1、二十选修7 Unit 1Living with technology(限时35分钟). 阅读理解A(2021北京模拟)Alzheimers AIAn estimated 5. 7 million people in the U. S. have Alzheimers diseasethe most common type of dementia(痴呆)-and that number is expected to more than double by 2050. Early diagnosis is crucial for patients to benefit from the few t
2、herapies available. But no scans can deliver a conclusive diagnosis while a person is alive; instead doctors have to conduct numerous and complicated clinical and neuropsychological tests. So there is growing interest in developing artificial intelligence to identify Alzheimers based on brain imagin
3、g. Researchers at the University of California, San Francisco, have now successfully trained an AI algorithm(算法)to recognize one of the early signs of Alzheimersa reduction in the brains glucose(葡萄糖)consumptionin positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. The algorithm accurately predicted an event
4、ual Alzheimers diagnosis in nearly all the test cases, according to the study. In PET imaging, a very small amount of a radioactive compound is injected into the body, producing three-dimensional images of metabolism(新陈代谢), circulation and other cellular activities. PET is well suited for an AI diag
5、nostic tool because Alzheimers leads to subtle changes in the brains metabolism that begin years before neural(神经的) tissue starts to go downhill, says study co-author Jae Ho Sohn, a radiologist at UCSF. These changes are “very hard for radiologists to pick up, ”he notes. The algorithm was trained an
6、d tested on 2, 100 PET brain images from about 1, 000 people 55 years and older. The images came from a 12-year study that tracked people who would ultimately be diagnosed with Alzheimers, as well as those with mild memory declines and healthy control participants. The algorithm was trained on 90 pe
7、rcent of the data and tested on the remaining 10 percent. It was then retested on a second, independent data set from 40 patients monitored for 10 years. The algorithm was highly sensitive and was able to recognize 81 percent of the patients in the first test group and 100 percent in the second who
8、would be diagnosed with Alzheimers six years later, on average. The findings were published in February in Radiology. The algorithm is based on deep learning, a machine-learning technique that uses artificial neural networks programmed to learn from examples. “This is one of the first promising, pre
9、liminary(初步的) applications of deep learning to the diagnosis of Alzheimers, ” says Christian Salvatore, a physicist at Italys National Research Council, who was not involved in the study. “The model performs very well when identifying patients with mild or late diagnoses”, he says, “but catching it
10、in the earliest stages remains one of the most critical open issues in this field. ”【文章大意】本文主要介绍了利用人工智能诊断老年痴呆症能够较早确诊。1. People are increasingly interested in using AI to identify Alzheimers because . A. the number of people suffering from dementia is more than doublingB. diagnostic methods that are
11、both reliable and convenient are in needC. there are only a limited number of effective therapies for the patientsD. diagnosing Alzheimers disease through AI is still an unexplored area【解析】选B。推理判断题。根据第一段可知, 早期诊断对于患者是至关重要的, 但是, 在一个人还活着的时候, 医生必须进行大量复杂的临床和神经心理学测试。因此, 人们需要既可靠又方便的诊断方法, 所以越来越有兴趣开发人工智能来识别基
12、于大脑成像的老年痴呆症。故选B。2. What can we learn about PET imaging?A. It recognizes the worsening of the neural tissue. B. It reduces the glucose consumption in the brain. C. It changes the pattern of the brains metabolism. D. It photographs various kinds of cellular activities. 【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据第三段的“In PET imagi
13、ng, a very small amount of a radioactive compound are injected into the body, producing three-dimensional images of metabolism(新陈代谢), circulation and other cellular activities可知, PET影像拍摄各种细胞活动。故选D。3. According to Paragraph 4, . A. 90% of the people in the study were trained on the algorithmB. the pa
14、rticipants in the study consist of people both young and oldC. 81% of the people in the first test group were diagnosed with AlzheimersD. the algorithm managed to recognize all the patients in the second test group【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据第四段The algorithm was highly sensitive and was able to recognize 81 perc
