve your grades without having to spend more time studying? Sounds too good to be true? Well, read on.How to Improve Your Study HabitsPerhaps you are an average student with average intelligence. You do wel

2、l enough in school, but you probably think you will never be a top student. This is not necessarily the case, however. You can receive better grades if you want to. Yes, even students of average intelligence can be top students without additional work. Heres how: 1. Plan your time carefully. Make a

3、list of your weekly tasks. Then make a schedule or chart of your time. Fill in committed time such as eating, sleeping, meetings, classes, etc. Then decide on good, regular times for studying. Be sure to set aside enough time to complete your normal reading and work assignments. Of course, studying

4、shouldnt occupy all of the free time on the schedule. Its important to set aside time for relaxation, hobbies, and entertainment as well. This weekly schedule may not solve all of your problems, but it will make you more aware of how you spend your time. Furthermore, it will enable you to plan your

5、activities so that you have adequate time for both work and play. 2. Find a good place to study. Choose one place for your study area. It may be a desk or a chair at home or in the school library, but it should be comfortable, and it should not have distractions. When you begin to work, you should b

6、e able to concentrate on the subject. 3. Skim before you read. This means looking over a passage quickly before you begin to read it more carefully. As you preview the material, you get some idea of the content and how it is organized. Later when you begin to read you will recognize less important m

7、aterial and you may skip some of these portions. Skimming helps double your reading speed and improves your comprehension as well. 4. Make good use of your time in class. Listening to what the teacher says in class means less work later. Sit where you can see and hear well. Take notes to help you re

8、member what the teacher says. 5. Study regularly. Go over your notes as soon as you can after class. Review important points mentioned in class as well as points you remain confused about. Read about these points in your textbook. If you know what the teacher will discuss the next day, skim and read

9、 that material too. This will help you understand the next class. If you review your notes and textbook regularly, the material will become more meaningful and you will remember it longer. Regular review leads to improved performance on test. 6. Develop a good attitude about tests. The purpose of a

10、test is to show what you have learned about a subject. The world wont end if you dont pass a test, so dont worry excessively about a single test. Tests provide grades, but they also let you know what you need to spend more time studying, and they help make your knowledge permanent. There are other t

11、echniques that might help you with your studying. Only a few have been mentioned here. You will probably discover many others after you have tried these. Talk with your classmates about their study techniques. Share with them some of the techniques you have found to be helpful. Improving your study

12、habits will improve your grades.NEW WORDS average n. ordinary 普通的；中等的intelligence n. ability to learn and understand 智力necessarily ad. inevitably 必定case n. what has really happened; actual condition 实情 additional a. added 附加的，额外的 n. additionweekly a. done or happening every week 每周的；一周一次的 schedule n

13、. timetable 时间表chart n. (sheet of paper with) information written or drawn in the form of a picture 图（表）commit vt. 指定.用于aside ad. to the side在旁边；到（向）一边 etc (Latin, shortened form for et cetera) and other things等等 normal a. usual正常的 reading n. the act or practice of reading阅读 assignment n. sth. given

14、 out as a task(布置的)作业occupy n. take up占用relaxation n. (sth. done for) rest and amusement休息，娱乐 relax v. hobby n. what one likes to do in ones free time业余爱好entertainment n. show, party, etc. that people enjoy娱乐 entertain vt.solve vt. find an answer to (a problem)解决（问题）aware a. having knowledge or unde

15、rstanding知道的；意识到的furthermore ad. moreover; in addition而且；此外enable vt. make (sb.) able (to do sth.)使（某人）能（做某事）activity n. sth. (to be) done 活动adequate a. as much as one needs; enough充分的；足够的distraction n. sth. that draws away the mind or attention分心（或分散注意力）的事物concentrate (on or upon) vi. pay close att

16、ention (to)全神贯注（于）skim vt. read quickly to get the main ideas (of)略读preview vt. have a general view of (sth.) beforehand预习content n. what is written in a book, etc.内容organize vt. form into a whole组织later ad. 后来；以后skip vt. pass over略过portion n. part; share一部分；一份double v. make or become twice as great

17、 or as many（使）增加一倍comprehension n. the act of understanding or ability to understand理解（力）mention vt. speak or write about (sth.) in a few words提及confused a. mixed up in ones mind迷惑的，混淆的 confuse vt.textbook n. a standard book for the study of a subject教科书；课本performance n. achievement成绩meaningful a. h

18、aving important meaning or value富有意义的attitude n. what one thinks about sth.态度，看法purpose n. aim目的，意图excessively ad. too much过多地，过分地 excessive a.permanent a. lasting for a long time; never changing持久的；永久的technique n. way of doing sth.技巧，方法helpful a. useful; providing help or wiling to help有益的；给予帮助的，肯帮

19、忙的PHRASES & EXPRSSIONSfill in write in填写，填充decide on make a choice or decision about选定，决定 set aside save for a special purpose留出as well also; too; in addition也，还；同样be aware (of) know (sth.); know (what is happening)知道，意识到concentrate on direct ones attention, efforts, etc. to全神贯注于look over examine (q

20、uickly)把.看一遍，过目go over review 复习lead to result in 导致Unit Two: Sailing Round the WorldTEXT At sixty-five Francis Chichester set out to sail single-handed round the world. This is the story of that adventure.Sailing Round the WorldBefore he sailed round the world single-handed, Francis Chichester had

21、already surprised his friends several times. He had tried to fly round the world but failed. That was in 1931. The years passed. He gave up flying and began sailing. He enjoyed it greatly. Chichester was already 58 years old when he won the first solo transatlantic sailing race. His old dream of goi

22、ng round the world came back, but this time he would sail. His friends and doctors did not think he could do it, as he had lung cancer. But Chichester was determined to carry out his plan. In August, 1963, at the age of nearly sixty-five, an age when many men retire, he began the greatest voyage of

23、his life. Soon, he was away in this new 16-metre boat, Gipsy Moth. Chichester followed the route of the great nineteenth century clipper ships. But the clippers had had plenty of crew. Chicheater did it all by himself, even after the main steering device had been damaged by gales. Chichester covered

24、 14, 100 miles before stopping in Sydney, Australia. This was more than twice the distance anyone had previously sailed alone. He arrived in Australia on 12 December, just 107 days out from England. He received a warm welcome from the Australians and from his family who had flown there to meet him.

25、On shore, Chichester could not walk without help. Everybody said the same thing: he had done enough; he must not go any further. But he did not listen. After resting in Sydney for a few weeks, Chichester set off once more in spite of his friends attempts to dissuade him. The second half of his voyag

26、e was by far the more dangerous part, during which he sailed round the treacherous Cape Horn. On 29 January he left Australia. The mext night, the blackest he had ever known, the sea became so rough that the boat almost turned over. Food, clothes, and broken glass were all mixed together. Fortunatel

27、y, bed and went to sleep. When he woke up, the sea had become calm the nearest person he could contact by radio, unless there was a ship nearby, Wild be on an island 885 miles away.After succeeding in sailing round Cape Horn, Chichester sent the followiing radio message to London: I feel as if I had

28、 wakened from a nightmare. Wild horses could not drag me down to Cape Horn and that sinister Southern Ocean again. Juat before 9 oclock on Sunday evening 28 May, 1967, he aeeived back in England, where a quarter of a million people were waiting to welcome him. Queeh Elizabeth II knigthed him with th

29、e very sword that Queen Elizabeth I had sailed round the world for the first time. The whole voyage from England and back had covered 28, 500 miles. It had taken him nine months , of which the sailing time was 226 days. He had done what he wanted to accomplish. Like many other adventurers, Chicheste

30、r had experienced fear and conquered it. In doing so, he had undoubtedly learnt something about himself. Moreover, in the modern age when human beings depend so much on machines, he had given men throughout the world new pride.NEW WORDSsingle-handed a & ad. (done) by one person alone 单独的（地）adventure

31、 n. 冒险（活动）solo a. single-handed 单独的transatlantic a. crossing the Atlantic Ocean 横度大西洋lung n. part of the body with which one breathes 肺cancer n. 癌determined a. with ones mind firmly made up 下定了决心的 determine v. determination n.retire vi. stop working at ones job(because of age) 退休voyage n. sea journe

32、y 航海；航行route n. way from one place to another 路线clipper n. 快速帆船crew n. group of people who work together on a ship or aeroplane 全体船员；全体乘务员steer vt. make (esp. a boat or road vehicle) go in a particular direction 为.撑舵device n. a piece of equipment设备；装置steering device n. 操舵装置damage vt. cause harm or i

33、njury to 损坏 gale n. very strong wind大风cover vt. travel (a certain distance)行过（一段距离）previously ad. before 以前 previous a.attempt n. try 试图，尝试dissuade vt. prevent (sb.) from doing sth. by reasoning 劝阻treacherous a. more dangerous than it seems 暗藏危险的；奸诈的cape n. 海角rough a. (of weather or the sea) stormy;

34、 not calm （气候）有暴风雨的；（海）波涛汹涌的fortunately ad. luckily 幸运地；幸亏 fortunate a.contact vt. get in touch with 联系，接触nearby ad. close by 在附近following a. next; to be mentioned immediately 接着的；下列的waken v. (cause to) wake 唤醒；醒来nightmare n. terrible dream 恶梦drag vt. pull along with great effort 拖，拉sinister a. 凶恶的，

35、邪恶的knight n. 爵士 vt. 封. 为爵士 sword n. 剑，刀 accomplish vt. finish successfully完成 conquer vt. overcome征服undoubtedly ad. certainly无疑地moreover ad. in addition此外，而且human a. of or concerning people人们being n. a living thing, esp. a person生物；人PHRASES & EXPRESSIOMSset out begin a course if action着手，开始give up at

36、op doing放弃be determined to (do) have a strong will to (do)决心（做）(all) by oneself (completely) alonein spite of not taking notice of; not caring about 尽管；虽然by far by a large amount or degree.得多turn over (cause to) fall over, upset（使）翻倒，（使）倾覆can not help can not keep oneself from禁不住NAMESFrancis Chiches

37、ter 弗朗西斯. 奇切斯特Gipsy Moth吉普赛. 莫斯Sydney 悉尼（澳大利亚城市）Cape Horn 合恩角（智利）London 伦敦Elizabeth 伊丽莎白（女子名）Drake 德雷克（姓氏）UNIT three: The PresentTEXTThey say that blood is thicker than water, that our relatives are more important to us than others. Everyone was so kind to the old lady on her birthday. Surely her da

38、ughter would make an even bigger effort to please he?The PresentIt was the old ladys birthday.She got up early to be ready for the post. From the second floor flat she could see the postman when he came down the street, and the little boy from the ground floor brought up her letters on the rare occa

39、sions when anything came. Today she was sure the would be something. Myra wouldnt forget her mothers birthday, even if she seldom wrote at other times. Of course Myra was busy. Her husband had been made Mayor, and Myra herself had got a medal for her work the aged. The old lady was proud of Myra, bu

40、t Enid was the daughter she loved. Enid had never married, but had seemed content to live with her mother, and teach in a primary school round the corner.One evening, however, Enid said, Ive arranged for Mrs. Morrison to look after you for a few days, Mother. Tomorrow I have to go into hospital-just

41、 a minor operation, Ill soon be home. In the morning she went, but never came back-she died on the operating table. Myra came to the funeral, and in her efficient way arranged for Mrs. Morrison to come in and light the fire and give the old lady her breakfast. Two years ago that was, and since then

42、Myra had been to see her mother three times, but her husband never. The old lady was eight today. She had put on her best dress. Perhaps-perhaps Myra might come. After all, eighty was a special birthday, another decade lined or endured just as you chose to look at it.Even if Myra did not come, she w

43、ould send a present. The old lady was sure of that. Two spots of colour brightened her cheeks. She was excited-like a child. She would enjoy her day. Yesterday Mrs. Morrison had given the flat an extra clean, and today she had brought a card and a bunch of marigolds when she came to do the breakfast

44、. Mrs. Grant downstairs had made a cake, and in the afternoon she was going down there to tea. The little boy, Johnnie, had been up with a packet of mints, and said he wouldnt go out to play until the post had come. I guess youll get lots and lots of presents, he said, I did last were when I was six

45、.What would she like? A pair of slippers perhaps. Or a new cardigan. A cardigan would be lovely. Blues such a pretty colour. Jim had always liked her in blue. Or a table lamp. Or a book, a travel book, with pictures, or a little clock, with clear black numbers. So many lovely things. She stood by th

46、e window, watching. The postman turned round the corner on his bicycle. Her heart beat fast. Johnnie had seen him too and ran to the gate. Then clatter, clatter up the stairs. Johnnie knocked at her door. Granny, granny, he shouted, Ive got your post. He gave her four envelopes. Three were unsealed

47、cards from old friends. The fourth was sealed, in Myras writing. The old lady felt a pang of disappointment. No parcel, Johnnie? No, granny. Maybe the parcel was too large to come by letter post. That was it. It would come later by parcel post. She must be patient. Almost reluctantly she tore the en

48、velope open. Folded in the card was a piece of paper. Written on the card was a message under the printed Happy Birthday - Buy yourself something nice with the cheque, Myra and Harold. The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing. Slowly the old lady stooped to pick it up. Her pr

49、esent, her lovely present. With trembling fingers she tore it into little bits.NEW WORDSrelative n. 亲属，亲戚present n. gift 礼物，赠品postman n. 邮递员rare a. not happening often 罕见的；不常发生的occasion n. special time; time when sth. happens 时刻，时机；场合mayor n. chief official of a city or town 市长medal n. 奖章aged a. old

50、 content a. satisfied; pleased 满意的；高兴的primary a. first; earliest 首要的；最初的arrange vi. make preparations; plan 作安排，筹划minor a. not serious or important 较小的；次要的operate vi. cut the body in order to set right or remove a diseased part 开刀，动手术operating table n. a special table in a hospital, where operations

51、 are done 手术台funeral n. 葬礼efficient a. able to plan and work well 效率高的decade n. ten yearsendure vt. bear (pain, suffering, etc.) 忍受，忍耐spot n. a round area that is different from the main surface 点，斑点brighten vt. make bright or brighter 使发光；使发亮cheek n. either side of the face below the eye 面颊extra a.

