1、Section_Learning_about_Language.高频单词点击1brief (adj.)简短的；短暂的briefly (adv.)简洁地；短暂地2discrimination (n.)歧视discriminate (v.)歧视3commit (vt.)犯罪；做(不合法的或错的事).重点短语必记1play a very important role in_(doing) sth.在(做)中起重要作用2reach an agreement 达成协议3succeed in (doing) sth. 成功做了某事4be set in 以为背景5deal with 论述；处理6speak
2、up 大声说出来.常用句型必备1Here you can take my copy now_that Ive finished with it.2He had none today, nor_would_he have any the next day.单元语法聚焦The Tenses(时态)brief(1)adj.简短的；短暂的；简单的There is a brief meeting tomorrow.明天有个短会。to be brief简而言之To be brief, we cant accept such terms.简单地说，我们不能接受这样的条件。(2)n.任务；摘要in brief
3、简单地说；简明扼要的In brief, he was careless.简单地说，他粗心大意。briefly adv. 短暂地；简短地简而言之To put it briefly, the meeting was a disaster.简而言之，那次会议就是一次灾难。in brief, in short(1)in brief着重于重点突出，不拖泥带水。(2)in short多用来在较长叙述之后长话短说，带有“综上所述”的意思。即境活用1 用brief的短语填空(1)There is not much time left, so Ill tell you about it in_brief. (2
4、)To_put_it_briefly/Briefly_speaking/To_be_brief,_let me tell you what happened.1succeed in doing sth.成功地做某事He succeeded in getting a place at art school.他被艺术学校录取了。Rio succeeded in hosting the 2016 Summer Olympics.里约成功举办了2016年夏季奥运会。succeedsuccessful adj. 成功的；有成就的be successful in doing sth. 成功地做某事succ
5、ess nU成功；C成功的人或事Who will succeed to the estate?谁将继承那笔遗产？Who succeeded Kennedy as President?接替肯尼迪任总统的是谁？即境活用2 句型转换They managed to save the drowning child.They_succeeded_in_saving_the_drowning_child.They were successful in saving the drowning child.2be set in以为背景The story was set in Shanghai in the 19
6、30s.这个故事以二十世纪三十年代的上海为背景。The film records the life of farmers set in the First World War.这部电影记录了以一战为背景的农民的生活。set about开始(某工作)；着手做某事(doing sth.)set off开始；启程(for)；爆炸；燃放set out 出发上路；开始做(to do sth.)set up 设置；建立set aside 把放在一边；搁置；留出They have set off for Shanghai.他们已出发到上海去了。I set aside my overcoat and took
7、 out my summer clothes.我把大衣放起来，取出了夏天的衣服。即境活用3介、副词填空)(1)The family have set aside some money for the journey.(2)The doctors set about saving the injured the moment they arrived.(3)Dont set off the fireworks in the city.(4)They set out/off for Tianjin the next day.(5)A new government was set up after
8、the civil war.1Here you can take my copy now_that Ive finished with it.既然我已读完，你可以拿我这本。now that由于；既然，表示原因，引导原因状语从句，口语中that可以省去。Now that you have grown up, you must stop this childish behavior.既然你已长大，就不要再有这种孩子气的行为。Now that you are an adult, you should think about your future carefully.既然你已是个成年人了，你应该仔细
9、地考虑一下你的将来。即境活用4完成句子Now_that_he_is_so_rude_to_us (既然他这么粗鲁地对我们), I think we have to punish him.2He had none today, nor_would_he have any the next day.他今天没有午餐，接下来的任何一天也不会有。nor would he .是nor引起的表示部分倒装的句子。否定副词或含有否定词的介词短语置于句首时，主句须用部分倒装。如：seldom, never, little, hardly, not, nowhere, no sooner, in no way, b
10、y no means等。Never have I seen such a good film.我从未看过这么好的电影。By no means should he be left alone.他绝不该被单独留下。We didnt know the news; nor did we care about it.我们不知道这一消息，我们也不在乎它。即境活用5把下列句子改成倒装句(1)You can find such a beautiful place nowhere else.Nowhere_else_can_you_find such a beautiful place.(2)He knew l
11、ittle of the matter.Little_did_he_know of the matter.(3)I could hardly say anything at that moment.Hardly_could_I say anything at that moment.时态一、英语中动词的时态一共有16种。现以动词write为例将英语的16种时态列表如下：时态一般进行完成完成进行现在write/writesam/is/are writinghas/have writtenhas/have been writing过去wrotewas/were writinghad written
12、had been writing将来shall/will writeshall/will be writingshall/will have writtenshall/will have been writing过去将来should/would writeshould/would be writingshould/would have writtenshould/would have been writing二、时态的考查是高考的热点，高考主要考查8种时态的形式和用法，详见下表：时态表示例句注意一般现在时现在经常性、习惯性的动作I read English every morning.时间、条
13、件和让步状语从句中要用一般现在时或现在完成时代替一般将来时。如：I wont go swimming if it rains.here, there，now, then等开头的倒装句要用一般现在时代替现在进行时。如：Look!Here comes the bus.客观真理、普遍公理、科学事实The sun rises in the east.现有的兴趣、爱好或能力，或者现存的性质、特征或状态He likes playing football.The situation is encouraging.介绍故事梗概、剧情，用于新闻标题Yang meets journalists.按时刻表将要发生的