15、ent of the patients in the first test group and 100 percent in the second who would be diagnosed with Alzheimers six years later可知, 该算法成功地识别了第二试验组的所有患者。故选D。4. What can be inferred from Paragraph 5?A. The algorithm serves as a promising treatment of Alzheimers. B. Deep learning has been widely applie
16、d in diagnosing Alzheimers. C. To detect Alzheimers in its earliest stages calls for more exploration. D. Whether to use the model to detect Alzheimers remains a critical issue. 【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据第五段but catching it in the earliest stages remains one of the most critical open issues in this field. 可知, 要
17、在最早的阶段发现老年痴呆症, 需要更多的探索。故选C。【知识拓展】长难句分析The algorithm was highly sensitive and was able to recognize 81 percent of the patients in the first test group and 100 percent in the second who would be diagnosed with Alzheimers six years later, on average. 分析:该句是复合句。主句中and连接并列谓语was highly sensitive和was able
18、to recognize, 81 percent of the patients in the first test group and 100 percent in the second是并列宾语, 作recognize的宾语;who引导的是定语从句, 修饰先行词patients。翻译:该算法非常敏感, 能够识别第一个测试组中81%的患者和第二个测试组中100%的患者, 平均6年后被诊断为“老年痴呆症”。【加固训练】 阅读理解If you live in Washington D. C. or Redwood, Calif. , you may have glimpsed a small,
19、boxy robot rolling along a local sidewalk, minding its own business, but attracting the attention of many a curious onlooker. The robots, which look like electric rice cookers with wheels, were part of a pilot program last year by Starship Technologies focused on delivering meals from local restaura
20、nts in dozens of cities around the world. This week, the company revealed plans to broaden its delivery service beyond food to include packages, a move that made it “the worlds first robot package delivery service”. The package delivery service is only available in some cities in the US. The wheeled
21、 robots have a top speed of 4 mph and can detect barriers from as far as 30 feet away. “The robot can operate through just about anything, ” says Nick Handrick, head of operations for Starships D. C. office, “If you have something in the way, its able to climb it. ” By giving customers control of wh
22、en deliveries occur, Starship Technologies is promoting its service as a way to combat package theft. To sign up for the service, which costs a little more than $10 per month, customers need to download the companys app. Customers then create a “Starship Delivery Address”, a unique address inside a
23、Starship facility, instead of a home address, where they can have packages sent from places such as Amazon. com. Once a package is delivered to the Starship address, customers receive a text notice that allows them to schedule a home delivery via robots. The robots are opened by customers with a mob
24、ile phone code (代码). 【文章大意】本文为说明文。文章主要讲了在美国的一些城市, 包裹可以由机器人运送了。1. What do we know about Starship Technologies company?A. Packages are delivered by its robots all round America. B. Its robots have taken on package delivery for a long time. C. It is the first to provide robot package delivery service.
25、D. Its delivery service is the best of all in the world. 【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据第三段This week, the company revealed plans to broaden its delivery service beyond food to include packages, a move that made it “the worlds first robot package delivery service”. (本周, 该公司公布了将送货服务从食品扩展到包裹的计划, 此举使其成为“世界上第一家送货机器人”。)由
26、此可知星际飞船技术公司是第一家提供机器人包裹递送服务的公司, 故选C。2. What does the underlined word “combat” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?A. Delay. B. Prevent. C. Report. D. Discover. 【解析】选B。词义猜测题。由第四段By giving customers control of when deliveries occur(通过让客户控制何时发货), 可以推断出下文Starship Technologies is promoting its service as a way t
27、o combat package theft. 意思是星际飞船技术公司正在提升其服务, 作为一种防止包裹盗窃的方式。combat意思是“防止”。故选B。3. What can we learn about robot package delivery service?A. Customers cant open the robots without a mobile phone code. B. Starship Delivery Address is the customers home address. C. Customers have to pay a little more than
28、 $10 each time. D. Robots themselves have control over when to deliver packages. 【解析】选A。推理判断题。根据最后一段The robots are opened by customers with a mobile phone code (这些机器人由顾客用手机代码打开), 可知没有手机代码, 顾客无法打开机器人, 故选A。4. What may be the best title for the passage?A. Robot Delivery Service Is Taking OffB. Humans A
29、re Being Replaced by RobotsC. Everything Can Be Done by RobotsD. Packages Can Be Delivered by Robots【解析】选D。主旨大意题。第三段This week, the company revealed plans to broaden its delivery service beyond food to include packages, a move that made it “the worlds first robot package delivery service”. 是全文的主题句, 结