52、 additional 额加的，外加的clean n. cleaningbunch n. things of the same kind that are tied together （一）束，（一）串marigold n. 万寿菊（花）packet n. small parcel box 小包（裹）mint n. 薄荷糖slipper n. 拖鞋cardigan n. （羊毛）开衫clatter n. a number of rapid short knocking sounds 咔嗒声granny n. (colloq. for)grandmotherenvelope n. a paper

53、 cover for a letter 信封unsealed a. 未密封的 sealvt. sealed a. 密封的writing n. handwriting 书法；笔迹 pang n. sudden, sharp pain 剧痛disappointment n. sadness because one does not get what one hopes for 失望 disappoint vt.parcel n. 包裹reluctantly ad. unwillingly 不情愿地，勉强地 reluctant a.fold vt. bend into two or more par

54、ts 折叠cheque n. 支票flutter vt. move quickly to and fro in the air 飘动stoop vi. bend the body forwards and downwards 弯腰tremble vi. shake uncontrollably with quick short movements 颤抖PHRASES & EXPRESSIONSat other times on other occasions 在别的时候；平时round / around the corner very near in distance or time 在附近；

55、即将来临after all in spite of everything; it must be remembered 毕竟；终究be sure of 对.有把握，确信pick up take hold of and lift up from a surface 拿起，捡起PROPER NAMESMyra 迈拉（女子名）Enid 伊妮德（女子名）Morrison 莫里森（姓氏）Grant 格兰特（姓氏及男子名）Johnnie 约翰尼（John的昵称）Unit Four: Turning off TV：A Quidt HourTEXT Many people in the United Stat

56、es spend most of their free time watching television. Certainly, there are many worthwhile programs on television, including news, educational programs for children, programs on current social problems, plays, movies, concerts, and so on. Nevertheless, perhaps people should not be spending so much o

57、f their time in front of the TV. Mr Mayer imagines what we might do if we were forced to find other activities.Turning off TV: a Quiet HourI would like to propose that for sixty to ninety minutes each evening, right after the early evening news, all television broadcasting in the United States be pr

58、ohibited by law. Let us take a serious, reasonable look at what the results be if such a proposal were accepted. Families might use the time for a real family hour. Without the distraction of TV, they might sit around together after dinner and actually talk to one another. It is well known that many

59、 of our problems - everything, in fact, from the generation gap to the high divorce rate to some forms of mental illness - are caused at least in part by failure to communicate. We do not tell each other what is disturbing us. The result is emotional difficulty of one kind or another. By using the q

60、uiet family hour to discuss our problems, we might get to know each other better, and to like each other better.On evenings when such talk is unnecessary, families could rediscover more active pastimes. Freed from TV, forced to find their own activities, they might take a ride together to watch the

61、sunset. Or they might take a walk together (remember feet?) and see the neighborhood with fresh, new eyes.With free time and no TV, children and adults might rediscover reading. There is more entertainment in a good book than in a month of typical TV programming. Educators report that the generation

62、 growing up with television can barely write an English sentence, even at the college level. Writing is often learned from reading. A more literate new generation could be a product of the quiet hour.A different form of reading might also be done, as it was in the past: reading aloud. Few pastimes b

63、ring a family closer together than gathering around and listening to mother or father read a good story. The quiet hour could become the story hour. When the quiet hour ends, the TV networks might even be forced to come up with better shows in order to get us back from our newly discovered activitie

64、s. At first glance, the idea of an hour without TV seems radical. What will parents do without the electronic baby-sitter? How will we spend the time? But it is not radical at all. It has been only twenty-five years since television came to control American free time. Those of us thirty-five and old

65、er can remember childhoods without television, spent partly with radio - which at least involved the listeners imagination - but also with reading, learning, talking, playing games, inventing new activities. It wasnt that difficult. Honest. The truth is we had a ball.NEW WORDSworthwhile a. good enou

66、gh for the time or effort needed; valuable 值得花时间（或精力）的；有价值的program (me) n. performance on radio or television 节目educational a. of or for education; providing education or information 教育的；有教育意义的current a. of the present time 当前的social a. of or in society 社会的movie n. film that one sees at a cinema 电影n

67、evertheless conj. but; however 然而，不过propose vt. suggest 建议broadcasting n. the action of sending out sound (or images) by radio (or television) 广播prohibit v & n. forbid by law 禁止proposal vt. suggestion 提议，建议actually n. in actual fact, really 实际上generation n. all the people about the same age （一）代gap

68、n. an empty space between two things or two parts of a thing; a wide difference of opinion, character, or the like 缺口，间隙；分歧，隔阂divorce n. end of a marriage by law 离婚rate n. 率mental a. of the mind 精神的；思想上的communicate vi. share or exchange opinions, ideas, etc. 交流意见，思想等disturb vt. make (sb.) worried 使烦

69、恼emotional a. 感情的pastime n. anything done to pass time pleasantly 消遣，娱乐sunset n. the going down of the sun; the time when the sun goes down日落（时分）neighborhood n. the area around a point or place 邻近地区；地段adult n. 成年人typicala. 典型的educator n. a person whose profession is education 教育家barely ad. hardly 仅仅

70、，勉强；几乎没有literate a. able to read and write 能读写的；有文化的product n. sth. made or grown 产品network n. 广播（或电视）联播公司；广播（或电视)网glance n. quick look 一瞥；扫视radical a. extreme; very different 激进的electronic a. 电子的electron n.baby-sitter n. someone who looks after a child when the parents are away for a short time （代人

71、临时）照看婴儿childhood n. time when one is a child 童年partly ad. not completely; in some degree 部分地；在一定程度上 involve vt. have as a part or result （必须）包括imagination n. the ability to imagine 想像力learning n. the gaining of knowledge or skill through studying; knowledge or skill gained through studying 学习；学问，知识i

72、nvent vt. produce (sth.) for the first time 发明PHRASES & EXPRESSIONSgeneration gap failure of the younger and older generations to communicate and understand one another 代沟in part in some degree; partly 在一定程度上；部分地grow up change from a child to a man or a woman 成长，长大bring together cause to meet 使相聚com

73、e up with think of; produce 想出；提出at first glance when first seen or thought about乍一看；最初考虑时have a ball (sl.) enjoy oneself, have a very good time 玩得开心PROPER NAMESMayer迈耶（姓氏）the United States 美国Unit Five: A Miserable，Merry ChristmasTEXT A miserable and merry Christmas? How could it be?A Miserable, Mer

74、ry ChristmasChristmas was coming. I wanted a pony. To make sure that my parents understood, I declared that I wanted noting else.Nothing but a pony? my father asked.Nothing, I said.Not even a pair of high boots?That was hard. I did want boots, but I stuck to the pony. No, not even boots.Nor candy? T

75、here ought to be something to fill your stocking with, and Santa Claus cant put a pony into a stocking,That was true, and he couldnt lead a pony down the chimney either . But no. All I want is a pony, I said. If I cant have a pony, give me nothing, nothing.On Christmas Eve I hung up my stocking alon

76、g with my sisters.The next morning my sisters and I woke up at six. Then we raced downstairs to the fireplace. And there they were, the gifts, all sorts of wonderful things, mixed-up piles of presents. Only my stocking was empty; it hung limp; not a thing in it; and under and around it - nothing. My

77、 sisters had knelt down, each by her pile of gifts; they were crying with delight, till they looked up and saw me standing there looking so miserable. They came over to me and felt my stocking: nothing.I dont remember whether I cried at that moment, but my sisters did. They ran with me back to my be

78、d, and there we all cried till I became indignant. That helped some. I got up, dressed, and driving my sisters away, I went out alone into the stable, and there, all by myself, I wept. My mother came out to me and she tried to comfort me. But I wanted no comfort. She left me and went on into the hou

79、se with sharp words for my father.My sisters came to me, and I was rude. I ran away from them. I went around to the front of the house, sat down on the steps, and, the crying over, I ached. I was wronged, I was hurt. And my father must have been hurt, too, a little. I saw him looking out of the wind

80、ow. He was watching me or something for an hour or two, drawing back the curtain so little lest I catch him, but I saw his face, and I think I can see now the anxiety upon on it, the worried impatience.After an hour or two, I caught sight of a man riding a pony down the street, a pony and a brand-ne

81、w saddle; the most beautiful saddle I ever saw, and it was a boys saddle. And the pony! As he drew near, I saw that the pony was really a small horse, with a black mane and tail, and one white foot and a white star on his forehead. For such a horse as that I would have given anything.But the man cam

82、e along, reading the numbers on the houses, and, as my hopes - my impossible hopes - rose, he looked at our door and passed by, he and the pony, and the saddle. Too much, I fell upon the steps and broke into tears. Suddenly I heard a voice.Say, kid, it said, do you know a boy named Lennie Steffens?I

83、 looked up. It was the man on the pony, back again.Yes, I spluttered through my tears. Thats me.Well, he said, then this is your horse. Ive been looking all over for you and your house. Why dont you put your number where it can be seen?Get down, I said, running out to him. I wanted to ride.He went o

84、n saying something about ought to have got here at seven oclock, but-I hardly heard, I could scarcely wait. I was so happy, so thrilled. I rode off up the street. Such a beautiful pony. And mine! After a while I turned and trotted back to the stable. There was the family, father, mother, sisters, al

85、l working for me, all happy. They had been putting in place the tools of my new business: currycomb, brush, pitchfork - everything, and there was hay in the loft.But that Christmas, which my father had planned so carefully, was it the best or the worst I ever knew? He often asked me that; I never co

86、uld answer as a boy. I think now that it was both. It covered the whole distance from broken-hearted misery to bursting happiness - too fast, A grown-up could hardly have stood it.NEW WORDSmiserable a. causing unhappiness; very unhappy 悲惨的merry a. cheerful, full of lively happiness, fun, etc. 欢乐的，愉快

87、的pony n. a small horse 矮种马；小马boot n. 长统靴 candy n. (AmE) sweets 糖果sticking n. 长（统）袜chimney n. 烟囱 eve n. 前夕 fireplace n. 壁炉mixed-up a. (different things) put together混合的，混杂的limp a. soft; not stiff or firm软的；松沓的kneel v. go down or remain on the knee(S)跪下indignant a. angry at sth. unfair气愤的；愤慨的stable n.

88、 building for keeping and feeding animals, esp. horses马厩weep v. cry哭泣；流泪rude a. not at all polite粗鲁的，不礼貌的 wrong vt. treat unjustly委屈curtain n. 窗帘lest conj. for fear that唯恐，以免anxiety n. fear caused by uncertainty about sth.焦虑impatience n. inability to wait calmly不耐烦，急躁patience n.brand n. 商标，牌子brand-n

89、ew a. entirely new and unused崭新的saddle n. 马鞍mane n. 马鬃forehead n. that part of the face above the eyes and below the hair 前额kid n. child splutter v. speak quickly and confusedly (from excitement, etc.) 语无伦次地说scarcely ad. hardly, almost not 几乎不，简直不scarce a.thrill vt. excite greatly使非常激动trot vi. run o

90、r ride slowly, with short steps（马）小跑currycomb n. a special comb used to rub and clean a horse马梳pitchfork n. 干草叉hay n. dried grass 干草loft n. a room over a stable, where hay is kept 草料棚broken-hearted a. filled with grief; very sad 心碎的；极其伤心的misery n. the state of being very unhappy, poor, ill, lonely,

91、etc. 悲惨；不幸；苦难happiness n. the state of being happy 快乐；幸福grown-up a. & n. (of) an adult person 成人（的）PHRASES & EXPRESSIONSmake sure ct so as to make something certain 确保；查明nothing but nothing other than; only 除了.以外没有什么；仅仅，只不过stick to refuse to give up or change 坚持，不放弃hang up fix (sth,) at a high place

92、 so that it does not touch the ground挂起or something (used when the speaker is not sure) 诸如此类catch sight of see suddenly or for a moment 看到，发现draw near mover near接近break into suddenly start (to cry, laugh, etc.) 突然.起来in place in the right place在适当的位置PROPER NAMESSanta Claus 圣诞老人Christmas Eve圣诞前夜Lennie

93、 Steffens 伦尼.斯蒂芬斯Unit Six : Sam Adams，Industrial EngineerTEXT San set out to improve efficiency at the shirt factory but, as we find out later in this unit, his plans turned out not quite as he had expected.Sam Adams, Industrial EngineerIf you ask my mother how I happened to become an industrial eng

94、ineer, shell tell you that I have always been one.She means that I have always wanted everything to be well organized and neat. When I was still in elementary school, I liked to keep my socks in the upper left-hand drawer of my bureau, my underwear in the upper right drawer, shirts in the middle dra

95、wer, and pants, neatly folded, in the bottom drawer.In fact, I was the efficiency expert for the whole family. I used to organize my fathers tools, my mothers kitchen utensils, my sisters boyfriends.I needed to be efficient. I wanted to be well organized. For me, there was a place for everything and

96、 everything was always in its place. These qualities gave me a good foundation for a career in industrial engineering.Unfortunately, I was also a bit bossy and I wasnt a very good listener. Youll see what I mean when I tell you about the first project I ever did after I finished my bachelors degree

97、at the university.After graduation I returned home to my small town in Indiana. I didnt have a job yet. Mr. Hobbs, a friend of my fathers, owned a small shirt factory in town. Within the past five years it had grown from twenty to eighty workers. Mr. Hobbs was worried that his plant was getting too

98、big and inefficient, so he asked me to come in on a short-term basis as a consultant.I went to the plant and spent about a week looking around and making notes. I was really amazed at what I saw.Most curious of all, there was no quality control whatsoever. No one inspected the final product of the f

99、actory. As a result some of the shirts that were put in boxes for shipment were missing one or two buttons, the collar, even a sleeve sometimes!The working conditions were poor. The tables where the workers sat were very high and uncomfortable. Except for a half hour at lunchtime, there were no brea

100、ks in the day to relieve the boring work. There was no music. The walls of the workrooms were a dull gray color. I was amazed that the workers hadnt gone on strike.Furthermore, the work flow was irregular. There was one especially absent-minded young man in the assembly line who sewed on buttons. Af

101、ter a while I recognized him as Big Jim, who used to sit behind me in math class in high school. He was very slow and all the shifts were held up at his position. Workers beyond him in line on his shift had to wait with nothing to do; therefore, a great deal of time and efficiency were lost as Big J

102、im daydreamed while he worked. All week I wondered why he wasnt fired.After I made observations for a week, Mr. Hobbs asked me for an oral report of my findings. I covered my major points by telling him the following:If you have a quality control inspection, you will greatly improve your finished pr

103、oduct.If the assembly line is redesigned, a smooth work flow can be achieved and time and energy can be saved.If you decrease the height of the worktables, the machine operators will work more comfortably.If the management provides pleasant background music and beautifies the dull setting, the facto

104、ry will be much more productive.If the workers have a fifteen-minute coffee break in the morning and afternoon, they will be more efficient.If excellent work results in frequent pay increases or promotions, the workers will have greater incentive to produce.Mr. Hobbs thanked me for this report and t

105、old me he would talk over my suggestions with his brother, the co-owner and manager of the factory. Were interested in progress here, he said. We want to keep up with the times.He also gave me a check for $ 100 and a box of shirts with his compliments.NEW WORDSefficiency n. the state or quality of b

106、eing efficient 效率industrial a. of industry 工业的neat a. orderly and clean 整洁的elementary a. of or for beginners 初等的，初级的sock n. 短袜drawer n. 抽屉bureau n. a chest of drawers for bedroom use 衣柜 underwear n. 内衣pants n. trousers expert n. a person with special knowledge or skill 专家，能手 kitchen n. room used for

107、 cooking厨房utensil n. any tool or container used in the house, esp. for cooking用具，器皿quality n. the degree of goodness which a thing or a person possesses质量；品质foundation n. 基础career n. profession; way of making a living职业；生涯engineering n. 工程学；管理unfortunately ad. 不幸的是；遗憾的是 bossy a. always telling other

