1、Module 2The Renaissance Grammar 1&2Grammar 1 1.Painted by Leonardo Da Vinci in the years 1503-1506,the Mona Lisa is a mysterious masterpiece.2.Architects preferred designing buildings with more light which contrasted with the heaviness of the Gothic cathedrals of the Middle Ages.Grammar 11 Underline
2、 the non-finite verbs in these sentences._3.During the Renaissance,philosophersbegan asking questions like“What is aperson?”or“Why am I here?”4.He produced astonishing drawings ofmachines which were not to be built untilhundreds of years later._Grammar 12 Read the sentences in Activity 1 again and a
3、nswer the questions.Answers:(a)Sentences 2,3&4 contain ing forms.(b)Sentence 1 contains ed form.(c)No sentence is used as subjects.(d)Sentences 2&3 are used as objects.(e)Sentence 4 is used as adjective.Leonardo was born in a small town in Tuscany,in the centre of Italy.At school his teachers was(1)
4、astonished/astonishing by his talent.But Leonardo thought his progress was(2)disappointed/disappointing because he hadnt learnt enough.So instead of(3)relaxing/relaxed evenings spent with friends,Leonardo preferred(4)studied/studying Latin by himself.He was good at everything:he was a strong athlete
5、 and he had a fine(5)sung/singingGrammar 13 Underline the correct form of the verb._ voice.But he was especially(6)interested/interesting in painting.When he was 14 he went to work for the well-known artist Verrocchio and soon became a greater artist than his master.His first known drawing,(7)showin
6、g/showed a valley in Tuscany,is(8)astonished/astonishing.It shows a completely new approach to perspective.The scene looks real._Grammar 15 Complete the passage with the correct phrase from the box and compareyour answers with your partners.a stone page delighted finding the October page illustrated
7、 with a hunting scene Measuring just 130mm 95mm showing religious days 10m The beautifully illustrated Sforza Hours The lost pagesA 15th century Italian Renaissance book costing(1)_ has finally been completed after(2)_ was returned to the rest of the book.(3)_was started around 1490 but at least thr
8、ee pages were stolen from the artist before it was finished.10ma stolen pageThe beautifully illustrated SforzaHours(4)_ were discovered 65 years ago and until this year one stayed in a private collection.The British Library paid 191,000 to private US dealer for the final page.(5)_ the book is though
9、t to be one of the librarys greatest treasures.The lost pagesMeasuring just 130mm95mm,It contains a calendar(6)_ alongside pictures for each month.The final page-October-is(7)_,a typical activity for the time of year.showing religiousdaysillustrated with ahunting scene“The Sforza Hours is one of the
10、 greatest Renaissance books,”said Scot McKendrick of the British Library.“(8)_ ends a 500-year search and we are(9)_ that all parts of the Hours have now been returned to the British Library.”Finding theOctober pagedelighted分词分为现在分词和过去分词。现在分词有一般式和完成式。一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为；完成式(having十过去分词)表示在谓语动词所表
11、示的动作之前发生的动作。例如：Grammar 16 Explanation作为一名学生，他对书很感兴趣。Being a student,he was interested in books.在这所大学里学习了三年，他不可能迷路。Having studied in the university for 3 years,he couldnt have lost his way.当句子的主语是分词动作的承受者时，分词用被动语态，如果要强调分词的动作先于谓语动作，就用分词完成式的被动形式。正在被讨论的问题很重要。The question being discussed is important.现在分
12、词的主动语态和被动语态 受了老师的批评之后，李明戒烟了。Having been criticized by the teacher,Li Ming gave up smoking.过去分词表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作，本身有被动的含义，所以只有一般式没有完成式。分词的用法作定语分词短语可以作定语代替一个定语从句的作用。分词短语放在被修饰的名词之后单个分词做定语时，放在被修饰的名词之前。站在门边的那个人是我们的老师。The man standing by the window is our teacher.激动的人们冲进了那栋大楼。The excited people rushed into t
13、he building注意：现在分词作定语时，它表示的动作是正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生，如果两个动作有先有后，一般不能用现在分词作定语，而要用定语从句。如：老师批评了那个打坏了窗户的学生。The teacher criticized the student who hadbroken the window作状语分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、行为方式、伴随状况等。如：Being a student,I must study hard.(原因)While reading the book,he nodded from time to time(时间)The teac
14、her stood there surrounded by the students(方式)分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词 while或 when引出。有时“with(without)十名词(或代词宾格)十分词”的结构，表示伴随状况。He lay half dead,with all his ribs broken当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时：分词必须有自己的主语。(独立结构）如果时间允许我将再完成一课。Time permitting,I will finish another lesson.作表语消息很振奋人心。The news