30、合全文内容, 可知这篇文章主要讲了在美国的一些城市, 包裹可以由机器人运送了。故选D。【知识拓展】长难句分析By giving customers control of when deliveries occur, Starship Technologies is promoting its service as a way to combat package theft. 分析:本句为简单句, By giving customers control of when deliveries occur是介词短语作状语, 其中when引导的句子作介词of的宾语从句;to combat packag
31、e theft作a way的定语。翻译:通过让顾客控制什么时候投送快递, 星际飞船技术公司正在提升其服务, 作为一种打击包裹盗窃的方式。B(2021厦门模拟)Fancy your own satellite? Arizona State University is working towards making this a reality with its SunCube FemtoSat project. Smaller than a standard CubeSat, the low-cost student-designed spacecraft is aimed at providin
32、g greater access to space for scientists and hobbyists alike. Assistant professor Jekan Thanga and a team of students have been developing the SunCube FemtoSat for the past two years. The small 333cm cube weighs in at just 35g and a longer (339cm, 100g)model has also been designed, which includes st
33、orage space. Each SunCube FemtoSat has its own communication, data collection and propulsion(推进)systems and is powered by solar panels. It is made of off-the-shelf parts that are available in shops, and the energy-efficient solar panels are cut from scrap(碎片), which makes it save energy, sold at a d
34、iscount by manufacturers(制造商). “With a spacecraft of this size, any university can do it, ” says Thanga. “Thats part of our major goalspace discovery for everybody. ”The team says that while launching your own satellite would usually cost between US $60, 00070, 000 per kilo, it would only cost $1, 0
35、00 to send a SunCube FemtoSat to the International Space Station, and $3, 000 to send it into low earth orbit. Leaving the earths gravity would cost an estimated $27, 000. The FemtoSat would be packed with a “jack in the box” style system that matches standard CubeSat sizes(around 10 cubic cm), simp
36、lifying the process of getting the tiny satellite into orbit. NASA has sent 30 CubeSats into space over the last few years, with another 50 awaiting launch. Thanga and his staff view the FemtoSat as a starting point for scientists and students, and even hope the device could be bought on the website
37、 like Amazon one day. Thanga imagines developing four main applications for the device, including hands-on testing experiences for students, and artificial gravity experiments. In addition, groups of SunCube FemtoSats are eventually able to do the job of larger spacecraft at a vastly discounted cost
38、. 【文章大意】本文介绍了一种新的卫星。它尺寸小, 价格便宜, 耗费能量低, 使得普通人可以拥有它, 让普通人探索太空成为可能。5. The major goal of the SunCube FemtoSat project is . A. to act on teaching in outer spaceB. to provide access to spacecraft designC. to help carry out a classroom experimentD. to help average individuals explore space【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据第一
39、段的Smaller than a standard CubeSat, the low-cost student-designed spacecraft is aimed at providing greater access to space for scientists and hobbyists alike. 可知, 这个项目的目的在于帮助普通人和科学家探索太空。6. What is special about SunCube FemtoSats?A. They are energy-efficient. B. They are of the same size. C. They are
40、mainly designed for lab use. D. They are mainly used to collect information. 【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据第三段的It is made of off-the-shelf parts that are available in shops, and the energy-efficient solar panels are cut from scrap, which makes it save energy. 可知, 这种小卫星可以节省能源。7. What does Thanga expect of SunCube F
41、emtoSats?A. Theyll be available online. B. Theyll be provided for free. C. Theyll match the size of CubeSats. D. Theyll be sent into space with CubeSats. 【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据最后一段的Thanga and his staff view the FemtoSat as a starting point for scientists and students, and even hope the device could be boug
42、ht on the website like Amazon one day. 可知, Thanga希望这款卫星可以在网上买到。8. What can be the best title for the text?A. FemtoSats Will Rule SpaceB. Your Own Satellite Is ComingC. Going into Space Has Been AffordableD. You Can Design Your Own Spacecraft【解析】选B。主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容, 再结合第一段的Fancy your own satellite?可知,
43、 本文介绍了一种新的卫星, 此种卫星尺寸小, 价格便宜, 耗费能量低, 使得普通人探索太空成为可能。【知识拓展】SunCube FemtoSat项目SunCube FemtoSat项目是亚利桑那州立大学展开的, 大学生研发比标准CubeSat更小的低成本迷你卫星。助理教授Jekan Thanga和学生团队在过去2年已经开发了多款SunCube FemtoSat迷你卫星, 它们是边长3厘米的立方体, 重量35克, 另外还有较大的迷你卫星, 体积339厘米, 重量100克, 其中包括存储空间。. 完形填空My heart story started when I was 13 years old.