108、 people what to do and how to do it, like a boss 爱指挥人的；专横的project n. a piece of work; a big plan项目；方案bachelor n. a person who had the first university degree学士graduation n. completion of an educational course毕业graduate vi.short-term a. involving or lasting a short period of time 短期的basis n. 基础；根据con

109、sultant n. a person who gives professional or technical advice 顾问consult v. amaze vt. fill with great surprise or wonder 使大为惊讶，使惊愕curious a. strange 奇怪的whatsoever a. of any kind, at all 任何的，丝毫的inspect vt. examine 检查shipment n. the act of wending, carrying or delivering goods 装运。运送miss vt. be without

110、; lackbutton n. 钮扣collar n. 领子sleeve n. 袖子relieve vt. make less or easier 减轻 boring a. uninteresting and tiresome 令人厌烦的workroom n. a room specially kept for working in 工场（间） dull a. not bright or clear 阴暗的flow n. a smooth steady movement or supply 流（动）work flow a. 工作流程irregular n. uneven; not contin

111、uous 不规则的，不稳定的regular n.absent-minded a. so concerned with ones thoughts as not to notice what is happening, what one doing, etc. 心不在焉 absent a. not present inspection n. the act of examining (sth.) closely or in detail 检查assembly n. 组装；集会assemble v.assembly line n. 装配线shift n. 班；轮班daydream v. have

112、pleasant dreamlike thoughts (about) 做白日梦，空想fire vt. make (sb.) leave his job 解雇observation n. the act of watching carefully 观察observe vt.observe n.oral a. spoken, not written 口（头）的findings n. the results of any research or enquiry 调查（或研究）的结果major a. important 较大的；主要的redesign vt. 重新设计design vt. 设计ach

113、ieve vt. get by effort （经努力）得到；实现decrease vt. make smaller or fewer 减少worktable n. a table at which work is done 工作台operator n. a person who makes sth. work 操作人员operate vt. management n. 资方；管理（部门）background n. 背景beautify vt. make beautiful 美化，装饰setting n. surroundings 环境 productive a. producing much

114、; able to produce 多产的；富有成效的frequent a. happening often 频繁的promotion n. 提升；促进promote vt.incentive n. 刺激suggestion n. an idea or plan put forward for people to think about 建议co-owner n. a joint owner 共同所有者manager n. a person responsible for running a section of a business 经理compliments n. formal respe

115、cts or greetings；贺词；问候PHRASES & EXPRESSIONSfind out learn or discover 查明；发现turn out happen to be or found be in the end 结果是 quality control the activity of checking that products are all of satisfactory standard and quality, usu. by testing samples of them 质量控制（管理）as a result because of 作这结果，因此excep

116、t for apart from; with the exception of 除了.外 go on strike refuse go continue working 罢工hold up delay 延迟，耽搁；阻碍 result in have as a result; cause 结果是；导致talk over discuss 商量；讨论keep up with go or move as fast as 跟上 PEOPER NAMESSan Adams 萨姆.亚当斯 Indiana 印第安纳（美国州名）Hobbs 霍布斯（姓氏） Unit Seven: The SamplerTEXTT

117、he author finds out that good intentions alone are not enough when his attempt to be kind to an old man leaves them both feeling worse than before.The SamplerIn a certain store where they sell puddings, a number of these delicious things are laid out in a row during the Christmas season. Here you ma

118、y select the one which is most to your taste, and you are even allowed to sample them before coming to a decision.I have often wondered whether some people, who had no intention of making a purchase, would take advantage of this privilege. One day I asked this question of the shop girl, and I learne

119、d it was indeed the case.Now theres one old gentleman, for instance, she told me, he comes here almost every week and samples each one of the puddings, though he never buys anything, and I suspect he never will. I remember him from last year before that, too. Well, let him come if he wants it, and w

120、elcome to it. And whats more, I hope there are a lot more stores where he can go and get his share. He looks as if he needed it all right, and I suppose they can afford it.She was still speaking when an elderly gentleman limped up to the counter and began looking closely at the row of puddings with

121、great interest.Why, thats the very gentleman Ive been telling you about, whispered the shop girl. Just watch him now. And then turning to him: Would you like to sample them, sir? Heres spoon for you to use.The elderly gentleman, who was poorly but neatly dressed, accepted the spoon and began eagerly

122、 to sample one after another of the puddings, only braking off occasionally to wipe his red eyes with a large torn handkerchief.This is quite good.This is not bad either, but a little too heavy.All the time it was quite evident that he sincerely believed that he might eventually buy one of these pud

123、dings, and I am positive that he did not for a moment feel that he was in any way cheating the store. Poor old chap! Probably he had come down in the world and this sampling was all that was left him from the time when he could afford to come and select his favorite pudding.Amidst the crowd of happy

124、, prosperous looking Christmas shoppers, the little black figure of the old man seemed pitiful and out of place, and in a burst of benevolence, I went up to him and said:Pardon me, sir, will you do me a favor? Let me purchase you one of these puddings. It would give me such pleasure.He jumped back a

125、s if he had been stung, and the blood rushed into his wrinkled face.Excuse me, he said, with more dignity than I would have thought possible considering his appearance, I do not believe I have the pleasure of knowing you. Undoubtedly you have mistaken me for someone else. And with a quick decision h

126、e turned to the shop girl and said in a loud voice, Kindly pack me up this one here. I will take it with me. He pointed at one of the largest and most expensive of the puddings.The girl took down the pudding from its stand and started to make a parcel of it, while he pulled out a worn little black p

127、ocketbook and began counting out shillings and pennies on to the counter. To save his honour he had been forced into a purchase which he could not possibly afford. How I longed for the power to unsay my tactless words! It was too late though, and I felt that the kindest thing I could do now would be

128、 walk away.You pay at the desk, the shop girl was telling him, but he did not seem to understand and kept trying to put the coins into her hand. And that was the last I saw or the old man. Now he can never go there to sample pudding any more.NEW WORDSauthor n. the writer of a book, article, play, po

129、em, etc. 作者intention n. purpose目的；意图sampler n. one who finds out the quality of sth. by testing a part of it品尝家pudding n. 布丁（西餐中一种松软的甜点心）delicious a. tasting or smelling pleasant美味的，可口的select vt. choose from a group挑选selection n.sample vt. test a part of品尝purchase n. buyingvt. buyadvantage n. sth. u

130、seful or helpful利益，好处；优点privilege n. special right given to a person特权instance n. example, case例子，实例suspect vt. feel doubt about; guess or suppose怀疑；猜测suspicionn. afford vt. have the money for 担负得起elderly a. near old age 上了年纪limp n. walk with an uneven step跛行counter n. 柜台spoon n. 调羹eagerly ad. with

131、strong interest or impatient desire热切地，急切地occasionally ad. now and then; at times 偶尔；间或occasional a.heavy a. (of food, etc.) too rich to digest easily（食物等）太油腻而不易消化evident a. plain and clear (to the eye or mind)明显的，明白的sincerely ad. honestly诚恳地eventually ad. in the end 终于，最终positive a. sure, certain有把

132、握的，确信的cheat vt. deceive欺骗chap n. man; boy; fellow男人；小伙子；家伙amidst prep. in the middle of; among在.中间crowdn. 人群 prosperous a. rich; successful富裕的；成功的；昌盛的prosperity n.figure n. 外形，伦廓；体形pitiful a. making one feel pity 可怜的benevolence n. the desire to do good 仁慈sting vt. prick or hurt 刺，螫wrinkle v. (cause

133、to) form into lines （使）起皱纹dignity n. calm and serious manner or style 尊严appearance n. that which can be seen; look 外表pack vt. put (things) into boxes, cases, etc. 把（东西）打包（或装箱） stand n. （货）架；（货摊）worn a. damaged by use or wear 破烂的，损坏的pocketbook a. a wallet for money and personal papers 皮夹 shilling n.

134、先令long vi. wish earnestly 渴望unsay vt. take back (sth. that has been said) 收回（说过的话）tactless a. 不策略的coin n. metal money 硬币 PHEASES & EXPRESSIONSlay out spread out 陈列in a row side by side in a neat line 成一长行to ones taste in a way that one likes 合.口味，中.的意take advantage of use (sth.) for ones own benefit

135、 利用for instance for example and whats more also, and more importantly 而且，更重要的是all right certainly; beyond doubt 确实，无疑地break off pause 中止，中断come down (in the world)become poor; lose social position 落泊，潦倒；失势out of place improper (for ones surroundings) 不适当的；不相称的do sb. a favo(u)r do sth. kind to sb. 给某

136、人以恩惠；帮某人忙mistake.for think wrongly that (sth. or sb.) is (sth. or sb. else) 把.错认为pull out take out 抽出，取出count out count (things) one by one 逐一数出long for wish very much for 渴望Unit Eight : Yoe Go Your Way，Ill Go MineTEXT A young boy faces the impossible task of trying to soften the blow of tragic mews

137、.You Go Your Way, Ill Go MineThe messenger got off his bicycle in front of the house of Mrs. Rosa Sandoval. He went to the door and knocked gently. He knew almost immediately that someone was inside the house. He could not hear anything, but he was sure the knock was bringing someone to the door and

138、 he was most eager to see who this person would be - his woman named Rosa Sandoval who was now to heat of murder in the world and to feel it in herself. The door was not a long time opening, but there was no hurry in the way it moved on its hinges. The movement of the door was as if, whoever she was

139、, she and nothing in the world to fear. Then the door was open, and there she was.To Homer the Mexican woman was beautiful. He could see that she had been patient all her life, so that now, after years of it, her lips were set in a gentle and saintly smile. But like all people who never receive tele

140、grams the appearance of a messenger at the front door is full of terrible implication. Homer knew that Mrs. Rosa Sandoval was shocked to see him. Her first word was the first word of all surprise. She said Oh, as if instead of a messenger she had thought of opening the door to someone she had know a

141、 long time and would be pleased to sit down with. Before she spoke again she studied Homers eyes and Homer Knew that she knew the message was not a welcome one.You have a telegram? she said.It wasnt Homers fault. His work was to deliver telegrams. Even so, it seemed to him that he was part of the wh

142、ole mistake. He felt awkward and almost as if he alone were responsible for what had happened. At the same time he wanted to come right out and say, Im only a messenger, Mrs. Sandoval, Im very sorry I must bring you a telegram like this, but it is only because it is my work to do so.Who is it for? t

143、he Mexican woman said.Mrs. Rosa Sandoval, 1129 G Street. Homer said. He extended the telegram to the Mexican woman, but she would not touch it.Are you Mrs. Sandoval? Homer said.Please, the woman said. Please come in. I cannot read English. I am Mexican. I read only La Prensa which comes from Mexico

144、City. She paused a moment and looked at the boy standing awkwardly as near the door as he could be and still be inside the house.Please, she said, what does the telegram say?Mrs. Sandoval, the messenger said, the telegram says -But now the woman interrupted him. But you must open the telegram and re

145、ad it to me, she said. You have not opened it.Yes, maam, Homer said as if he were speaking to a school teacher who had just corrected him.He opened the telegram with nervous fingers. The Mexican woman stooped to pick up the torn envelope, and tried to smooth it out. As she did so she said, Who sent

146、the telegram - my son Juan Domingo?No, maam. Homer said. The telegram is from the War Department.War Department? the Mexican woman said.Mrs. Sandoval, Homer said swiftly, your son is dead. Maybe its a mistake, Everybody makes a mistake, Mrs. Sandoval. Maybe it wasnt your son. Maybe it was somebody e

147、lse. The telegram says it was Juan Domingo. But maybe the telegram is wrong,The Mexican woman pretended not to hear.Oh, do not be afraid, she said. Come inside. Come inside. I will bring you candy. She took the boys arm and brought him to the table at the center of the room and there she made him si

148、t.All boys like candy, she said. I will bring you candy. She went into another room and soon returned with an old chocolate candy box. She opened the box at the table and in it Homer saw a strange kind of candy.Here, she said. Eat this candy. All boys like candy.Homer took a piece of the candy from

149、the box, put it into his mouth, and tried to chew.You would not bring me a bad telegram, she said. You are a good boy - like my little Juanito when he was a little boy. Eat another piece. And she made the messenger take another piece of the candy.Homer sat chewing the dry candy while the Mexican wom

150、an talked. It is our own candy, she said, from cactus. I made it for my Juanito when he come home, but you eat it. You are my boy, too.Now suddenly she began to sob, holding herself in as if weeping were a disgrace. Homer wanted to get up and run, but he knew he would stay. He even thought he might

151、stay the rest of his life. He just didnt know what else to do to try to make the woman less unhappy, and if she had asked him to take the place of her son, he would not have been able to refuse, because he would not have known how. He got to his feet, as if by standing he meant to begin correcting w

152、hat could not be corrected and then he knew the foolishness of this intention and became more awkward than ever. In his heart he was saying over and over again, What can I do? What the hell can I do? Im only the messenger. NEW WORDSsoften v. (cause to) become soft(er) or gentle （使）软化；（使）温和tragic a.

