1、第 8 讲 非谓语动词1. Bats are surprisingly longlived creatures, some _ a life span of around 20 years. (2011浙江卷) A. having B. had C. have D. to have 【答案及解析】1. A考查独立主格结构。句意为“令人惊讶的是，蝙蝠是长寿的动物，有些能活20年左右。”had和have是谓语动词形式，题中没有连词，无法并存两个句子。to have表将来；having表伴随。2. Even the best writers sometimes find themselves _ f
2、or words. (2011浙江卷) A. lose B. lost C. to lose D. having lost【答案及解析】2. B考查非谓语动词。句意为“甚至最优秀的作家有时也会发现他们难以用文字表达自己。”lose是及物动词，A、C、D项都是主动式，空格后没有lose的宾语，故用过去分词lost当形容词用，作find themselves的宾语补足语。3. If they win the final tonight, the team are going to tour around the city_by their enthusiastic supporters. (201
3、1浙江卷) A. being cheered B. be cheered C. to be cheered D. were cheered【答案及解析】3. C考查非谓语动词。句意为“如果他们赢了今晚的决赛，队员们将会巡游全城，接受热心支持者的欢呼。”A项being cheered正在进行；B项be cheered是谓语原形；D项were cheered也是谓语，但句中已有谓语are going to；C项to be cheered表示将来，同时也表示被动。4. The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if _ regular
4、ly, can improve our health. (2010浙江卷) A. being carried out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out 【答案及解析】4. C考查if条件句的省略。【答案及解析】本句的主语是the experiment，谓语动词是shows, that引导宾语从句，宾语从句的主干是：proper amounts of exercise can improve our health, if _ regularly是插入的条件从句，其完整形式是：if it is carried out regularly，
5、省略了it is。整个句意为：这项实验表明，适当的运动，如果有规律地进行，有利于我们的身体健康。 5. The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and _ less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat. (2010浙江卷) A. being weighed B. to weigh C. weighed D. weighing【答案及解析】5. D考查非谓语动词。宾语从句中的主干为：young children must be in a child safety
6、seat。under the age of four and _ less than 40 pounds用于修饰宾语从句主语children。【答案及解析】动词weigh与名词children是主动关系，所以选择weighing。句意：交通法则规定4岁以下并且体重不超过40磅的幼儿必须坐在幼儿安全座上。6. There is a great deal of evidence _ that music activities engage different parts of the brain. (2009浙江卷) A. indicate B. indicating C. to indicate
7、 D. to be indicating【答案及解析】6. B考查非谓语动词。此处是indicating 短语作evidence的后置定语，其中that music activitiesthe brain是动语indicate的宾语从句。动词不定式、分词(现在分词，过去分词)和动名词统称为非谓语动词。现代英语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫做v.ing形式。动词不定式、过去分词及v.ing形式在句中均不能作谓语用，所以叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词形式多样，应用广泛，且在句中起着很活跃的作用，也是语法项目中的重点和难点。动词不定式的要点1动词不定式的形式变化 2.动词不定式的基本用法(1)作主语：T
8、o help each other is good. 动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用。(动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末)，如：It is good to help each other. (2)作表语：My job is to drive them to the power station every day. (3)作宾语：作及物动词的宾语，如：She wishes to be a musician. 作某些形容词的宾语：这类形容词一般有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased
9、, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等，如：I am determined to give up smoking. 当动词不定式之前有疑问词时，就可作介词的宾语，如：Can you give us some advice on what to do next? (4)作宾语补足语，如：Tell the children not to play on the street. 如果句中的谓语动词为see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等，作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去，如：I saw
10、a little girl run across the street. (5)作定语：须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后，如：Is this the best way to help him?(6)作状语：目的状语： Every morning he gets up very early to read English. 结果状语：They lived to see the liberation of their home town. 他们活到亲眼见到了他们家乡的解放。动词ing形式的要点1ing的形式2.ing形式的基本用法(1)作主语：Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。(2
