1、protectSection_Grammar单元语法项目(一)动作动词和状态动词语法图解探究发现You arewalking along a mountain path in the Himalayas.And our porters carry your luggage, which means that you can simply enjoy the experience.They know all the best routes and best places to camp.However, at Adventure 2000 wefeelthat weunderstand the
2、needs of hikers.At Adventure 2000 we alsothink that good travel arrangements are important.You are thinking about how far there is to go.我的发现(1)句中walk, carry为动作动词，可用于进行时态。(2)句中的know, feel, understand为状态动词，常用一般时态。(3)句中的think既可以作为动作动词，意为“考虑”；也可为状态动词，表示“认为”的意思。一、概述在英语中，动词分为动作动词和状态动词。动作动词描述动作，可用于一般时态和进行
3、时态；而状态动词描述状态，一般不用于进行时态。二、动作动词动作动词可分为三类：1表示持续性动作的动词，如drink, run, rain, write, play, teach, work等。She teaches English in our school.她在我们学校教英语。Mary is writing a letter to her friend in France.玛丽正在给法国的朋友写信。2表示短暂性动作的动词如open, knock, jump, die, close等。它们用于进行时态时，一般表示动作正在发生的瞬间或动作多次重复或即将发生。She jumped up into
4、the chair. 她跳起来坐到椅子上。He was jumping up and down to keep warm. 他上下跳动来取暖。The poor boy is dying.那个可怜的男孩生命垂危。3表示位移或状态变化的动词，如leave, go, arrive, turn, grow等。这类动词既可用于进行时态，也可用于一般时态，但意义不同。The train leavesat nine. 火车9点开车。(指按时间表或日程表发生某事)The train is leaving. 火车马上就要开了。(表示即将发生的动作)名师点津有些动作动词表示的是短暂性的动作，没有持续性，这类动词一
5、般称为“非延续性动词”或“终止性动词”，不能同表示一段时间的状语连用。常见的这类动词有：come，go，leave，arrive，lose，join，kill，happen，break out等。He has come here for three days.()He hasbeen here for three days.()即时演练1用所给动词的适当形式填空He has_taught (teach) us for two years so far.Look at the kite! How high it is_flying (fly)!He entered the room and sa
6、t_ (sit) down in a chair.It rained yesterday, it is_raining_now and its reported that it will_rain_tomorrow.(rain)He misses his father very much, who died_(die) in an accident.Hurry up, kids! The school bus is_leaving (leave)!二、状态动词1表示拥有和存在的动词：appear, be, belong, contain, have, include, need, seem,
7、possess, own 等。That dictionary belongs to me. 那本字典是属于我的。The building measures 60 meters in height.这幢建筑物高60米。2感官动词：feel, hear, see, look, smell, sound, taste等。其后常接形容词作表语。The old man doesnthearvery well.那位老人听觉不太好。The dish smells so good that I cant wait to eat it!这盘菜闻起来如此美味以至于我迫不及待想吃它！3表示思维活动的动词：admit
8、, agree, believe, know, mean, realise, remember, think, understand, want等。I knowwhat Im doing. 我知道我正在做什么。He does notbelieve in Howards honesty.他不相信霍华德为人真诚。4表示情感的动词：adore, care, like, dislike, love, hate, hope 等。He likes getting up early. 他喜欢早起。名师点津有些动词既可表示动作，也可表示状态，但在意义上有区别。Wehave a secondhand car.