153、very sad, unfortunate; of or related to tragedy 悲惨的；悲剧的messenger n. a person employed to deliver telegrams, letters or parcels 送信人，电报投递员gently ad. softly 轻轻地immediately a. at once immediate a.eager a. marked by strong interest or impatient desire 热切的，渴望的hinge n. 铰链whoever pron. no matter who 无论谁，不管谁

154、saintly a. like a saint; very holy 像圣徒一样的；圣洁的implication n. 含义imply vt.shock vt. cause unpleasant or angry surprise to (sb.) 使（某人）震惊deliver vt. take (sth.) to the place where it esp. sth. bad 交付，递送awkward a. uncomfortable 尴尬的responsiblea. having done or been the cause of esp. sth. bad（应）负责的Mexican n

155、 & a. 墨西哥人；墨西哥（人）的 extend vt. hold out 伸出pause vi. stop for a short time暂停，中止interrupt vt. stop (sb. speaking) by breaking in 打断（某人讲话）nervousa. 神经质的；紧张的maam madam (used in direct address)夫人，太太，小姐smooth vt. make smooth or smoother把.弄平department n. 部门；系swiftly ad. rapidly, quickly快速地；敏捷地swifta.chocola

156、te n. 巧克力（糖）chew vt. crush (food) with the teeth 咀嚼cactus n. 仙人掌sob vi. cry with short, quick breaths 啜泣；呜咽disgrace n. shame 耻辱；丢脸的人（或事）unhappy a. not happy hell n. 地狱PHRASES & EXPRESSIONShear of have knowledge of or receive information about 听到，听说be responsible forbe the cause of 应对.负责的come out (wi

157、th) speak out 大声地说，清楚地说smooth out make smooth(er) hold oneself in control ones feelingstake the place of act or be used instead of, replace 代替，取代get to ones feel stand up over and over againvery often, repeatedly 反复地，再三地PROPER NAMESRosa Sandoval 罗莎.桑多瓦尔Homer 霍默Mexico City 墨西哥城（墨西哥首都）Juan Domingo 胡安

158、多明哥the War Department（美国）陆军部（旧称）Juanito 胡安尼特（Juan的昵称）Unit Nine：The BrainTEXT Throughout the ages different ideas have been expressed about the working of the human brain. It is only recently, however, that science has begun to give us some idea of how the brain really works.The Brain The Most Powerf

159、ulComputer in the UniverseMan still has a lot to learn about the most powerful and complex part of his body - the brain.In ancient times men did not think that the brain was the centre of mental activity. Aristotle the philosopher of ancient Greece thought that the mind was based in the heart. It wa

160、s not until the 18th century that man realised that the whole of the brain was involved in the workings of the mind.During the 19th century scientists found that when certain parts of the brain were damaged men lost the ability to do certain things. And so, people thought that each part of the brain

161、 controlled a different activity. But modern research has found that this is not so. It is not easy to say exactly what each part of the brain does.In the past 50 years there has been a great increase in the amount of research being done on the brain. Chemists and biologists have found that the way

162、the brain works is far more complicated that they had thought. In fact many people believe that we are only now really starting to learn the truth about how the human brain works. The more scientists find out, the more questions they are unable to answer. For instance, chemists have found that over

163、100,000 chemical reactions take place in the brain every second. Mathematicians who have tried to use computers to copy the way the brain works have found that even using the latest electronic equipment they would have to build a computer which weighed over 10,000 kilos. Some recent research also su

164、ggests that we remember everything that happens to us. We may not be able to recall this information, but it is all stored in our brains.Scientists hope that if we can discover how the brain works, the better use we will be able to put it to. For example, how do we learn language? Man differs most f

165、rom all the other animals in his ability to learn and use language but we still do not know exactly how this is dine. Some children learn to speak and read and write when they are very young compared to average children. But scientists are not sure why this happens. They are trying to find out wheth

166、er there is something about the way we teach language to children which in fact prevents children from learning sooner.Earlier scientists thought that during a mans lifetime the power of his brain decreased. But it is now thought that this is not so. As long as the brain is given plenty of exercise

167、it keeps its power. It has been found that an old person who has always been mentally active has a quicker mind than a young person who has done only physical work. It is now thought that the more work we give our brains, the more work they are able to do.Other people now believe that we use only 1%

168、 of our brains full potential. They say that the only limit on the power of the brain is the limit of what we think is possible. This is probably because of the way we are taught as children. When we first start learning to use our minds we are told what to do, for example, to remember certain facts

169、, but we are not taught how our memory works and how to make that best use of it. We are told to make noted hut we are not taught how our brains accept information and which is the best way to organise the information we want our brains to accept.This century man has made many discoveries about the

170、universe - the world outside himself. But he has also started to look into the workings of that other universe which is inside himself - the human brain. NEW WORDScomputer n. machine that stores information and works out answers 计算机universe n. 宇宙complex a. difficult to understand or explain 错综复杂的，难懂

171、的ancient a. in or of times long ago 古代的；古老的philosopher n. 哲学家philosophy n. 哲学involve vt. cause to become connected or concerned 使卷入working n. (usu. pl.) operation; action运转，运行，活动ability n. 能力exactly ad. with complete connected or concerned确切地；精确地amountn. 数量，数额chemist n. one who studies and understan

172、ds chemistry化学家biologistn. one who studies the life of animals and plants 生物学家biology n. 生物学complicated n. difficult to understand, complex难懂的；复杂的chemical a. of chemistryunable a. not ablereaction n. 反应mathematician n. one who studies and understands mathematics数学家equipn. 设备，装置kilo = kilogram公斤，千克re

173、cent a. done or made not long ago 近来的recall vt. remember记得；回忆起differ vi. be different (from)mentallyad. 智力上，脑力上 physical a. of the body; of matter; of the science of physics身体的；物质的；物理学的potential n. 潜力limit n. 局限，限度PHRASES & EXPRESSIONSput.to (good) use use (in a profitable) （好好）利用differ from be diss

174、imilar to 与.不同 compared to / with in comparison with 与.相比make notes take notes 记笔记look into examine 调查，观察PROPER NAMESAristotle 亚里士多德Greece希腊Unit Ten ：Going HomeTEXT I first heard this story a few years ago from a girl I had met in New Yorks Greenwich Village. Probably the story is one of those myste

175、rious bits of folklore that reappear every few year, to be told anew in one form or another. However, I still like to think that it really did happen, somewhere, sometime.Going HomeThey were going to Fort Lauderdale - three boys and three girls - and when they boarded the bus, they were carrying san

176、dwiches and wine in paper bags, dreaming of golden beaches and sea tides as the gray, cold spring of Now York vanished behind them.As the bus passed through New Jersey, they began to notice Vingo. He sat in front of them, dressed in a plain, ill-fitting suit, never moving, his dusty face masking his

177、 age. He kept chewing the inside of his lip a lot, frozen into complete silence.Deep into the night, outside Washington, the bus pulled into Howard Johnsons, and everybody got off except Vingo. He sat rooted in his seat, and the young people began to wonder about him, trying to imagine his life: per

178、haps he was a sea captain, a runaway from his wife, an old soldier going home. When they went back to the bus, one of the girls sat beside him and introduced herself.Were going to Florida, she said brightly. I hear its really beautiful.It is, he said quietly, as if remembering something he had tried

179、 to forget.Want some wine? she said. He smiled and took a swig from the bottle. He thanked her and retreated again into his silence. After a while, she went back to the others, and Vingo nodded in sleep.In the morning, they awoke outside another Howard Johnsons, and this time Vingo went in. The girl

180、 insisted that he join them. He seemed very shy, and ordered black coffee and smoked nervously as the young people chattered about sleeping on beaches. When they returned to the bus, the girl sat with Vingo again, and after a while, slowly and painfully, he began go tell his story. He had been in ja

181、il in New York for the past four years, and now he was going home.Are you married?I dont know.You dont know? she said.Well, when I was in jail I wrote to my wife, he said. I told her that I was going to be away a long time, and that if she couldnt stand it, if the kids kept askin questions, if it hu

182、rt her too much, well, she could jus forget me. Id understand. Get a new guy , I said - shes a wonderful woman, really something - and forget about me. I told her she didnt have to write me. And she didnt. Not for three and a half years.And youre going home now, not knowing?Yeah, he said shyly. Well

183、, last week, when I was sure the parole was coming through, I wrote the again. We used to live in Brunswick, just Before Jacksonville, and theres a big oak tree just as you come into town, I told her that if she didnt have a new guy and if shed take me back, she should put a yellow handkerchief on t

184、he tree, and Id get off and come home. If she didnt want me, forget it - no handkerchief, and Id go on through.Wow, the girl exclaimed. Wow.She told the others, and soon all of them were in it, caught up in the approach of Brunswick, looking at the pictures Vingo showed them of his wife and three ch

185、ildren - the woman handsome in a plain way, the children still unformed in the much-handled snapshots.Now they were 20 miles from Brunswick, and the young people took over window seats on the right side, waiting for the approach of the great oak tree. Vingo stopped looking, tightening his face, as i

186、d fortifying himself against still another disappointment.Then Brunswick was 10 miles, and then five. Then, suddenly, all of the young people were up out of their seats, screaming and shouting and crying, doing small dances of joy. All except Vingo.Vingo sat there stunned, looking at the oak tree. I

187、t was covered with yellow handkerchiefs - 20 of them, 30 of them, maybe hundreds, a tree that stood like a banner of welcome billowing in the wind. As the young people shouted, the old con slowly rose from his seat and made his way to the front of the bus to go home.NEW WORDSmysterious a. strange 神密

188、的mysteryn.folklore n. 民间传说reappear vi. appear again after an absence 再（出）现anew ad. in a new or different way; again 重新；再sometime ad. at some uncertain or unstated time 某个时候tide n. 潮汐vanish vi. disappearill-fitting a. 不合身的dusty a. covered with dust 满是灰尘的mask vt. hide 遮盖；掩盖root v. (cause to) be fixed

189、and unmoving（使）生根；（使）固定runaway n. a person that has left home or escaped逃跑者，出逃者brightly ad. in a bright manner, cheerfully欢快地，高兴地swing n. a long and large drink痛饮retreat vi. go back; withdraw 退缩；退却，撤退chatter vi. talk fast and noisily about sth. unimportant 喋喋不休painfully ad. in great discomfort 痛苦地pa

190、inful a.jail n. prison 监狱guyn. (AmE sl.) man; fellow 人；家伙yeah ad. (AmE) yesparole n. conditional release from prison 假释oak n. 橡树wow interj. an expression of surprise 哇，呀exclaim vt. Cry out suddenly because of surprise, anger, pain, etc. 惊叫，叫喊说approach n. coming near or nearer 接近，临近unformed a. immatu

191、re 发育未全的handle vt. touch, feel or use (sth) with the hand(s) 触，摸，抚弄snapshot n. 快照tighten v. make strong （使）变紧；（使）绷紧stun vt. shock or surprise 增强；给.以勇气banner n. flag 旗，旗帜billow vi. wave（波浪）翻腾；波浪般起伏con n. convict囚犯PHRASES & EXPRSSIONSdream of wish for ardently向往，渴望pull into enter, arrive at（车等）驶入；到达ta

192、ke back agree to receive sb. whom one has dismissed允许.回来，接受come through arrive as expected 如所预料地到来be caught up in be very interested in 对.入迷take over occupy 占用；接管make ones way move along 去，前往PROPER NAMESGreenwich Village 格林尼治村（纽约市）Fort Lauderdale 洛德代尔堡（佛罗里达州）New Jersey 新泽西（美国州名）Vingo 文（姓氏）Howard Joh

193、nson霍华德.约翰逊Florida 佛罗里达（美国州名）Brunswick 布伦斯威克（佐治亚洲）Jacksonville 杰克逊维尔（佛罗里达州）SECTION TWOUnit One：Is There Life on Earth?TEXT It is humorous essay. But after reading it you will surely find that the author is most serious in writing it.Ts There Life on Earth?There was great excitement on the planet of

194、Venus this week. For the first time Venusian scientists managed to land a satellite on the plant Earth, and is has been sending back signals as well as photographs ever since. The satellite was directed into an area know as Manhattan (named after the great Venusian astronomer Prof. Manhattan, who fi

195、rst discovered it with his telescope 20,000 light years ago).Because of excellent weather conditions and extremely strong signals, Venusian scientists were able to get valuable information as to the feasibility of a manned flying saucer landing on Earth. A press conference was held at the Venus Inst

196、itute of Technology.We have come to the conclusion, based on last weeks satellite landing, Prof. Zog said, that there is no life on Earth.How do you know this? the science reporter of the Venus Evening Star asked. For one thing, Earths surface in the area of Manhattan is composed of solid concrete a

197、nd nothing can grow there. For another, the atmosphere is filled with carbon monoxide and other deadly gases and nobody could possibly breather this air and survive.What does this mean as far as our flying sauce program is concerned?We shall have to take our own oxygen with us, which means a much he

198、avier flying saucer than we originally planned.Are there any other hazards that you discovered in your studier?Take a look at this photo. You see this dark black cloud hovering over the surface of Earth? We call this the Consolidated Edison Belt. We dont know what it is made of, but it could give us

199、 a lot of trouble and we shall have to make further tests before we send a Venus Being there.Over here you will notice what seems to be a river, but the satellite findings indicate it is polluted and the water is unfit to drink. This means we shall have to carry our own water, which will add even gr

200、eater weight to the saucer. Sir, what are all those tiny black spots on the photographs?Were not certain. They seem to be metal particles that move along certain paths. They emit gases, make noise and keep crashing into each other. There are so many of these paths and so many metal particles that it

201、 is impossible to land a flying saucer without its being smashed by one. What are those stalagmite projections sticking up?Theyre some type of granite formations that give off light at night. Prof. Glom has named them skyscrapers since they seem to be scraping the skies.If all you say is true, wont

202、this set back the flying saucer program several years?Yes, but we shall proceed as soon as the Grubstart gives us the added funds.Prof. Zog, why are we spending billions and billions of zilches to land a flying saucer on Earth when there is no life there?Because if we Venusians can learn to breathe

203、in an Earth atmosphere, then we can live anywhere.NEW WORDS humorous a. funny; that makers people laugh 幽默的humor n. essay n. 散文，随笔excitementn. the state or quality of being excited planet n. large body in space that moves round a star esp. round the sun 行星Venusian a. of or having to do with the plan

204、t Venus 金星的n. supposed Venus being 金星人satelliten. spacecraft that goes round the planet earth and sends back radio and television signals; heavenly body that goes round a plant （人造）卫星signaln. 信号；暗号astronomern. person who studies the science of the sun, moon, stars and planets 天文学家 telescope n. instr

205、ument with special glasses used for seeing distant things extremely ad. very 极端，非常extremea.feasibilityad. possibility of being carried or done 可行性feasible a.manned a. occupied by one or more persons 载人的saucern. 浅碟；茶托flying saucern. 飞碟conferencen. meetingpress conferencen. meeting arranged by an impo

206、rtant person to which news reporters are invited to listen to a statement or ask questions 记者招待会technologyn. 技术conclusionn. decision of opinion reached by reasoning 结论 conclude v.reporterv. person who gathers news for a newspaper, magazine, or radio or TV station 记者composevt. make up, form 组成，构成conc

207、reten. building material made by mixing cement with sand, small stones and water 混凝土atmospheren. all the gasses round the earth; air in a place 大气；空气carbonn. 碳monoxide n. 一氧化物deadlya. causing death; likely to cause death 致命的gas n. 气体survive vi. remain alive; continue to live or exist 活下来；幸存vt. remai

208、n alive after; live longer than 经历.后还活着；比.活得长survivaln.program n. plan of what it to be done 计划concern vt. be of importance or interest to; have an effect on 涉及，关系到oxygenn. 氧，氧气originallyad. formerly 起初，原来original a.hazard n. dangerhovervi. stay in or near one place in the air 盘旋 consolidateda. unti

209、ed; combined 联合的consolidatevt.beltn. area that has some special quality; zone （地）带indicatevt. showindication n. pollutevt. make (air, water, soil, etc.) dirty with manmade waste 污染pollutionn.unfita. not good enough; not suitableparticlen. 粒子；微粒 emitvt. send out 散发，射出 emissionn.crashv. (cause to) bre

210、ak into pieces violently 坠落；猛撞smashv. (cause to) break into pieces violently (使)碎裂stalagmite n. 石笋projectionn. sth. that stands out from a surface 凸出物typen. a particular kind, class or group 类型，种类graniten. hard grey stone used for building 花岗岩formationn. sth. that is formed; way in which sth. is for

211、med 形成（物）skyscrapern. very tall building 摩天大楼scrape vt. rub with sth. rough or sharp 刮，擦proceed vi. continue after having stopped （停顿后）继续进行fundn. sum of money set apart or available for a special purpose 资金；基金billionn. one thousand millionzilchn. zero; nothing at allPHRASES & EXPRESSIONS(be) known a

212、s also publicly called; named 以.闻名，通常名叫 name aftergive the same name as 以.名字命名as to about, concerning 关于base on / uponuse as a basis or foundation for 以.为基础，把.基于for one thing . (for another)in the first place. (in the second place) be composed of have as members or parts 由.组成as far as . be concerned