14、动作(只限于少数动词，如：come，go, leave, arrive，begin, start, take off, return, stop, open, close等)The train leaves at 4：30 pm. The meeting starts this afternoon.一般过去时过去经常性、习惯性的动作或状态He often criedwhen he was a boy.时间、条件和让步状语从句中要用一般过去时代替过去将来时。如：He said that if I went there，he would go too.表示过去经常发生的动作，也可用“used to
15、 do .”和“would do .”。如：The old man used_to_climb the hill behind his house.过去某时的动作或状态I went to the bank just now.用于I didnt know .或I forgot .，表示事先不知道或不记得，但现在已知道或记得的事情I didnt_know you were here.Sorry, I forgot tobring my book.一般将来时现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态Tom will_come next week. He will_be_here tomorrow. 几种常
16、见将来时表达的区别：1be going to表示打算最近或将来要做某事，或有某种征兆要发生某事，不用于有if条件句的主句中。I will_go fishingif it is fine. It is_going to_rain.2be to do sth.表按计划安排即将发生的动作，还表示吩咐、命令、禁止、注定等。No one is_to leave without the permission of the police.3be about to do不与具体的时间状语或状语从句连用。The competition is_about_to_start.4will/shall表示未事先考虑过，
17、即说话时临时做出的决定。事物的固有属性或必然趋势Oil will_float in water.Fish will_die without water.对将来某个动作的安排、计划He is_going_to_speak on TV this evening.现在进行时此时此刻正在发生的动作Im studying English now.不宜用进行时的动词：感觉类：look, smell, feel, sound, taste, see, hear情感类：like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear 心态类：wish, hope, expect, want, ne
18、ed, believe, think, understand, agree, know, remember, forget所有类：have, contain, own, hold (容纳), belong to现阶段正在发生的动作We are_building our socialism.与always, forever，constantly，continually连用，表示赞赏或厌恶等感情色彩，但并非强调动作正在进行He is_always helping others.She is_always forgetting something.按计划、安排近期发生的动作(只限于come，go,
19、leave, arrive，start, move, sail，fly, travel, stay等)A foreigner is coming to visit our school.Im leaving for Beijing tomorrow.过去进行时过去某一时刻或阶段正在发生的动作He was_watching TV this time yesterday.It was_raining the whole morning.过去进行时可用来描绘故事发生的背景：The wind was blowing and it was_raining hard.与always, forever，co
20、nstantly，continually连用，表示赞赏或厌恶等感情色彩Comrade Lei Feng was_always thinking_of others never thinking of himself.过去计划、安排好的将来动作(只限于come, go，leave, arrive，start, move, sail，fly, travel, stay等)He said he was_leaving the next day.I was told the train was starting soon.过去将来时过去某一时刻后将要发生的过去动作或过去的意图、打算(主要用于宾语从句中
21、)She was sure she would_succeed.I thought you would_come.把一般将来时中的助动词变成过去式，便成了过去将来时的表达形式现在完成时现已完成或刚刚完成且对现在有影响的动作I have_finished my homework.没有包括“现在”在内或不是截止“现在”为止的时间状语不能与现在完成时连用短暂性动词的肯定式不能与时间段连用“in the past/last时间段”要与现在完成时连用have gone to表示人在所指地方的路上或已在所指地方；have been to表示人曾到过所指的地方，但现在不在所指的地方了发生在过去的动作，但已成
22、为现在的经历或经验Weve all played with snow and ice.始于过去持续至今，也许延于将来的动作或状态Hes_lived here since 2000. Ive_taught English for 15 years.将来某时先要做完的动作(只限于时间和条件状语从句)Dont get off the bus until it has_stopped.到目前为止的一段时间，多少次或第几次做某事Hes_been to Beijing several times.Its the third time that Ive_seen the film.过去完成时过去某时间前已发
23、生的动作或情况Marx had_learned some English before he came to London.过去完成时必须以过去某一时刻为基点，即“过去的过去”。因此只有在和过去某时或某动作相比较时才用到它before, after本身“前”“后”明显，因此可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。或同一主语连续几个动作时，只用一般过去时即可。如：He (had)_left before I arrived.过去某动作前已发生的另一动作The train had_left when I got to the station.始于过去持续至过去另一时间，也许延续下来的动作He said he
24、 had_been in the Party for 10 years.过去未曾实现的意图、打算或希望(只限于think, want, plan, mean, intend, hope, expect, suppose 等动词)I had_planned to see you yesterday, but the rain prevented me.三、与动词时态连用的固定句式1This/It is the first/second .timethat从句。that从句一般用现在完成时，如果把前边的is改为was，则that从句用过去完成时。This is the first time I h
25、ave come here.这是我第一次来这儿。It was the third time (that) he had made the same mistake.这是他第三次犯同样的错误。2It is/has been一段时间since从句。since从句中一般用过去时，如果将前边的is改为was，则since从句中用过去完成时。It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.我们有十年没有像这样玩得高兴了。3be about to do . when .意为“即将(这时)突然”。I was about to go out wh