11、)作表语：Her job is washing and cooking. (3)作宾语：作及物动词的宾语。She likes drawing very much.作某些短语动词的宾语。Mary is thinking of going back to New York. do限定词(my, some, any, the等)v.ing，表示“做事”之意，如：do some cleaning打扫卫生do some shopping购物作介词的宾语：Her sister is good at learning physics.作形容词worth, busy等的宾语：This book is well
12、 worth reading. (4)作定语：The sleeping child is only five years old. (5)作宾语补足语：We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. 可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。 (6)作状语：时间状语：Seeing Tom, I couldnt help thinking of his brother. 分词在句中作时间状语时，其前一般可加when或while，如：When crossing str
13、eet, you must be careful. 原因状语：Being ill, he didnt go to school yesterday. 方式或伴随状语：Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty. 过去分词的要点1. 作定语：如果是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前；如果是分词短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后。如：The stolen car was found by the police last week. 2. 作表语：表示其逻辑主语所处的状态，其逻辑主语就是句中的主语，如：The glass is broken. 3. 作宾语
14、补足语：过去分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语就是其逻辑主语，如：When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves. 4. 作状语：相当于一个状语从句，该结构的逻辑主语一般都是主句的主语，是过去分词所表示意义的逻辑宾语。为了使作状语的过去分词意义更加明确，常在分词前加when, if, while, though, as等连词，如：Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better. (we是该结构的逻辑主语，是give的逻辑宾语。)
15、 易错易混点1疑问词 动词不定式：疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语，如： How_to_prevent_them_from_swimming_in_this_river is a problem. 2动词不定式的否定式：由not 动词不定式构成，如： Its wrong of you not_to_attend the meeting. 3v.ing形式与动词不定式在句中作主语、表语、宾语时的区别。 ving形式：表示抽象或泛指的动作。 不定式：表示具体某一次的动作。 She likes playing the piano, but she does
16、nt want to_play it today. 4v.ing形式与动词不定式在句中作定语的区别。ving形式：动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。 不定式：动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后。 The girl writing_a_letter_there can speak English very well. I have three letters to_write. 5v.ing形式与动词不定式在作宾语补足语时的区别。 (1)不定式作宾补时，其动作一般发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，如： I have told them to_come again tomorrow. (2)在se
17、e, watch, hear, feel等之后，如果用v.ing形式作宾补，表示其动作正在进行中，而用不带to的不定式作宾补时，不定式所表示的动作是一个动作的过程，如：I hear her singing in the room. 我听见她正在屋里唱歌。 I hear her sing in the room. 我听见她在屋里唱过歌。6v.ing形式与动词不定式在句中作状语的区别。 ving形式：表示时间、原因、方式或伴随情况。 不定式：作目的或结果状语。 Not_receiving his letter, I wrote to him again. I looked into the win
18、dow to_see what was going on inside. 7v.ing形式与过去分词的区别： (1)语态不同：v.ing形式表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。 an inspiring speech鼓舞人心的演说； the inspired audience受鼓舞的听众 (2)时间关系不同：现在分词所表示的动作一般是正在进行中的动作，而过去分词所表示的动作，往往是已经完成的动作，如： the changing world正在变化的世界 the changed world已经变化了的世界8独立主格结构：有时v.ing和过去分词在句中也有自己的独立的主语，这种独立的主语
19、一般为名词或代词，和v.ing还有过去分词构成独立主格结构。该结构在句中一般只作状语。 独立主格中是使用v.ing还是过去分词，则要根据它们的主语和其所表示的动作的主动或被动关系来定，如： The_bell_ringing,_we all stopped talking. . 注意：独立结构中的being或having been常可省去，如： The_meeting_(being)_over,_all left the room. 作伴随状语的独立结构常可用with短语来代替， 如： She read the letter, tears rolling down her cheeks. She read the letter with_tears_rolling_down her cheeks.