213、to the degree that it matters to 就.而言stick up stand upright; project 直立；突出give offemit; send out 发出；散发出 set backdelay the advance of development of 耽搁；阻碍PEOPER NAMESArt Buchwald 阿特.布奇沃德Venus 金星Manhattan曼哈顿（纽约市中心）Zog佐格（姓氏）Edison爱迪生（姓氏）Glom格洛姆（姓氏）Unit Two：The Dinner PartyTEXT A heated discussion about

214、 whether men are braver than women is settled in a rather unexpected way.The Dinner PartyI first heard this tale in India, where is told as if true - though any naturalist would know it couldnt be. Later someone told me that the story appeared in a magazine shortly before the First World War. That m

215、agazine story, and the person who wrote it, I have never been able to track down.The country is India. A colonial official and his wife are giving a large dinner party. They are seated with their guests - officers and their wives, and a visiting American naturalist - in their spacious dining room, w

216、hich has a bare marble floor, open rafters and wide glass doors opening onto a veranda.A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who says that women have outgrown the jumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a-mouse era and a major who says that they havent.A womans reaction in any crisis, the

217、 major says, is to scream. And while a man may feel like it, he has that ounce more of control than a woman has. And that last ounce is what really counts.The American does not join in the argument but watches the other guests. As he looks, he sees a strange expression come over the face of the host

218、ess. She is staring straight ahead, her muscles contracting slightly. She motions to the native boy standing behind her chair and whispers something to him. The boys eyes widen: he quickly leaves the room. Of the guests, none except the American notices this or sees the boy place a bowl of milk on t

219、he veranda just outside the open doors.The American comes to with a start. In India, milk in a bowl means only one thing - bait for a snake. He realizes there must be a cobra in the room. He looks up at the rafters - the likeliest place - but they are bare. Three corners of the room are empty, and i

220、n the fourth the servants are waiting to serve the next course. There is only one place left - under the table.His first impulse is to jump back and warn the others, but he knows the commotion would frighten the cobra into striking. He speaks quickly, the tone of his voice so commanding that it sile

221、nces everyone.I want to know just what control everyone at this table has. I will count three hundred - thats five minutes - and not one of you is to move a muscle. Those who move will forfeit 50 rupees. Ready?The 20 people sit like stone images while he counts. He is saying .two hundred and eighty.

222、 when, out of the corner of his eye, he sees the cobra emerge and make for the bowl of milk. Screams ring out as he jumps to slam the veranda doors safely shut.You were right, Major! the host exclaims. A man has just shown us an example of perfect self-control.Just a minute, the American says, turni

223、ng to his hostess. Mrs. Wynnes, how did you know that cobra was in the room?A faint smile lights up the womans face as she replies: Because it was crawling across my foot.NEW WORDSheateda. with strong, excited, and often angry feelings 热烈的；激烈的unexpecteda. not expected 意外的 naturalist n. one who makes

224、 a special study of plants or animals outdoors 博物学家（尤指直接观察动植物者）shortlyad. Soon; (in) a little time 不久，马上coloniala. of or related to a colony or colonies 殖民地的spaciousa. big; having much space 广阔的；宽阔的dining n. 餐厅barea. not covered (with a carpet); empty 不铺地毯的；赤裸的；光秃的marblen. 大理石 raftern. one of the sl

225、oping beams that support 椽ontoprep. to a position or point on 到.之上; 向.之上veranda n. 阳台spiriteda. full of spirit; lively outgrowvt. leave behind, as one grows older or more mature 长大得使.不再适用; 成长得不再要mousen. 鼠 eran. 时代，年代majorn. 少校crisis n. time of difficulty, danger, etc. 危机ouncen. 盎司;少量argumentn. discu

226、ssion by persons who disagree; dispute 争论;辩论hostessn. 女主人musclen. 肌肉contractvi. become shorter or smaller 收缩contractionn. slightlyad. a little 稍微地slighta.motionvi. give a signal by moving the hand or head 打手势;点(或摇)头示意widen v. make or become wider baitn. food used to attract fish, animals, or birds s

227、o that they may be caught 诱饵cobran. poisonous snake found in India and Africa 眼镜蛇likelya. probable 可能的impulsen. sudden wish to do sth. 冲动commotion n. noisy confusion or excitement 混乱;骚动tonen. quality of voice or music 语气;音调commandinga. authoritative 威严的forfeitvt. suffer the loss of (sth.) as a punis

228、hment (作为惩罚而)失去rupeen. monetary unit of India, Pakistan, etc. 卢比imagen. statue 雕像emergevi. come or appear (from somewhere)emergencen. slamvt. shut loudly and with force 砰地关上hostn. man who receives guests 男主人fainta. weak, indistinct 微弱的;不明显的crawlvi move slowly by pulling the body along the ground 爬行U

229、nit Three：Lesson from JeffersonTEXTJefferson died long ago, but may of his ideas still of great interest to us.Lessons from JeffersonThomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States, may be less famous than George Washington and Abraham Lincoln, but most people remember at last one fact ab

230、out him: he wrote the Declaration of Independence.Although Jefferson lived more than 200 years ago, there is much that we learn from him today. Many of his ideas are especially interesting to modern youth. Here are some of the things he said and wrote:Go and see. Jefferson believed that a free man o

231、btains knowledge from many sources besides books and that personal investigation is important. When still a young man, he was appointed to a committee to find out whether the South Branch of the James River was deep enough to be used by large boats. While the other members of the committee sat in th

232、e state capitol and studied papers on the subject, Jefferson got into a canoe and made on-the-spot-observations.You can learn from everyone. By birth and by education Jefferson belonged to the highest social class. Yet, in a day when few noble persons ever spoke to those of humble origins except to

233、give an order, Jefferson went out of his way to talk with gardeners, servants, and waiters. Jefferson once said to the French nobleman, Lafayette, You must go into the peoples homes as I have done, look into their cooking pots and eat their bread. If you will only do this, you may find out why peopl

234、e are dissatisfied and understand the revolution that is threatening France.Judge for yourself. Jefferson refused to accept other peoples opinions without careful thought. Neither believe nor reject anything, he wrote to his nephew, because any other person has rejected or believed it. Heaved has gi

235、ven you a mind for judging truth and error. Use it.Jefferson felt that the people may safely be trusted to hear everything true and false, and to form a correct judgment. Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government, I should

236、not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.Do what you believe is right. In a free country there will always be conflicting ideas, and this is a source of strength. It is conflict and not unquestioning agreement that keeps freedom alive. Though Jefferson was for many years the object of strong criti

237、cism, he never answered his critics. He expressed his philosophy in letters to a friend, There are two sides to every question. If you take one side with decision and on it with effect, those who take the other side will of course resent your actions.Trust the future; trust the young. Jefferson felt

238、 that the present should never be chained to customs which have lost their usefulness. No society, he said, can make a perpetual constitution, or even a perpetual law. The earth belongs to the living generation. He did not fear new ideas, nor did he fear the future. How much pain, he remarked, has b

239、een caused by evils which have never happened! I expect the best, not the worst. I steer my ship with hope, leaving fear behind.Jeffersons courage and idealism were based on knowledge. He probably knew more than any other man of his age. He was an expert in agriculture, archeology, and medicine. He

240、practiced crop rotation and soil conservation a century before these became standard practice, and he invented a plow superior to any other in existence. He influenced architecture throughout America, and he was constantly producing devices for making the tasks of ordinary life easier to perform.Of

241、all Jeffersons many talents, one is central. He was above all a good and tireless writer. His complete works, now being published for the first time, will fill more than fifty volumes. His talent as an author was soon discovered, and when the time came to write the Declaration of Independence at Phi

242、ladelphia in 1776, the task of writing it was his. Millions have thrilled to his words: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equalWhen Jefferson died on July 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary of American independence, he left his countrymen a rich legacy of ideas and example

243、s. American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson, Who believed that only a nation of educated people could remain free.NEW WORDSdeclaration n. document containing an open public announcement 宣言independencen. freedom from the control of others 独立obtain vt. get through effort 获得sourcen. pla

244、ce from which sth. comes; place where a river starts （来）源；源头personala. done in person; belonging to a person 亲自的；个人的investigationn. detailed or careful examination 调查investigatevt.appoint vt. put (sb.) in a position 任命appointmentn. committeen. a group of people chosen for special duties 委员会capitoln.

245、 （美国）州议会大厦canoen. light boat moved by a paddle 独木舟on-the-spota. at the place of the action 现场的humblea. low in position 地位低下的originn. parentage; birth; beginning 血统；出身；起源gardenern. person who works in a garden either for pay or as a hobby 园丁waitern. person who serves food to the tables in a restauran

246、t （男）侍者noblemann. 贵族dissatisfyvt. hang over dangerously; utter a threat against 使不满threatenvt. hang over dangerously; utter a threat against 威胁threatn.rejectvt. refuse to take, believe, use of consider 拒绝rejectionn.nephewn. the son of ones brother or sistererrorn. mistake; sth. done wronglyfalsea. n

247、ot true or correctjudgmentn. opinion 判断， 看法hesitatevi. feel doubtful; be undecided 犹豫，迟疑不决hesitationn.prefervt. like better; choose (one thing) rather than (another) 更喜欢；宁愿preferencen.lattera. nearer to the end 后面的；后半的n. the second of two persons or things just spoken of 后者conflictn. be opposed; cla

248、sh 冲突n. disagreement; clash; fightunquestioning a. given or done without question or doubt agreementn. having the same opinion(s); thinking in the same way 同意；一致的criticismn. unfavourable remarks of judgments 批评critic n. person who makes judgments about the good and bad qualities of sth.; person who

249、points out mistakes 评论家；批评者criticizevt.philosophyn. 哲学 resentvt. feel angry or bitter at 对.忿恨;对.不满action n. the process of doing things; sth. done 行动过程；行动customn. 习惯,风俗perpetuala. never-ending; going on for a long time or without stopping 永恒的;连续不断的constitutionn. 宪法;章程livinga. alive now 活(着)的remarkvt

250、. say; comment 说;评论说n. 话语;评论eviln. sth. bad; sin 邪恶,罪恶a. very bad 邪恶的,坏的idealismn. 理想主义;唯心主义 arch(a)eologyn. study of ancient things, esp. remains of prehistoric times 考古学rotationn. 轮作;旋转 rotate v.conservationn. protecting from loss of from being used up 保护;保存conservevt.superiora. good or better in

251、quality or value 较好的;优的superiorityn.existencen. the state of existing 存在influencevt. have an effect on 影响architecturen. art and science of building 建筑术;建筑学constantlyad. continuously; frequently 不断地;经常地constanta. performvt. do, carry out 做,履行talentn. special natural ability 才能,天资centrala. chief; main

252、; most important 主要的tireless a. never or rarely getting tiredwritern. a person who writes esp. as a way of earning money 作家publishvt. have (a book, etc.) printed and put on sale 出版volumen. book, esp. one of a set of books 卷;册thrillvi. have a very exciting feeling 非常激动self-evidenta. clear without pro

253、of 不言而喻的createvt. make (sth. that has not been made before) 创造creationn. anniversaryn. the yearly return of a special date 周年纪念日countryman n. a person from ones own country 周胞legacy n. sth. that one person leaves to another when he dies 遗产owe vt. 欠(债等);应把.归功于debtn. something owed to someone else 债(务

254、)educatevt. train; teach how to read, write, think, etc.PHRASES & EXPRESSIONSgo out of ones way (to do sth.)take particular trouble; make a special effort 特地leave.to leave sb. in charge of 交托,委托act on act according to 按照.行事leave behindabandon; fall to take or bring 丢弃;留下,忘带in existenceexisting 存在abo

255、ve allmost important of all 首先,尤其是PROPER NAMESBruce Bilven布鲁斯.布利文Thomas Jefferson托马斯.杰斐逊George Washington乔治.华盛顿Abraham Lincoln亚伯拉罕.林肯the Declaration of Independence独立宣言 the James River詹姆斯河Lafayette拉斐特France 法国Heaven上帝；天堂Philadelphia费城（美国港市）Unit Four：My First JobTEXT Trying to make some money before

256、entering university, the author applies for a teaching job. But the interview goes from bad to worse.My First JobWhile I was waiting to enter university, I saw advertised in a local newspaper a teaching post at a school in a suburb of London about ten miles from where I lived. Being very short money

257、 and wanting to do something useful, I applied, fearing as I did so, that without a degree and with no experience in teaching my chances of getting the job were slim.However, three days later a letter arrived, asking me to go to Croydon for an interview. It proved an awkward journey: a train to Croy

258、don station; a ten-minute bus ride and then a walk of at least a quarter to feel nervous. The school was a red brick house with big windows, The front garden was a gravel square; four evergreen shrubs stood at each corner, where they struggled to survive the dust and fumes from a busy main from a bu

259、sy main road.It was clearly the headmaster himself that opened the door. He was short and fat. He had a sandy-coloured moustache, a wrinkled forehead and hardly any hair.He looked at me with an air of surprised disapproval, as a colonel might look at a private whose bootlaces were undone. Ah yes, he

260、 grunted. Youd better come inside. The narrow, sunless hall smelled unpleasantly of stale cabbage; the walls were dirty with ink marks; it was all silent. His study, judging by the crumbs on the carpet, was also his dining-room. Youd better sit down, he said, and proceeded to ask me a number of ques

261、tions: what subjects I had taken in my General School Certificate; how old I was; what games I played; then fixing me suddenly with his bloodshot eyes, he asked me whether I thought games were a vital part of a boys education. I mumbled something about not attaching too much importance to them. He g

262、runted. I had said the wrong thing. The headmaster and I obviously had very little in common. The school, he said, consisted of one class of twenty-four boys, ranging in age from seven to thirteen. I should have to teach all subjects except art, which he taught himself. Football and cricket were pla

263、yed in the Park, a mile away on Wednesday and Saturday afternoons.The teaching set-up filled me with fear. I should have to divide the class into three groups and teach them in turn at three different levels; and I was dismayed at the thought of teaching algebra and geometry-two subjects at which I

264、had been completely incompetent at school. Worse perhaps was the idea of Saturday afternoon cricket; most of my friends would be enjoying leisure at that time.I said shyly, What would my salary be? Twelve pounds a week plus lunch. Before I could protest, he got to his feet. Now, he said, youd better

265、 meet my wife. Shes the one who really runs this school.This was the last straw. I was very young: the prospect of working under a woman constituted the ultimate indignity.NEW WORDSapplyvi. write to ask for (a job, membership. etc.), esp. officially 申请applicationn.interviewn. 面试；接见；会见advertisevt. ma

266、ke know to people by printing a notice in a newspaper, etc. or by broadcasting on television, ets. 为.做广告advertisementn.localof, special to, a place or district 当地的;地方性的postn. job or position 职位suburbn. outer area of a town or city, where people live 郊区slima. small, slight; slender 微小的;苗条的depressvt.