15、is inspiring.玻璃坏了。The glass is broken作宾语补足语我们看到老师正在做实验。We saw the teacher making the experiment.注意：在 see,hear,watch,feel,observe,have,listen to,notice等动词后，既可以用现在分词构成复合宾语，也可以用不定式构成复合宾语，但两者的含义是有差别的，用现在分词，表示动作正在发生，(即处于发生的过程中，还没有结束)，用不定式表示动作发生了，(即动作全过程结束了)。我看到那个女孩在唱歌。I saw the girl singing我昨天看到那个女孩唱歌了。I
16、 saw the girl sing yesterday.have+宾语+宾补“have+宾语+do”表示让某人做某事你想让谁和你一起去？Who would you like to have go with you?“have宾语doing”表示主体使客体处于某状态或一直在干什么事；两个骗子昨天晚上让灯亮了一晚上。The two cheats had the lights burning all night long.“have宾语done”表示动作是别人做的或与主体意志无关。他让别人给他洗衣服。He had his clothes washed.动名词 动名词由动词十ing构成；具有动词和名
17、词 的性质；在句中起名词作用，可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。作主语眼见为实。Seeing is believing.下蛋是蚁后的全职工作。Laying eggs is the ant queens full-time job.和他争吵没用。It is no use arguing with him.作表语她的工作是教书。Her job is teaching.作宾语他喜欢踢足球。He is fond of playing football我喜欢游泳。I like swimming.作定语作定语的动名词的现在分词的区分：动名词作定语可改写成：for 结构，而现在分词作定语时，其主语和分词之间有逻辑
18、上的主谓关系。a teaching method:the method for teachinga sleeping child:the child is sleeping D。work abroad for twenty years 发生在谓语动作(返回祖国)之前，所以用现在分词的完成式。The old man,_ abroad for twenty years,is on the way back to his motherland.A.to work B.working C.to have worked D.having worked Grammar 2Grammar 2-1 Look
19、at the sentences and answer the questions.1.To find out why Mona Lisa is smiling is a puzzle to a lot of art lovers.2.What Renaissance artists were interested in was to get new ideas.3.The word Renaissance was used to describe a period in European history.4.The King of France asked Leonardo to do sc
20、ientific research.a.What form of non-finite verbs are used inall the underlined phrases?The infinitive.b.Can this form of non-finite verbs be used to express purpose?Yes.c.Can this form of non-finite verbs be used after certain passive verbs?Yes.d.In which sentence is the underlined phrase the subje
21、ct of the sentence?Sentence 1.1.Leonardo decided _(become)an artist when he was a boy.2.He used _(draw)everything he saw around him.to becometo drawGrammar 22 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.More than one form may be possible.3.He went to France _(work)for the K
22、ing.4.When he got there,he gave up _(paint).to workpainting5.The Renaissance artists taught us_(see)nature in a new way.6.They stopped _(follow)the old rules about colour and perspective.7.They began _(experiment)with light and shade.8.The increase in international trade helped Renaissance ideas _(s
23、pread)quickly.to seefollowingto experiment/experimentingspread9.Many artists agreed _(work)for wealthy patrons.10.Today lots of people enjoy _(go)to art galleries.11.You promised _(take)me to the Louvre!12.I suggest _(read)about the Renaissance before we go.to workgoingto takereadingFollowedby the i
24、nfinitive Followed by“-ing”Followed by either the infinitvie or“-ing”Grammar 23 Read the sentences in Activity 2 again and answer the questions.decide to/used to/go to.to/teach sb to/begin to/help sb(to)/agree to/promisegive up doing/stop doing/begin doing/enjoy doing/suggest doing begin to do(doing
25、)只能用to do的情况：(1)It begins to snow.(2)Its beginning to get colder and colder.(3)I began to realize I was wrong.VesaliusVesalius was born in Brussels and went to Paris to _(complete)his medical training.He became Professor at Padua University in Italy,an important centre for _(train)doctors during the
26、 Renaissance.Vesalius had met artists who were studying the bones of the humancompletetrainingGrammar 24 Compete the passage with the correct form of verbs.body and _(cut up)bodies to make their paintings more lifelike.He said it was important for doctors _(examine)human bodies _ (find out)how they
27、work.As the Catholic Church did not allow this,Vesalius had to remove dead bodies that were _(bury).He even stole a body fromcutting upto examineto find outburieda prison to _(study).Vesalius wrote a great book called“The Fabric of the Human Body”,_(describe)how parts of the body work.The famous art
28、ist Titian produced over 200 drawings,_(show)the human body in greater detail than ever before._(print)in 1543,studydescribingshowingPrintedthe book was soon available in every medical school in Europe.His work encouraged other scientists to become more _(question).After Vesalius,it became more impo
29、rtant _(study)how the human body works.questioningto study动词不定式做宾语1.某些及物动词：ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish等不能用-ing 形式作宾语，只能用动词不定式。汤姆拒绝借给我他的笔。Tom refused to lend me his pen.2.某些及物动词：begin,start,like,love,h