26、en the telephone rang.我刚要出去这时电话铃响了。4be (was/were)doing . when .意为“正在做(这时)突然”。They were reading when Tom shouted in pain.他们正在阅读这时汤姆疼得大叫起来。5Hardly had . done . when .; No sooner had . done . than .when和than从句里用一般过去时，表示“刚刚就”。Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when (than) the rain poured down.我刚到家大雨就倾盆而下
27、了。6Itbe一段时间before从句这个句式分两种情况：如果主句用将来时，则从句用一般现在时表将来时，意为多长时间以后即将发生某事；如果主句用过去时，从句也用过去时，意为多长时间后发生了某事。It wont be long before he succeeds.(He will succeed soon.)他不久就会成功。.单句语法填空1My uncle set aside part of his salary for three years and then he bought a boat.2Only after they had performed hundreds of experi
28、ments did they succeed in solving (solve) the problem.3She ought to stop work.She has a headache because she has_been_reading (read) all day long.4Id like to call on you at 10 am tomorrow.Im sorry, by then I will_be_meeting (meet) my guests in my office.5Nobody has any idea that how long it will be
29、before the hostages are_released (release)6In brief, its high time that we took measures to stop killing wild animals.7Where were you at lunch time？I was_saving (save) a seat for you in the dining hall.8No one can deny the role women played in the development of society.9Where have you been recently
30、?I was (be) in Hangzhou on business for a week last month.10The other day, not until two oclock in the morning did he return home drunk.完形填空John Johnson was born in a black family in Arkansas city in 1918.His father died in an accident when John was six.He was _1_ high school age, but his hometown _
31、2_ no high school for blacks._3_ he had a strongwilled, caring mother.John _4_ that his mother told him many times, “Son, you can _5_ everything you really want to be if you just _6_.” She told him not to depend on others, _7_ his mother.“You have to earn success.” said she, “All the people who work
32、 hard _8_ succeed, but the only people who _9_ succeed are those who works hard.”These words came from a woman with less than a third grade _10_. She also knew that _11_ and hard work couldnt _12_ everything.So she worked hard as a cook for two years to save enough to take her son to Chicago.Chicago
33、 in 1933 was not the promising _13_ that black southerners were _14_ for.Johns mother and stepfather could not find work.But here John could go to school, and here he learned the _15_ of words as editor of the newspaper and yearbook at Du Sable High School.His wish was to _16_ a magazine for the bla
34、cks.While others _17_ him, Johns mother offered him more words to live by, “Nothing beats a failure but a _18_.” She let him pawn (典当) her furniture to get 500 he needed to start the Negro magazine.It is _19_ that difficulties and failure followed John closely _20_ he became very successful.He alway
35、s keep his mothers words in mind, “Son, failure is not in your vocabulary.”1A.reachingBgettingCin Dof解析：选Areach high school age“到上高中的年龄”，get to或at the age才正确。2A.got BsetCoffered Dgave解析：选Coffer sth.for sb.“为某人提供某物”。3A.Therefore BFirstCFortunately DOtherwise解析：选C有一个如此好的母亲，当然是幸运的事。4A.remembered BknewC
36、learned Dunderstood解析：选A对母亲说过多次的话当然是记得。5A.be BtakeCget Dhave解析：选A由后面的want to be可知，意为：如果你努力了，你想是什么就是什么。6A.work BsucceedCdo Dgo解析：选C句意：如果去做，do此处意义比其余三项要广泛，指一切努力。7A.including BexceptCbesides Dbut解析：选Aincluding“包括”，母亲告诉儿子，谁也不依靠，包括母亲。8A.dont BwouldntCcan Dwill解析：选A部分否定，并非所有努力的人都能成功。由work可知用一般现在时。9A.may B
37、doCshould Dmight解析：选Bdo动词原形，表示强调，“真正成功的”。10A.lesson BeducationCclass Dpupil解析：选Bthird grade education“三年的教育”。由grade可知为教育。11A.believing BpracticeCexperience Dknowledge解析：选A由下文失败多次仍然坚持，那就是坚信自己，故用believing。12A.make BbecomeCmean Dbring解析：选Cmean“意味着”。13A.land BspotCcenter Dtown解析：选Athe promising land“有希望
38、的地方，乐土，乐园”。14A.going BseatCnaming Dlooking解析：选Dlook for“寻找”。此处指黑人们在寻找自己的乐园。15A.value BcostCstrength Dpower解析：选Dpower“力量”。他了解到报纸编辑所说的话是非常有影响力的。16A.lend BpublishCsell Dset解析：选Bpublish a magazine“出版一份杂志”。17A.watched BadmiredCrespected Ddiscouraged解析：选D母亲鼓励，当然其他人在阻止他，discourage“使泄气”。18A.try BsuccessCher