9、我们有一辆二手车。(have possess, 状态)She is having some tea. 她正在喝茶。(have drink, 动作) 即时演练2用所给动词的适当形式填空This computer costs (cost) 2,000 dollars. Is it expensive?Why dont you put the meat in the fridge? It will_stay (stay) fresh for several days.I am_thinking (think) about what I should do next, so I still have
10、no plan in my mind.The water felt_(feel) cool when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise.The flowers are so lovely that they sell_(sell) well.We mustnt have anything that goes_(go) bad, or do harm to our body.The house he is living in belongs_(belong) to his brother.The leaves on the tree are_
11、turning (turn) yellow.用所给单词的适当形式填空1These apples taste (taste) delicious and I have eaten five of them.2The president arrived (arrive) at the airport at five oclock.3He was_having (have) lunch when I came in.4This book includes (include) 10 chapters.5Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belt
12、s. The plane is_taking (take) off.6The man who has the ancient vase insists that it belongs (belong) to his family.7He is such a man who is always finding (find) fault with others.8What would you do if it rains (rain) tomorrow?We have to carry it on, since weve got everything ready.单句写作1(2016全国卷书面表达
13、)It will_start_from (从开始) June 15th and_last (并且持续) for three weeks.2(2016北京高考书面表达)I feel_proud (感到自豪) knowing your interest in Chinese history.3(2015陕西高考书面表达)As an outgoing girl, I get_along_well_with_my_classmates (与我的同学相处很好). 4(2015重庆高考满分作文)I am_wondering (想知道) if you could tell me more about thi
14、s activity. 5(2014天津高考书面表达)Our school is located in a northern city of China, where you can taste_many_kinds_of_delicious_food (尝到各种各样的美味食物). 单元语法项目(二)限制性和非限制性定语从句语法图解探究发现.He travelled across Europe and Asia with his father, whowanted to do trade with the Chinese.The prisoner then wrote the stories
15、in a book called TheDescriptionoftheWorld,whichbecame one of the bestselling books in Europe.At about 3：00 in the afternoon, we came to the village, whose scenery was really beautiful.He was very impressed by Beijing and the Emperors Palace, especially the Summer Palace which he described as “The gr
16、eatest palace that ever was .”Marco was lucky enough to meet another prisonerwhoenjoyed listening to his stories about China.The man (that/who/whom) you meet at the school gate is Toms uncle.我的发现(1)组的句子都是非限制性定语从句，组的句子都是限制性定语从句。(2)限制性定语从句和主句之间不能用逗号分开；非限制性定语从句和主句之间通常用逗号分开。(3)在限制性定语从句中，关系代词除了用who, whom
17、, which, whose外，也可以用that；在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词可以用who, whom, which, whose, 但不能用that。一、定义定语从句主要是用来修饰它前面的先行词(名词或代词)的从句，所以又称形容词从句。根据从句与先行词的关系，定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。二、引导非限制性定语从句的关系词关系代词有as, which, who, whom, whose等，作定语从句的主语、宾语、表语及定语。关系副词有when, where等，作定语从句的状语。引导词也可以是“介词which(whom, whose)”，但在固定的介词短语里，介词一般是不可提前
18、用于该结构的。关系代词和关系副词在非限制性定语从句中一般不能省略。Have you seen the film Titanic, whose leading actor is world famous?你看过泰坦尼克号这部电影吗？它的男主演可是世界闻名的。My daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week.我女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。She is an artist, which I am not.她是一位艺术家，而我不是。Mr. Smith, from whom I have learned a lot, is a fa
19、mous scientist.史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家，我从他那儿学了许多东西。They went to London, where they lived for six months.他们去了伦敦，在那儿待了六个月的时间。He forgot to bring his pen with him,as was often the case.他忘了带笔，这是常事。即时演练1用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空The film, whose_director is an old man, is very instructive.None of us accepted the reason he exp
20、lained, for which_he was absent.The famous basketball star, who_tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention.Taiwan is, as_you know, an inseparable (不可分割的) part of China.He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when_he will be free.He said that he had never seen her before, which was not
21、true.The boy, whose_father is an engineer, studies very hard.They reached there yesterday, where an important meeting will be held.三、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别1作用不同限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用，使该词的含义更具体，更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略，否则句意就不完整。Do you remember the girl who taught us English?你还记得教我们英语的那个女孩吗？非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切，只
22、是对其作一些附加说明，不起限定制约作用。如果将非限制性定语从句省去，主句的意义仍然完整。Her mother, who was once a teacher, died last year.她的母亲，曾经是一名老师，去年去世了。2形式不同限制性定语从句与先行词关系十分密切，是先行词不可缺少的成分，因此，书写时不能用逗号隔开；非限制性定语从句可用逗号和主句隔开，口语中有停顿。This is the place where he used to live.这就是他过去居住的地方。Mr. Zhang, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of