30、ate,continue,prefer可用-ing也可用动词不定式作宾语。我宁愿乘飞机去巴黎。I prefer to go to Paris by air.I prefer going to Paris by air.3.某些及物动词：forget,remember,try,regret,go on,mean等可用-ing也可用动词不定式作宾语，但表达的意思不同。我忘记带我的作业了。I forget to bring my homework.我忘记我已经打开过窗户了。I forget opening the windows.4.某些动词：tell,advise,show,teach,learn
31、,know,decide,find out等，作其宾语的动词不定式前往往加一个疑问词。我不知道如何做饭。I dont know how to cook.他告诉了我如何去车站。He told me how to get to the station.5.及物动词 want,need,require等，当其主语是“物”时，表示“需要”，常用动词不定式的被动式或动名词作宾语表示被动意义。你的卧室需要被打扫。Your bedroom needs to be cleaned.Your bedroom needs cleaning.6.介词后一般不直接跟动词不定式作宾语，但可用带疑问词的不定式。Marx
32、针对如何学好英语给出了一些建议。但but,except后可跟不定式作宾语老板除了屈服外别无选择。The boss had no choice but to give in.但当主要动词是do时，to省掉。他们除了等之外别无选择。They could do nothing but wait.Marx gave some advice on how to learn English well.动词不定式做定语动词不定式作定语要放在被修饰词后。你有问题要问吗？Have you got any questions to ask?如被修饰词和作定语的不定式没有直接的动宾关系，不定式后应有相应的介词。我没
33、椅子坐。I have no chair to sit in.当句中有不定式的逻辑主语时，作定语的动词不定式用主动形式表被动。我有许多事要处理。I have got a lot of things to deal with.你有东西吃么？Have you got anything to eat?当征求对方是否有事需请求者去做时，作定语的不定式一般要用被动语态。“经理，请问那封信需要打印出来吗？”办公室人员问道。“Would you please have that letter typed,manager?”asked the office worker.动词不定式做状语1.In order t
34、o和so as to意义上没区别，但so as to不能置于句首。2.adj/adv+enough to3.too+adj/adv+to有肯定与否定。孩子太小了，不能自己穿衣。The child is too young to dress himself.1.The great hall was crowded with manypeople,_ many children _on their parents laps.A.including;seated B.including;seating C.included;satD.included;sittingA。including为介词；由s
35、eat的用法可知,此处应用其过去分词形式。非谓语动词专练 A2._ for a long time,most of the crops in this area died from lacking water.A.Being no rainB.There was no rainC.To be no rainD.There being no rainD。There being no rain为 there be句型的独立主格形式。DC。不定式作结果状语表示主语未曾预料到的结果。3.Yesterday a street-beggar bought a lottery ticket purposel
36、essly,_ him a millionaire overnight.A.making B.makesC.to make D.madeC4.In the face of the big fire in October in California,many people in the fire-stricken areas moved out _.A.to escape burning B.to escape being burnedC.escaping burned D.escaping from burningBB。不定式作目的状语。escape 意为“逃脱”,不接不定式,而常接-ing形
37、式作宾语。只能接-ing形式作宾语的动词还有：mind,admit,avoid,appreciate,consider(考虑),delay,imagine,miss,practice等。For more exercises,click here.1.(2010福建25)Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock,_ supplies to Yushu,Qinghai Province after the earthquake.A.sendingB.to sendC.having sentD.to have sent高考链接 A2.(
38、10福建34)In April,thousands of holidaymakers remained _ abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud.A.stickingB.stuckC.to be stuck D.to have stuckB3.(2008 全国I卷)I like getting up very early in summer.The morning air is so good _.A.to be breathedB.to breatheC.breathingD.being4.(2008 湖南卷)_ the project as planne
39、d,well have to work two more hours a day.A.Completing B.Complete C.Completed D.To completeBD 5.(2008 陕西卷)_ around the Water Cube,we were then taken to see the Birds Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.A.Having shown B.To be shownC.Having been shown D.To showC6.(2008 北京卷)Did the book give the information
40、 you needed?Yes.But _ it,I had to read the entire book.A.to find B.find C.to finding D.findingA7.(2008 上海卷)If there is a lot of work _,Im happy to just keep on until it is finished.A.to do B.to be doing C.done D.doingA8.Tsinghua University,in 1911,ishome to a great number of outstandingfigures.(2011
41、福建)A.foundB.foundingC.foundedD.to be foundedCD9.Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier _ into small pieces.（2011安徽）A.break B.breaking C.broken D.to break10.Its important for the figures _ regularly.(2011 北京)A.to be updated B.to have been updatedB.C.to update D.to have upd
42、atedA11.（2012江苏高考）_ an important decision more on emotion than on reason,you will regret it sooner or later.A.Based B.Basing C.Base D.To baseB12.（2012安徽高考）I remembered _ the door before I left the office,but forgot to turn off the lights.A.locking B.to lock C.having locked D.to have lockedB13.（2012上
43、海高考）The club,_ 25 years ago,is holding a party for past and present members.A.founded B.founding C.being founded D.to be foundedA14.（2012浙江高考）“Its such a nice place,”Mother said as she sat at the table _ for customers.A.to be reserved B.having reserved C.reserving D.reservedDFor more exercises,click here.HomeworkRevise the grammar focus.Finish activities 1,2 and 3 in workbook,Module 2.