39、o Dhope解析：选A此处是母亲鼓励他去试一下；“努力就会成功。”try“努力，尝试”。19A.possible BnaturalCobvious Dstrange解析：选B开创一份事业，困难和失败是理所当然的，natural“自然”。20A.until BthoughCbecause Dafter解析：选Auntil“直到为止”。.阅读理解While astronauts in space get to do many exciting things, they miss out on ordinary things that we all take for granted being a
40、ble to walk on firm ground, hanging out with family and digging into a slice of hot steaming pizza. Though not much can be done about the first two things, there may soon be a solution to the third one, thanks to this cool 3D pizza printer!About a year ago, NASA offered $125,000 to Anjan Contractor,
41、 a 3D technology expert, to build a device (设备) that would allow astronauts to make pizza on demand. The mechanical engineer promised that his invention would produce pies in large quantities that looked, tasted and even smelled like pizza made in common ovens.Late last year, the engineer presented
42、a video of his first prototype (原型) that begins by creating a single slice of dough (面团) that is cooked and printed at the same time. Then comes the tomato “sauce” a mix of tomato powder, oil and water and finally, a protein slice that resembles cheese. While the video doesnt show the baking process
43、, the inventor says that once the pizza is printed, it can be ready to be consumed in seven seconds.While the pie in the video looks delicious enough to attract any pizza lover, Anjan Contractor is far from ready for astronauts. Thats because he still has to find a solution to make the food containe
44、r in the printer last for 30 years. Though that may sound unrealistic, actually it is not.Anjan Contractor believes that the only way that is possible is that the water is removed from all the ingredients (配料) and then they are reduced to the powder form. This, as you can imagine, will not be so eas
45、y. But, while the printer may not be ready for space, it certainly looks ready enough for people on earth. Hopefully, NASA and Contractor will consider selling it to those not fortunate enough to go to Mars!语篇解读：本文是一篇科普说明文。宇航员在太空时，也会有不同的食物需求。最新的研究表明，3D打印技术有望让宇航员们在太空吃上比萨。1Why does the author mention
46、the things that astronauts in space cannot do?ATo ask us not to take common things for granted.BTo show they live a difficult life there.CTo show their life is boring in space.DTo introduce the topic of the text.解析：选D推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“Though not much can be done .thanks to this cool 3D pizza printer！”
47、可知，使用3D打印技术可以解决宇航员在太空吃比萨的问题。由此可推断出，文章开篇描述几个无法实现的愿望旨在引出本文的话题。故D项正确。2NASA offered $125,000 to Anjan Contractor mainly to _.Acreate some new type of 3D printerBattract more companies to work for NASAChelp astronauts in space enjoy fresh pizza one dayDproduce pizza in large quantities to earn great prof
48、its解析：选C细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“About a year ago .to make pizza on demand.”可知，美国航空航天局提供125 000美元是为了开发为宇航员们提供新鲜比萨的技术设备。故C项正确。 3The biggest challenge that Anjan Contractor is faced with now is probably that_.Ahe has no money left to go on with his researchBthe pizza doesnt seem appetizing to pizza loversChe ha
49、s no way to make pizza that can last for thirty yearsDhe cannot make the food container last for 30 years解析：选D细节理解题。根据第四段倒数第二句“Thats because he still has to find a solution to make the food container in the printer last for 30 years.”可知，让打印机中的食物容器能够维持 30 年是目前的一大难题。故D项正确。4Whats the best title of the passage?ANASA is trying its best to help astronauts eat betterBAstronauts may soon be able to enjoy steaming hot pizzaCNASA is working on making pizza for common peopleDA 3D pizza printer has been used to make pizza解析：选B标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了一种可以在太空自制比萨的3D打印技术，因此将来宇航员们也许能吃上热腾腾的比萨。故B项最适合作本文标题。