267、make sad 使沮丧depressionn.brickn. 砖graveln. 砾石evergreena. with green leaves throughout the year 常绿的shrubn. low bush with several woody stems 灌木fumen. strong-smelling smoke, gas or vapour 浓烈难闻的烟,气,汽headmastern. (中,小学的)校长sandy-coloureda. yellowish-red 沙色的,黄中带红的moustachen. hair growing on the upper lip 小

268、胡子disapprovaln. unfavorable opinion or feeling; dislike 不赞成;不满coloneln. 上校privaten. soldier of the lowest rank 列兵;士兵bootlace n. shoelace for a high shoe or boot 靴带undovt. untie, unfasten 解开;松开ahinterj. (a cry of surprise, pity, pain, joy, dislike, etc.) 啊gruntvt. 咕哝着说出unpleasantlyad. 令人不愉快地stalea. n

269、ot fresh 不新鲜的cabbagen. 卷心菜crumbn. very small, broken piece of bread or cake 面包屑;糕饼屑carpetn. heavy woven material fir covering floors or stairs 地毯certificaten. 证(明)书bloodshota. (眼睛)充血的vitala. very necessary; of the greatest importance 必不可少的,极其重要的mumblevt. speak (words) unclearly 含糊地说attachvt. give (t

270、o); fasten (to) 把.给予;系,贴importancen. the quality of being important obviouslyad. it can be easily seen; plainly 明显地，显然obviousa. consist (of)vi. be made up (of) 组成，构成rangevi. vary between certain limits （在一定的范围内）变动cricketn. 板球 set-upn. arrangementdismayvt. make discouraged or afraid 使灰心，使害怕algebran.

271、代数学geometryn. 几何学incompetenta. completely unskillful; not good enough at doing a job, etc. 无能力的；不胜任的competenta. opposite of incompetentleisuren. free time; time which one can spend as one likes 闲暇；悠闲salaryn. fixed (usually monthly) pay for regular work 薪水plus prep. with the addition of 加（上）protestvi

272、. express a strong objection 抗议；反对strawn. 稻草；麦杆prospectvi. sth. expected or considered probable; possibility 期望中的事；展望；前景constitutevt. form; make up; be 组成，构成ultimatea. greatest; utmost; last or final 最大的；终极的，最终的indignityn. injury to ones dignity; insult 侮辱PHRASES & EXPRESSIONSbe short of not having

273、enough of 缺少 smell of have, give out the smell of 有.的气味judging byforming an opinion based on attach importance toconsider important 重视in commonshared with someone else 共有的,共同的consist of be made up of in turnone after another 轮流PROPER NAMESLondon伦敦(英国首都)Croydon克洛伊登(英国地名)Unit Five：The Professor and th

274、e Yo-YoTEXT Seen through the eyes of a young friend Einstein was a simple, modest and ordinary man.The professor and the Yo-yoMy father was a close friend of Albert Einstein. As a shy young visitor to Einsteins home, I was made to feel at ease when Einstein said, I have something to show you. He wen

275、t to his desk and returned with a Yo-Yo. He tried to show me how it worked but he couldnt make it roll back up the string. When my turn came, I displayed my few tricks and pointed out to him that the incorrectly looped string had thrown the toy off balance. Einstein nodded, properly impressed by my

276、skill and knowledge. Later, I bought a new Yo-Yo and mailed it to the Professor as a Christmas present, and received a poem of thanks.As boy and then as an adult, I never lost my wonder at the personality that was Einstein. He was the only person I knew who had come to terms with himself and the wor

277、ld around him. He knew what he wanted and he wanted only this: to understand within his limits as a human being the nature of the universe and the logic and simplicity in its functioning. He knew there were answers beyond his intellectual reach. But this did not frustrate him. He was content to go a

278、s far as he could.In the 23 years of our friendship, I never saw him show jealousy, vanity, bitterness, anger, resentment, or personal ambition. He seemed immune to these emotions. He was beyond any pretension. Although he corresponded with many of the worlds most important people, his stationery ca

279、rried only a watermark - W - for Woolworths.To do his work he needed only a pencil only a pencil and a pad of paper. Material things meant nothing to him. I never knew him to carry money because he never had any use for it. He believed in simplicity, so much so that he used only a safety razor and w

280、ater to shave. When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, The razor and water do the job.But Professor, why dont you try the cream just once? I argued. It makes shaving smoother and less painful.He shrugged. Finally, I presented him with a tube of shaving cream. The next morning when he ca

281、me down to breakfast, he was beaming with the pleasure of a new, great discovery. You know, that cream really works, he announced. It doesnt pull the beard. It feels wonderful. Thereafter, he used the shaving cream every morning until the tube was empty. Then he reverted to using plain water.Einstei

282、n was purely and exclusively a theorist. He didnt have the slightest interest in the practical application of his ideas and theories. His E=mc2 is probably the most famous equation in history - yet Einstein wouldnt walk down the street to see a reactor create atomic energy. He won the Nobel Prize fo

283、r his Photoelectric Theory, a series of equations that he considered relatively minor in importance, but he didnt have any curiosity in observing how his theory made TV possible.My brother once gave the Professor a toy, a bird that balanced on the edge of a bowl of water and repeatedly dunked its he

284、ad in the water. Einstein watched it in delight, trying to deduce the operating principle. But be couldnt.The next morning he announced, I had thought about that bird for a long time before I went to bed and it must work this way He began a ling explanation. Then he stopped, realizing a flaw in his

285、reasoning. No, I guess thats not it, he said. He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work. His quick expression of disapproval told me he did not agree with this practical approach. He never did work out the solution.Another puzzle that

286、 Einstein could never understand was his own fame. He had developed theories that were profound and capable of exciting relatively few scientists. Yet his name was a household word across the civilized world. Ive had good ideas, and so have other men, he once said. But its been my good fortune that

287、my ideas have been accepted. He was bewildered by his fame: people wanted to meet him; strangers stared at him on the street; scientists, statesmen, students, and housewives wrote him letters. He never could understand why he received this attention, why he was singled out as something special.NEW W

288、ORDSmodesta. having or expressing a not too high opinion of ones merits, abilities, etc. 谦虚的yo-yon. 游游（一种用线扯动使用权忽上忽来的轮形玩具）easen. freedom from work, discomfort, trouble, difficulty, worry, etc. 悠闲；舒适；自在；安心display n. show 展示loopvt. 把（绳等）打成环n. 圈；环strongn. 细绳；线；弦balancen. condition of being steady 平衡v.

289、keep in a state of balanceproperlyad. really; completely 非常；完全地impressvt. have a strong effect on the mind or feelings of 给.深刻的印象mail vt. send by postpoemn. piece of writing in verse 诗personalityn. character 个性logicn. the science or method of reasoning 逻辑(学);推理(法)simplicityn. the state of being simp

290、le; an absence of pretense 简单;简朴;单纯functionvi. workintellectuala. 智力的frustraten. cause to have feeling of annoyed disappointment; defeat 使沮丧;挫败frustrationn.jealousyn. envy 妒忌jealousa.vanityn. state of being too proud of oneself or ones looks, abilities, etc. 虚荣心bitternessn. the quality or state of b

291、eing bitter 苦;痛苦resentmentn. feeling that one has when insulted, ignored, injured, etc. 怨恨ambitionn. strong desire for success, power, riches, etc. 野心,抱负ambitiousa.immunea. 有免疫力的;不受影响的 immunity n. emotionn. strong feelingpretensionn. 矫饰,做作,不受影响correspondvi. exchange letter regularly 通信stationeryn. p

292、aper for writing letters, usu. with matching envelopes; writing materials 信笺;文具watermarkn. mark made on paper by the maker, seen when it is held against light 水印padn. a number of sheets of writing paper fixed along one edge 便笺簿razor n. sharp instrument for taking hair off the body 剃刀shavevt. cut off

293、 (hair or beard) with a razorcreamn. any thick, soft liquid 膏状物argue vt. give reasons for or against (sth.) 争辨painfula. causing painshrugvi. lift (the shoulders) slightly (to show in difference, doubt, etc.) 耸肩finallyad. at last; lastly 最终;最后presentvt. give; offer 赠送;提供tuben. 管;软管beam vi. look or sm

294、ile happily and cheerfully 面露喜色;高兴地微笑beardn. hair of the lower part of the face (excluding the moustache) 胡须thereafterad. after that; afterwardsrevertvi return (to a former state, condition, etc.) 回复,回返exclusivelyad. only; completelyexclusivea. person who forms theories 理论家theoristn. 方程式equationn. s

295、mall in degree, not considerable or serious 微小的,轻微的applicationn. using 应用theoryn. (explanation of the) general principles of an art or science 理论theoreticala. reactorn. 反应堆atomica. of or concerning an atom or atoms 原子的atomn. photoelectrica. 光电的seriesn. group of things of the same kind that come one

296、after another 系列;套,组relatively ad. comparatively 相对地;比较地relativea. relativity n. curiosityn. the desire to know or learn 好奇心observev. see and again repeatedlyad. again and againdunkvt. put under water for a limited time 把.浸一浸deducevt. reach a conclusion by reasoning 演绎,推断deductionn.principlen. 原理;原则

297、flawn. fault 缺点,瑕疵reasoningn. process of reaching conclusions by using ones reason 推理pursuevt. work at, be busy with, go on with 从事;忙于;继续apartad. separate(ly) 分离,分开approachn. method of doing sth. 方式,方法solutionn. sth. that one cannot understand or explain 谜famen. (condition of) being famous profounda

298、. needing much thought or study to understand; deep 深奥的;深刻的capablea. ablecapabilityn.householdn. all the people living in a housea. familiar and commonhousehold word n. word or name known and spoken of by almost everyone 家喻户晓的词或名字civilized a. 文明的 civilizevt.civilizationn.fortunen. luck bewildervt. c

299、onfuse; puzzle 把.弄糊涂;使迷惑statesmann. political or government leader, esp. one who is wise and fair-minded 政治家housewifen. married woman who manages a householdPHRASES & EXPRESSIONSat ease free from worry or nervousness; comfortable off balancenot in balance; unsteady 失去平衡的come to terms withaccept (sth

300、. one does not want to accept) and deal with it in the best way one can 与.达成协议;与.妥协as far as to the degree that 到.程度mean nothing to be of no importance to believe in have confidence in the value ofso much so thatto such an extent that a series of a number of (thing or events) of the same kind that f

301、ollow each other 一系列,一连串take apart separate (a small machine, clock, etc.) into pieces 拆开work out solve, find the answer to 解决;算出;想出capable of having the ability, power or inclination (to do) single out choose from a group for special treatment 选出,挑出PROPER NAMESThomas Lee Bucky托马斯.李.巴基Joseph Blank约瑟

302、夫.布兰克Albert Einstein阿伯特.爱因斯坦Woolworth伍尔沃叫(姓氏)Nobel Prize诺贝尔奖金Unit Six：The Making of a SurgeonA famous surgeon tells about the importance of self-confidence from his own experience. The Making of a SurgeonHow does a doctor recognize the point in time when he is finally a surgeon? As my year as chief

303、resident drew to a close I asked myself this question on more than one occasion.The answer, I concluded, was self-confidence. When you can say to yourself, There is no surgical patient I cannot treat competently, treat just as well as or better than any other surgeon - then, and not until then, you

304、are indeed a surgeon. I was nearing that point.Take, for example, the emergency situations that we encountered almost every night. The first few months of the year I had dreaded the ringing of the telephone. I knew it meant another critical decision to be made. Often, after I had told Walt or Larry

305、what to do in a particular situation, Id have trouble getting back to sleep. Id review all the facts of the case and, not infrequently, wonder if I hadnt made a poor decision. More than once at two or three in the morning, after lying awake for an hour, Id get out of bed, dress and drive to the hosp

306、ital to see the patient myself. It was the only way I could find the peace of mind I needed to relax.Now, in the last month of my residency, sleeping was no longer a problem. There were still situations in which I couldnt be certain my decision had been the right one, but I had learned to accept thi

307、s as a constant problem for a surgeon, one that could never be completely resolved - and I could live with it. So, once I had made a considered decision, I no longer dwelt on it. Reviewing it wasnt going to help and I knew that with my knowledge and experience, any decision Id made was bound to be a

308、 sound one. It was a nice feeling.In the operating room I was equally confident. I knew I had the knowledge, the skill, the experience to handle any surgical situation Id ever encounter in practice. There were no more butterflies in my stomach when I opened up an abdomen or a chest. I knew that even

309、 if the case was one in which it was impossible to anticipate the problem in advance, I could handle whatever l found. Id sweated through my share of stab wounds of the belly, of punctured lungs, of compound fractures. I had sweated over them for five years. I didnt need to sweat any more.Nor was I

310、afraid of making mistakes. I knew that when I was out in practice I would inevitably err at one time or another and operate on someone who didnt need surgery or sit on someone who did. Five years earlier - even one year earlier - I wouldnt have been able to live with myself if I had had to take sole

311、 responsibility for a mistake in judgment. Now I could. I still dreaded errors - would do my best to avoid them - but I knew they were part of a surgeons life. I could accept this fact with calmness because I knew that if I wasnt able to avoid a mistake, chances were that no other surgeon could have

312、, either.This all sounds conceited and I guess it is - but a surgeon needs conceit. He needs it to encourage him in trying moments when hes bothered by the doubts and uncertainties that are part of the practice of medicine. He has to feel that hes as good as and probably better than any other surgeo

313、n in the world. Call it conceit - call it self-confidence; whatever it was, I had it.NEW WORDSsurgeon n. doctor who performs operations 外科医生self-confidencen. 自信心making n. means of gaining success 成功之道residentn. 住院医生concludevt. arrive at a belief or opinion by reasoning 得出结论surgical a. of, by, or for

314、 surgery 外科的；手术的competentlyad. with the necessary skill 称职地；胜任地competenta. nearvt. approach; come closer toemergencyn. sudden and dangerous happening needing immediate action 紧急情况；急症encountervt. be faced with (difficulties, danger, etc.); meet unexpectedly 遭到；意外地遇见dread vt. fear greatly 畏惧criticala.