44、 My father died of a heart attack while on a golf course at the young age of 45. Heart disease 1 in my family. Like my father, I have astronomically high lipid (脂质) levels and the good news is that today there are some 2that can significantly reduce my lipid levels to 3 normal ranges. In 2011, when
45、I was 45 and my own son was 13, history 4 itself. While skating with my son, I began to 5 an “uncomfortable feeling”. I didnt think it was heart-related. When we 6 my wife gave me aspirin and we decided to go to see my 7the next day because my symptoms had 8decreased. My doctor sent us straight9the
46、hospital where I had my heart examined. Tests 10 that I had trouble with my heart. After nine days at the hospital and a surgery, I went home on my 46th birthday with a 11 life. 12 there was no evidence of any heart damage at all. My doctor told me that I must have been doing 13 pretty good before m
47、y heart attack because patients didnt usually 14 the kind of blockage I had, or they encountered 15 damage to the heart. I told them that I had been 16walking for seven years before my heart attack, walking up to 20 miles a week. Several people in the medical profession told me that walking 17 my li
48、fe! This October, I will be walking at the Heart and Stroke Walk in Tacoma. Every step is a18 that life is fragile and can be taken from us at any moment. My 19 to you is very simple:20 someone has heart disease in your family, there is something he can do about it. 【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。讲述了作者因心脏病发作住院, 手术之
49、后很快康复。事实证明, 是他平时的走路运动对他身体的康复起着重要作用。1. A. runsB. affectsC. joinsD. gets【解析】选A。下文表明, 作者也像父亲那样患有心脏病, 因此 “在我们家, 心脏病是遗传的”, run是不及物动词, 表示“传播, 延续”。2. A. measuresB. waysC. drugsD. ideas【解析】选C。下文的“significantly reduce my lipid levels”表明, 作者利用药物来降低自己的脂质水平。3. A. aboveB. belowC. nearD. with【解析】选C。使用药物是为了让脂质达到正常
50、的水平, 故near“接近”符合语境。4. A. coversB. remainsC. repeatsD. controls【解析】选C。和父亲一样, 作者也是在45岁时心脏病发作, 因此此处指历史又重演了。repeat“重演, 再次发生”, 符合语境。5. A. expressB. avoidC. expandD. experience【解析】选D。下文作者吃药、看医生表明此处指作者有不舒服的感觉, experience“经历, 感受”, 符合语境。6. A. set outB. got backC. calmed downD. got away【解析】选B。上文的“While skatin
51、g with my son”表明作者没有在家, 故此处指当他回到家时, 他的妻子给了他阿司匹林。7. A. sonB. friendC. motherD. doctor【解析】选D。下文的“My doctor sent us straight. . . ”暗示着作者和妻子决定一起去看医生。8. A. hardlyB. considerablyC. completelyD. practically【解析】选B。上文的“the next day”说明, 作者没有马上看医生是因为他的症状大大减轻了。considerably“很, 非常, 相当大地”, 符合语境。9. A. forB. toC. in
52、D. at【解析】选B。句中的“the hospital where I had my heart examined”说明医生直接把我们送到医院, to表示“向, 朝, 到, 往”, 符合语境。10. A. exposedB. declaredC. showedD. implied【解析】选C。下文中的“a surgery”表明此处指测试显示作者的心脏有问题。show“说明, 表明, 显示”, 符合语境。11. A. specialB. commonC. newD. colorful【解析】选C。经过住院治疗, 作者很幸运地康复了, 得到了新的(new)生命。12. A. AmazinglyB
53、. FortunatelyC. NaturallyD. Eventually【解析】选A。令人惊讶的是, “我”的心脏没有任何损伤的痕迹。amazingly“令人惊讶地, 惊人地”。13. A. somethingB. nothingC. everythingD. anything【解析】选A。下文提到散步, 说明作者一直在做对身体有益的事情。14. A. sufferB. abandonC. understandD. survive【解析】选D。作者很快从突发心脏病中康复, 和他相比, 其他病人则不是那么幸运, 没有幸免。survive“幸存, 挺过”, 符合语境。15. A. signif
54、icantB. slightC. permanentD. minor【解析】选A。此处指这些病人即使康复之后, 也会有明显的心脏损伤。与上文中的“no evidence of any heart damage at all”形成对比。significant“显著的, 重大的”, 符合语境。16. A. referring toB. seeking forC. wondering atD. insisting on【解析】选D。下文中的“walking for seven years. . . ”“walking up to 20 miles a week”说明, 作者一直坚持走路。insist
55、 on“坚持”, 符合语境。17. A. improvedB. savedC. treatedD. enriched【解析】选B。医疗界的人告诉作者是走路挽救了作者的生命。save“挽救”, 符合语境。18. A. signB. battleC. dreamD. reminder【解析】选D。作者用运动的方式提醒自己, 生命是如此脆弱, 随时会被夺走。reminder“提示, 提醒物”, 符合语境。19. A. planB. messageC. thoughtD. course【解析】选B。 作者用自己的经历传达有关健康的信息。20. A. unlessB. thoughC. if D. whether【解析】选C。 如果你家里有人得了心脏病, 他可以做些什么。if 如果, 引导状语从句。