23、 mine.张先生昨天来看我，他是我的一位朋友。3意义不同限制性定语从句有涉他性；非限制性定语从句有唯一性。In the class there are ten studentswho speak English very well.这个班上有十名英语说得好的学生。(暗示班上不是只有十个学生)In the class there are ten students,who speak English very well.这个班上有十名学生，他们英语说得很好。(非限制性定语从句，表明班上只有十个学生)4先行词不同限制性定语从句的先行词通常是一个名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以指代主句的部
24、分或全部内容。I was the only person in my office that was invited.我是办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。(先行词是the only person)I didnt like her, which she realised.她意识到了我不喜欢她。(which指代整个主句)5关系词的使用情况不同(1)在非限制性定语从句中，先行词指人的时候，关系代词只能是who, whom，不能用that；先行词指物的时候，关系代词只能用which，不能用that。(2)引导非限制性定语从句的which, as可以代替整个主句，相当于and this或and that。Da
25、ves always really rude, which ( and this) is why people tend to avoid him.戴夫总是粗鲁得很，所以人们总是躲着他。As I said earlier, this research has just started.正如我之前说过的，这项研究才刚刚开始。6翻译不同在汉语译文中，限制性定语从句往往翻译在先行词前作定语；非限制性定语从句常译成并列句。This is the house whichwe bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性定语从句) The house, which we bo
26、ught last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。(非限制性定语从句)即时演练2完成句子She has been absent again, which_is_expected.她又缺席了，这在预料之中。A young man had a new girlfriend, whom_he_wanted_to_impress.一个年轻的小伙子新交了一个女朋友，他想给她留下深刻的印象。Beijing, which_is_our_capital,_is a very beautiful city.北京是一座美丽的城市，它是我们的首都。I have told
27、them the reason, for_which_I_didnt_attend_the_meeting.我已告诉他们我没有参加会议的原因了。This is the piano for which I paid 12,000 yuan last month/ on which I spent 12,000 yuan last month.这就是我上个月花了12 000元买的钢琴。Our school has two foreign teachers, both_of_whom_are_from_America.我们学校有两个外教，他们都来自美国。四、as与which在非限制性定语从句中的用法
28、当as, which引导非限制性定语从句时，as和which可指代整个主句，都指主句所表达的整个意思，相当于and this或and that，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有：1位置：as引导的定语从句可置于句首、中、后，而which引导的从句只能位于主句之后。2从句的谓语动词： as在非限制性定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词通常是be或其他系动词；而which不受此限制。3意义： as有“正如，就像”之意；而which常翻译为“这(件事，一点)”。4as多用于固定搭配中：as is often the case这是常有的事as is expected 正如所料as is
29、 known to all 众所周知as is mentioned above 正如上面所提到的as often happens 正如经常发生的那样Aswe all know, the earth is round.众所周知，地球是圆的。He came to my birthday, which I didnt expect at all.我完全没有想到，他来参加我的生日聚会了。即时演练3(1)用as 和which填空As we all know, China is a developing country.“You cant judge a book by its cover，”as the
30、 old saying goes.There is no simple answer, as is often the case in science.Until now, we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor children, which is quite unexpected.(2)一句多译众所周知，月球每月绕地球转一次。As_is_known_to_everybody,_the moon travels round the earth once every month.The moon travels round the earth onc
31、e every month, as/which_is_known_to_everybody.It_is_known_to_everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.What_is_known_to_everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month.用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空1Tom was always speaking highly of his role in the play, of course, which
32、made the others unhappy.2Mr. King, whose legs were badly hurt, was quickly taken to the hospital.3We will put off the outing until next week, when we wont be so busy.4We moved on to the north tip of the area, where it was blowing hard and snowing.5As is said above, the number of the students in our
33、school has increased.6She is the girl who/that lives next door.7A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.8She didnt tell me the reason why she refused the offer.9People take naps at noon in hotter climates, where the heat makes work difficult in the early afternoon.10Mr. White will come to
34、 the party on Sunday, which he promised to every one of us. 11If a shop has chairs where women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop.12We shouldnt spent our money testing so many people, most of whom are healthy.单句写作1这对夫妇对宾馆里的服务员招待他们的方式很生气。The couple felt most angry about the wa
35、y in_which_the_waiter_of_the_hotel_treated_them.2据报道，两座正在在我家乡建设的学校将于明年开学。It is reported that two schools, both_of_which_are_being_built_in_my_hometown,_will open next year.3他没上课的原因与你给我解释的很不一样。The reason why_he_missed_this_class was quite different from the one that_you_explained_to_me.4当西方人谈论中国的地方时，他们首先想到的是北京。When western people talk about the cities of China, the first of_which_comes_to_their_mind is Peking.5他是一个经验丰富的人，从他那里我们可以学到很多。He is a man of great experience, from whom_much_can_be_learned.