315、 important at a time of danger and difficulty 紧要的；关键性的particulara. belonging to some one person, thing, or occasion 特定的casen. instance of disease or injury 病例infrequentlyad. seldom; not often relaxvi. become less tense 放松relaxationn. residencyn. the last stage of a doctors training at a hospital 高级专

316、科住院实习（期）constanta. happening all the time; unchanging 不断的；始终如一的resolvevt. solve 解决resolutionn. considereda. carefully thought out 经过深思熟虑的dwellvi. live (in a place) 居住bound a. very likely; certain 一定的，必然的sound a. correct; based on good judgment 正确的，合理的confidenta. sure of oneself and ones abilities 自然

317、的confidencen. handlevt. manage, deal with 处理butterflyn. 蝴蝶abdomenn. belly 腹（部）anticipatevt. see beforehand 预期anticipationn. sweatn. 汗vi. 流汗stabn. thrust made with a pointed weapon 刺；戳bellyn. 肚，腹部puncturevt. make a small hole in (sth.) with sth. pointed 刺穿compounda. having more than one part 复合的fract

318、uren. break in a bone 骨折compound n. 复合性骨折inevitably ad. unavoidably 不可避免地inevitablea. errvi. make mistakes; do wrongoperatevi. perform a surgical operation 动手术surgery n. 外科；外科手术solea. unshared; one and only 唯一的responsibilityn. 责任；责任心avoidvt. escape; keep or get away from 避免conceiteda. having too hig

319、h an opinion of oneself 自负的conceitn. too high an opinion of oneselftrying a. hard to endure or bear; very difficult 难受的；恼人的bothervt. annoy, trouble 烦扰，麻烦uncertaintyn. uncertain condition; doubtPHRASES & EXPRESSIONSdraw to a closecome to an end 结束live withlearn to accept (sth. unpleasant); tolerate 学

320、会；适应；容忍dwell onthink, write, or speak a lot about 老是想着；详述；强调(be) bound to (do)(be) certain to (do) 一定., 必然.in practice(医师,律师等) 在开业中;在实践中butterflies in the stomach feelings of nervousness 忐忑不安open upcut open 切开,给.开刀in advanceahead of time 预先,事前 at one time or anothersometime or other 早晚sit ondelay ta

321、king action on; do nothing about 拖延;搁置PROPER NAMESNolen 诺兰(姓氏)Walt 沃尔特(男子名 Walter 的昵称)Larry 拉里(男子 Lawrence 的昵称) Unit Seven;Theres Only LuckTEXT In this article the author describes what happened to her one night and what happened to her one night and her feelings about it.Theres Only LuckMy mind wen

322、t numb when I saw the gun pointing against the car window as we pulled out of the garage: This cant be happening to me. Then I felt the gun, cold, against my head, and I heard my friend Jeremy saying, What do you want? Take my wallet, but at the time I thought of nothing.I remember being vaguely ann

323、oyed when the gunman pulled me from the car by the hair. I remember the walk to the house - Jeremy, me, the two men with two guns. I remember the fear and anger in the gunmens voices because Jeremy was being slow, and I remember wondering why he waas being slow. I did not realize that Jeremy had thr

324、own the keys into the shrubbery. But I remember that sound of the gun hitting Jeremys head and the feeling as the man who had hold of my hair released me. And I remember the split second when I realized he was looking at Jeremy, and I remember wondering how far I could run before he pulled the trigg

325、er. But I was already running, and upon reaching the car across the street, I didnt crouch behind it but screamed instead.I remember thinking there was something absurdly melodramatic about screaming Help, help! at eight oclock on a Tuesday evening in December and changing my plea to the more specif

326、ic Help, let me in, please let me in! But the houses were cold, closed, unfriendly, and I ran on until I heard Jeremys screams behind me announcing that our attackers had fled.The neighbors who had not opened their doors to us came out with baseball bats and helped Jeremy find his glasses and keys.

327、In a group they were very brave. We waited for the cops to come until someone said to someone else that the noodles were getting cold, and I said politely, Please go and eat. Were O.K.I was happy to see them go. They had been talking of stiffer sentences for criminals, of bringing back the death pen

328、alty and how the President is going to clean up the country. I was thinking, they could be saying all of this over my dead body, and I still feel that stiffer sentences wouldnt change a thing. In a rush all the rage I should have felt for my attackers was directed against these contented people stan

329、ding in front of their warm, cozy homes talking about all the guns they were going to buy. What good would guns have been to Jeremy and me?People all over the neighborhood had called to report our screams, and the police turned out in force twenty minutes later. They were ill-tempered about what was

330、, to them, much ado about nothing. After all, Jeremy was hardly hurt, and we were hopeless when it came to identification. Typical, said one cop when we couldnt even agree on how tall the men were. Both of us were able to describe the guns in horrifying detail, but the two policemen who stayed to ma

331、ke the report didnt think that would be much help.The cops were matter-of-fact about the whole thing. The thin one said, That was a stupid thing to do, throwing away the keys. When a man has a gun against your head you do what youre told. Jeremy looked properly sheepish.Then the fat cop same up and

332、the thin one went to look around the outside of the house. That was the best thing you could have done, throwing away the keys, he said. If you had gone into the house with them His voice trailed off. They would have hurt her - he jerked his head toward me - and killed you both. Jeremy looked happie

333、r. Look, said the fat cop kindly, theres no right of wrong in the situation. Theres just luck.All that sleepless night I replayed the moment those black gloves came up to the car window. How long did the whole thing last? Three minutes, five, eight? No matter how many hours of my life I may spend re

334、living it, I know there is no way to prepare for the next time - no intelligent response to a gun. The fat cop was right: Theres only luck. The next time I might end up dead. And Im sure there will be a next time. It can happen anywhere, anytime, to anyone. Security is an illusion; there is no safet

335、y in locks or in guns. Guns make some people feel safe and some people feel strong, but theyre fooling themselves.NEW WORDSnumbn. having lost the power of feeling or moving 失去感觉的，麻木的garagen. building in which a car is kept 汽车库walletn. leather pocket-case for paper money, cards, etc. 皮夹vaguelyad. not

336、 clearly 模糊地vaguea.annoyvt. make rather angry 使恼怒gunman n. a man armed with a gun, esp. a criminal or terrorist 持枪歹徒shrubberyn. low bushes forming a mass or group 灌木丛releasevt. set free 松开；释放splitvt. divide into parts 劈开split secondvery brief moment of time; instant 瞬间，一刹那triggern. 扳机crouchvi. lower

337、 the body to the ground 蹲伏absurdlyad. foolishly; ridiculously 愚蠢地，荒唐可笑地absurda. melodramatica. exciting in effect, often too much so to be thought real 感情夸张；闹剧式的plean. asking for sth. with strong feelings 恳求specifica. definite; not general 明确的；具体的fleev. run away (from) 逃走；逃离baseballn. 棒球（运动）batn. 球棒

338、，球拍copn. (informal) policeman noodlen. (usu. pl.) 面条stiffa. severe 严厉criminaln. someone who has broken the law 罪犯penaltyn. punishment 惩罚ragen. great anger 狂怒contenteda. satisfied; happy 满足的cozya. warm and comfortable 暖和舒适的ill-tempereda. (often) angry or annoyed 脾气坏的；易怒的adon. trouble and excitement 忙

339、乱hopelessa. giving no cause for hope; very bad or unskilled 没有希望的；无能的identificationn. 鉴别identifyvt. horrifyvt. frighten; shock very much 使恐怖；使震惊detailn. small, particular fact 细节matter-of-facta. concerned with the facts; practical 注重事实的；讲究实际的sheepisha. foolish or embarrassed by awareness of a fault

340、局促不安的trailvi. grow gradually weaker, dimmer, etc. jerkvt. pull or lift suddenly 猛拉；猛抬replayvt. play (match, recording, etc.) over again 重放gloven. 手套lastvi. go onrelivevt. experience again, esp. in the imagination intelligenta. clever; rational 聪明的；明智的responsen. action done in answer; answer 反应；回答res

341、pondvi.securityn. safety, freedom from danger or fear 安全，平安securea. illusionn. false perception; (the seeing of) sth. that does not really exist 错觉；幻觉PHRASES & EXPRESSIONSpull out (of)move out (of) （车，船等）驶出have (get, catch) hold of 抓住bring back restore, reintroduce 恢复clean up clean thoroughly and re

342、move anything unwanted 彻底打扫；整肃turn outappear; come or go out to see or do sth. 出来，出动in forcein large numbers 大批地，人数众多地 much ado about nothinga lot of unnecessary explaining, of excitement about things not serious or unimportant 无事生非；小题大作come toreach (a particular point) in explaining, etc. 谈到（某一点）ag

343、ree on have the same opinion on in detailgiving a lot of facts 详细地trail off (voice, etc.) become gradually weaker and fade into silence （声音等）逐渐变弱no way不可能prepare for get ready forand up 结束，告终PROPER NAMESRuth Reichl露丝.赖克尔Jeremy杰里米(男子名)Unit Eight:Honesty：Is It Going out of Style?TEXT Ever thought abou

344、t cheating on a test? Of course not. But some students are not quite so honest Honesty: Is It Going Out of Style?Stacia RobbinsAccording to a recent poll, 61 percent of American high school students have admitted to cheating on exams at least once. It can be argued such a response my not mean much.

345、After all, most students have been faced with the temptation to peek at a neighbors test paper. And students can be hard on themselves in judging such behavior. However, there are other indications that high school cheating may be on the rise.More and more states are requiring students to pass compe

346、tency tests in order to receive their high school diplomas. And many educators fear that an increase in the use of state exams will lead to a corresponding rise in cheating. A case in point is students in New York State who faced criminal misdemeanor charges for possessing and selling advance copies

347、 of state Regents examinations.Cheating is considered to be a major problem in colleges and universities. Several professors say theyve dropped the traditional term paper requirement because many students buy prewritten term papers, and they cant track down all the cheaters anymore.Colleges and univ

348、ersities across the nation have decided to do more than talk about the rise in student cheating. For instance, the Department of Psychology at the University of Maryland launched a campaign to stop one form of cheating. As 409 students filed out of their exam, they found all but one exit blocked. Pr

349、octors asked each student to produce an ID card with an attached photo. Students who said theyd left theirs in the dorm or at home had a mug shot taken. The purpose of the campaign was to catch ringers, students who take tests for other students.The majority of students at the University of Maryland

350、 applauded the campaign. The campus newspaper editorial said, Like police arresting speeders, the intent is not to catch everyone but rather to catch enough to spread the word.We frequently hear about the good old days, when Americans were better, happier, and more honest. But were they more honest?

351、 Maybe yes, a long time ago when life was very different from what it is today. School children used to know the story of how Abraham Lincoln walked five miles to return a penny hed overcharged a customer. Its the kind of story we think of as myth. But in the case of Lincoln, the story is true unlik

352、e the story of George Washington and the cherry tree. Washingtons first biographer invented the tale of little George saying to his father, I cannot tell a lie. I did it with my ax. What is important in both stories, however, is that honesty was seen as an important part of the American character.An

353、d these are just two stories out of many. Students in the last century usually didnt read fun stories. They read stories that taught moral values. Such stories pointed out quite clearly that children who lied, cheated, or stole came to bad ends.Parents may have further reinforced those values. Its d

354、ifficult to know. We do know that children didnt hear their parents talk of cheating the government on income taxes - there werent any.A clue as to why Americans may have been more honest in the past lies in the Abe Lincoln story. Lincoln knew his customer. They both lived in a small town. Would a c

355、heck-out person at a large supermarket return money a customer? Its less likely. On the other hand, would overnight guests at an inn run by a husband and wife, steal towels? Its less likely.Perhaps this tells us that people need to know one another to be at their honest best.The vast majority of Ame

356、ricans still believe that honesty as an important part of the American Character. For that reason, there are numerous watch-dog committees at all levels of society. Although signs of dishonesty in school, business, and government seem much more numerous in recent years than in the past, could it be

357、that we are getting better at revealing such dishonesty?There is some evidence that dishonesty may ebb and flow. When times are hard, incidents of theft and cheating usually go up. And when times get better such incidents tend to go down.Cheating in school also tends to ebb and flow. But it doesnt s

358、eem linked to the economy.Many educators feel that as students gain confidence in themselves and their abilities, they are less likely to cheat. Surprisingly, some efforts to prevent cheating may actually encourage cheating - a person may feel they dont trust me anyway, and be tempted to beat the sy

359、stem. Distrust can be contagious. But, so can trust! NEW WORDShonestyn. freedom from deceit, cheating, etc. 诚实style n. fashion 时髦polln. survey of public opinion by putting questions to a representative selection of persons 民意测验admitv. state or agree to the truth of; confess 承认，供认admissionn. temptati

360、onn. the act of tempting or being tempted 引诱；诱惑peek vi. look (at sth.) quickly, esp. when one should not 偷看behavio(u)r n. way of behaving 行为behavev. indicationn. sign or suggestion 迹象competencyn. ability; being competent 能力；胜任 diploma n. official paper showing that a person has successfully finished

361、 a course of study or passed an examination 文凭correspondinga. matching 相应的criminal a. of crimemisdemeano(u)rn. crime that is less serious than, for example, stealing of murder 轻罪chargen. accusation 指控possessn. have, own 占有，拥有advancea. made available before the date of general publication or release

362、预先的regentn. member of a governing board （学校董事会的）董事dropvt. give up; discontinue 放弃；革除traditionala. of or according to tradition 传统的traditionn. requirement n. sth. required; sth. demanded as a condition 要求；必要条件prewrittena. written beforehand; written in advance psychologyn. science of the mind 心理学psyc

363、hologicala. launchvt. start, set going 发起；发动campaignn. series of planned activities for some special purpose 运动filevi. march or move in a line 排成纵队行进exitn. way out of a place 出口（处）proctorn. 临考人ID cardn. identity card 身份证dormn. (short for) dormitory 宿舍mugn. the face or mouth shotn. a single photograp

364、hmug shotn. (sl.) photograph of a persons face, used for purposes of identification 面部照片ringern. any person who pretends to be another 冒名顶替者applaudvt. praise esp. by striking ones hands to gether 拍手称赞campus n. university; the grounds of a university, college, or school 大学；校园editorialn. leading artic

365、le 社论arrestvt. seize (sb.) in the name of the law 逮捕speedern. person who drives an automobile at a higher speed than is lawful 违法超速驾驶者intentn. purpose; intention frequentlyad. at short intervals, often 频繁地overchargevt. charge too much 对.要价太高customern. person who buys goods from a shop, esp. regularl

366、y 顾客mythn. 神话unlikeprep. not like, different from cherryn. 樱桃biographern. person who writes about another persons life 传记作家ax(e)n. 斧子charactern. mental or moral qualities that make one person, race, etc. different from others 性格，品质morala. concerning principles of right of wrong 道德的reinforcevt. encou

367、rage of strengthen 加强taxn. 税，税款cluen. sth. that helps to find an answer to a question 线索check-outn. desk where one pays the bill of the goods one has chosen 结帐处supermarketn. large shop where one serves oneself with food and goods 超级市场overnighta. for or during the night 住一夜的；一整夜的innn. small hotel 小旅馆

368、，客栈toweln. 毛巾vasta. very big numerous a. manywatch-doga. organized or acting as a watchful guardian, esp. against unlawful practice 起监督作用的dishonestyn. the quality of being dishonest revealvt. make known 揭露evidencen. sign or proof 证据ebbvi. (of the tide) flow back from the land to the sea; grow less;

369、become weak or faint 落潮；低落，衰退flowvi. (of the tide) come in; rise; run or spread smoothly （潮）涨；上升；流incidentn. event; happening 事件theftn. (the act of, an instance of) stealing tendvi. have a tendency 易于，往往会linkvt. join or connect 连接；联系economyn. 经济 anywayad. at all; in any case 究竟；无论如何temptvt. attract

370、(sb.) to do sth. wrong or foolish 引诱systemn. 体制；制度systematica.distrustn. lack of trust; mistrust 不信任，怀疑contagiousa. tending to spread easily from person to person 传染的PHEASES & EXPRESSIONSout of styleno longer fashionable 过时的，不再流行according to as stated or shown by; in a way that agrees with 按照，根据(be)

371、 faced with面对be hard on对.过分严厉on the riseincreasing steadily 在增长;在加剧a case in pointa very good example 恰当的例子all but all except 除了.都(be) different fromunlike, not the same as 与.不同think of . asregard as in the case of 就.来说,至于come to arrive at a particular state or position 变成(某种状态)lie inexist in 在于on t

372、he other handfrom the opposed point of view 另一方面,反过来说at ones bestin as good a state as possible 处于最佳状态go up rise; increase 上升;增加go downfall; decrease 下降;减少PROPER NAMESStacia Robbins斯泰茜娅.罗宾斯Maryland马里兰(美国州名)Abe艾贝(Abraham的昵称)AbeUnit Nine:What Is Intelligence，Anyway?TEXT Asimov explains why there is mu

373、ch more in intelligence than just being able to score high on intelligence tests.What Is Intelligence, Anyway?Isaac AsimorWhat is intelligence, anyway? When I was in the army I received a kind of aptitude test that all soldiers took and, against a normal of 100, scored 160. No one at the base had ev

374、er seen a figure like that and for two hours they made a nig fuss over me. (It didnt mean anything. The next day I was still a buck private with KP as my highest duty.)All my life Ive been registering scores like that, so that I have the complacent feeling that Im highly intelligent, and I expect ot

375、her people to think so, too. Actually, though, dont such scores simply mean that I am very good at answering the type of academic questions that are considered worthy of answers by the people who make up the intelligence tests - people with intellectual bents similar to mine?For instance, I had an a

376、uto-repair man once, who, on these intelligence tests, could not possibly have scored more than 80, by my estimate. I always took it for granted that I was far more intelligent than he was. Yet, when anything went wrong with my car I hastened to him with it, watched him anxiously as he explored its

377、vitals, and listened to his pronouncements as though they were divine oracles - and he always fixed my car.Well, then, suppose my auto-repair man devised questions for an intelligence test. Or suppose a carpenter did, or a farmer, or, indeed, almost anyone but an academician. By every one of those t

378、ests, Id prove myself a moron. And Id be a moron, too. In a world where I could not use my academic training and my verbal talents but had to do something intricate or hard, working with my hands, I would do poorly. My intelligence, then, is not absolute. Its worth is determined by the society I liv

379、e in. Its numerical evaluation is determined by a small subsection of that society which has managed to foist itself on the rest of us as an arbiter of such matters.Consider my auto-repair man, again. He had a habit of telling me jokes whenever he saw me. One time he raised his head from under the a

380、utomobile hood to say: Doc, a deaf-and-dumb guy went into a hardware store to ask for some nails. He put two fingers together on the counter and made hammering motions with the other hand. The clerk brought him a hammer. He shook his head and pointed to the two fingers he was hammering. The clerk br

381、ought him nails. He picked out the sizes he wanted, and left. Well, doc, the next guy who came in was a blind man. He wanted scissors. How do you suppose he asked for them?I lifted my right hand and made scissoring motions with my first two fingers. Whereupon my auto-repair man laughed heartily and

382、said, Why, you dumb fool, he used his voice and asked for them. Then he said, smugly, Ive been trying that on all my customers today. Did you catch many? I asked. Quite a few, he said, but I knew for sure Id catch you. Why is that? I asked. Because youre so goddamned educated, doc, I know you couldn

383、t be very smart.And I have an uneasy feeling he had something there.NEW WORDSaptituden. natural ability or skill 能力，才能normaln. the usual state or level 正常的状态或水平figuren. 数字fussn. unnecessary expression of excitement, anger, impatience, etc. 大惊小怪buck private n. (sl.) common soldier of the lowest rank

384、列兵 KP (abbr)kitchen police (a military duty of helping the cooks prepare and serve the food, wash the dishes, and clean up the kitchen) 炊事值勤（员）registervt. achieve; write in a list or record 取得；登记complacenta. self-satisfactory; pleased with oneself 自满的；自鸣得意的highly ad. to a great degree; verysimplyad.

385、 just; only 仅仅；只不过academica. scholarly, theoretical, not practical; of a college or university 学术的，学究的；学院的worthy (of) a. deserving 值得的bentn. natural tendency or inclination 嗜好，倾向similara. alike; of the same sort 类似的auton. (short for) automobile 汽车estimaten. judgment or opinion about how much, how ma

386、ny, how good, etc. 估计grantvt. give or allow (what is asked for) 授予；准予hastenvi. go fast; be quick 赶快；急忙explorevt. search or examine thoroughly 探索；探究vitalsn. essential parts of anything; the main bodily organs 主要部件；（人体的）重要器官 pronouncementn. formal or authoritative statement; opinion 声明；见解divinea. comi

387、ng from God; sacred 神的；神圣的oraclen. 圣言；神谕devisevt. think out; plan 想出；设计carpentern. 木匠academiciann. member of an art, literary or scientific academy or society院士，学会会员morronn. stupid person 低能者；蠢人verbala. complicated with words and their use; spoken, not written 词语的；口头的intricatea. complicated 错综复杂 abs

388、olutea. not measured by comparison with other things 绝对的determinevt. fix or find out exactly 确定numericaln. of a number; shown by numbers 数字的；用数字表示的evaluationvt. 估价，评价evaluatevt. subsectionn. part of a section 小组，分部foistvt. force (sth.) on another person by fraud or trickery 把.强加于arbitern. judge 仲裁人,

389、公断人joken. sth. said or done to cause laughter or amusementautomobilen. 汽车hood n. (汽车)引擎罩doc(short for) doctordeafa. unable to hear 聋的dumba. unable to speak; stupid 哑的;愚笨的deaf-and-dumba. unable to hear and speak hardwaren. metal goods such as utensils, tools, nails, etc. 金属器具hammern. 锤子;榔头v. strike r

390、epeatedly (with a hammer) clerkn. salesclerk; person who works in a shop selling things 店员scissorsn. 剪刀scissorv. cut with scissors whereuponad. upon, at, or after which 于是，因此；然后heartilyad. 尽情地smuglyad. complacently 沾沾自喜地goddamnedad. (sl.) very, extremely uneasya. awkward; not easy in mind or body 局促

391、的；不安的；不安适的PHRAESE & EXPRESSIONSmake a fuss of / over为.大惊小怪 worthy of deserving 值得make up prepare ready for use 编制;配制by ones estimate据某人估计take sth. for grantedregard it as true or as certain to happen 认为某事当然go wrongstop working as true or as certain to happen 出毛病pick outselect 挑选try.on在.身上试验for suref

392、or certain; certainly 确切地;肯定PROPER NAMESIsaac Asimov艾萨克.阿西莫夫Unit Ten: Profits of PraiseTEXTAre we too quick to blame and slow to praise? It seems we are.Profits of PraiseIt was the end of my exhausting first day as waitress in a busy New York restaurant. My cap had gone awry, my apron was stained, m

393、y feet ached. The loaded trays I carried felt heavier and heavier. Weary and discouraged, I didnt seem able to do anything right. As I made out a complicated check for a family with several children who had changed their ice-cream order a dozen times, I was ready to quit.Then the father smiled at me

394、 as he handed me my tip. Well done, he said. Youve looked after us really well.Suddenly my tiredness vanished. I smiled back, and later, when the manager asked me how Id liked my first day, I said, Fine! Those few words of praise had changed everything.Praise is like sunlight to the human spirit; we

395、 cannot flower and grow without it. And yet, while most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are somehow reluctant to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise.Why - when one word can bring such pleasure? A friend of mine who travels widely always tries to le

396、arn a little of the language of any place she visits. Shes not much of a linguist, but she does know how to say one word - beautiful - in several languages. She can use it to a mother holding her baby, or to lonely salesman fishing out pictures of his family. The ability has earned her friends all o

397、ver the world.Its strange how chary we are about praising. Perhaps its because few of us know how to accept compliments gracefully. Instead, we are embarrassed and shrug off the words we are really so glad to hear. Because of this defensive reaction, direct compliments are surprisingly difficult to

398、give. That is why some of the most valued pats on the back are those which come to us indirectly, in a letter or passed on by a friend. When one thinks of the speed with which spiteful remarks are conveyed, it seems a pity that there isnt more effort to relay pleasing and flattering comments.Its esp

399、ecially rewarding to give praise in areas in which effort generally goes unnoticed or unmentioned. An artist gets complimented for a glorious picture, a cook for a perfect meal. But do you ever tell you laundry manager how pleased you are when the shirts are done just right? Do you ever praise your

400、paper boy for getting the paper to you on time 365 days a year?Praise is particularly appreciated by those doing routine jobs: gas-station attendants, waitresses - even housewives. Do you ever go into a house and say, What a tidy room? Hardly anybody does. Thats why housework is considered such a dr

401、eary grind. Comment is often made about activities which are relatively easy and satisfying, like arranging flowers; but not about jobs which are hard and dirty, like scrubbing floors. Shakespeare said, Our praises are our wages. Since so often praise is the only wage a housewife receives, surely sh

402、e of all people should get her measure.Mothers know instinctively that for children an ounce of praise is worth a pound of scolding. Still, were not always as perceptive as we might be about applying the rule. One day I was criticizing my children for squabbling. Can you never play peacefully? I sho

403、uted. Susanna looked at me quizzically. Of course we can, she said. But you dont notice us when we do.Teachers agree about the value of praise. One teacher writes that instead of drowning students compositions in critical red ink, the teacher will get far more constructive results by finding one or

404、two things which have been done better than last time, and commenting favorably on them. I believe that a student knows when he has handed in something above his usual standard, writes the teacher, and that he waits hungrily for a brief comment in the margin to show him that the teacher is aware of

405、it, too.Behavioral scientists have done countless experiments to prove that any human being tends to repeat an act which has been immediately followed by a pleasant result. In one such experiment, a number of schoolchildren were divided into three groups and given arithmetic tests daily for five day

406、s. One group was consistently praised for its previous performance; another group was criticized; the third was ignored.Not surprisingly, those who were praised improved dramatically. Those who were criticized improved also, bus not so much. And the scores of the children who were ignored hardly imp

407、roved at all. Interestingly the brightest children were helped just as much by criticism as by praise, but the less able children reacted badly to criticism, needed praise the most. Yet the latter are the very youngsters who, in most schools, fail to get the pat on the back.To give praise costs the

408、giver nothing but a moments thought and a moments effort - perhaps a quick phone call to pass on a compliment, or five minutes spent writing an appreciative letter. It is such a small investment - and yet consider the results it may produce. I can live for two months on a good compliment, said Mark

409、Twain.So, lets be alert to the small excellences around us - and comment on them. We will not only bring joy into other peoples lives, but also, very often, added happiness into out own.NEW WORDSprofitn. advantage or good obtained from sth. money gained in business 益处；利润exhaustvt. tire out 使筋疲力尽wait

410、ressn. woman waiterawrya. with a turn to one side 歪；斜apronn. 围裙stainvt. make dirty marks on 玷污loadvt. put a full amount of things on or in (sth.) 装满trayn. 托盘wearya. very tired 厌倦的，厌烦的discouragevt. cause to lose courage or confidence 使泄气，使灰心ice-creamn. 冰淇淋dozenn. twelve （一）打quitv. stop (doing sth.) a

411、nd leave 离（职），不干sunlightn. light of the sun; sunshine humana. of or concerning people applyvt. 运用，实施applicationn. somehowad. for some reacon or other; in some way or other 不知怎么地，以某种方式reluctanta. unwilling 不情愿的；勉强的sunshinen. light of the sun linguistn. person who is good at foreign languages; person

412、who studies the science of language 通晓数国语言的人；语言学家salesmann. man whose work is selling a companys goods to businesses, homes, etc. 推销员earn vt. get in return for work or as a reward for ones qualities, etc. 挣得，赢得charya. careful; cautious 谨慎小心的complimentn. praise 赞美（话）vt. praise 赞美gracefullyad. 大大方方地；优

413、美地gracefula. embarrassvt. make awkward or ashamed 使尴尬defensivea. 防御surprisinglyas. in a surprising manner or degreepatn. tap made with the open hand 轻拍v. tap gently with the open handindirectlyad. in an indirect way 间接地indirecta. spitefula. having or showing ill will 恶意的convey vt. make (ideas, views

414、, feelings, etc.) know to another person 转达，传达relayvt. 传送；传达 flattervt. praise too much; praise insincerely (in order to please) 过奖；谄媚，奉承commentn. opinion, explanation or judgment written or spoken about an event, book, person, state of affairs, etc. 评论vi. make comments (on); give opinionsrewardinga

415、. worthwhile; worth doing; giving a reward to 值得（做）的；报答的rewardvt. generallyad. usually 通常，一般地artistn. person who practises or works in one of the fine arts, esp. painting 画家，艺术家gloriousa. splendid 辉煌的laundryn. 洗衣店appreciatevt. understand and enjoy; be thankful for 欣赏，鉴赏；感谢，感激routinea. not unusual or

416、 exciting; regular 常规的，例行的gas-stationn. 加油站attendantn. 服务人员tidya. neatly arranged 整洁的，整齐的houseworkn. work done on taking care of a house 家务劳动drearya. dull and uninteresting 沉闷乏味的grindn. hard uninteresting work 苦差使scrubvt. clean by rubbing hard, esp. with a stiff brush 擦洗wagen. (pl.) 工资，报酬measuren. a

417、m adequate or due portion 份儿instinctivelyad. 本能地scoldvt. blame with angry words 申诉，怒骂perceptivea. 感觉灵敏的criticizevt. 批评squabblevi. quarrel, esp. noisily and unreasonably 争吵，口角peacefullyad. in a peaceful manner; quietly 安静地peacefula. quizzicallyad. 嘲弄地；疑惑地drownvt. cover completely with water; cause (s

418、b.) to die by keeping under water 淹没；使（某人）淹死criticala. fault-finding 挑剔的，苛求的constructivea. helping 建设性的favo(u)rablyad. helping 赞成地，称赞地favo(u)rablea. briefa. using a few words; short marginn. blank space round the printed or written matter on a page 页边的空白behaviorala. of or relating to behavior 行为的cou

419、ntlessa. too many to be counted arithmeticn. science of numbers 算术consistentlyad. 始终如一地；一贯地consistenta. previousa. coming earlier in time or order 以前的lgnorevt. not to take notice of, pay no attention to 不理,忽视dramaticallyad. strikingly 显著地dramatica. reactvi. respond 反应youngstern. young person, esp. a

420、 boyappreciativea. thankful; gratefulinvestmentn. 投资investv. alerta. watchful and keen 警觉的excellencen. an excellent or valuable quality; virtue PHRASRS & EXPRESSIONSmake out write out; complete or fill in 开出;填写only toovery 极,非常not much of a not a very good 不十分好的fish outbring out after searching 掏出shrug offdismiss as not deserving attention or as sth. unimportant 耸肩表示对.不屑理睬pat on the backword or gesture of praise or encouragement 赞扬;鼓励pass on convey (to another) 传递live ondepend upon for support 靠.生活PROPER NAMESJanet Graham珍妮特.格雷厄姆 Shakespeare莎士比亚Susanna苏珊娜Mark Twain马克.吐温