1、 语法初识原句感知自主探究1.On a freezing cold day in January 1994, Jiesang Suonandajie found what he was looking for a group of poachers who/that were killing the endangered Tibetan antelope.2. In the battle which/that followed Jiesang was shot and killed.3. Meanwhile, in those countries where the shawls are so
2、ld, police are getting tough with the dealers.4. Sometimes there were gunfights, like the one in which Jiesang Suonandajie was killed.5. In the 1990s the Chinese government began to take an active part in protecting the antelopes in the Hoh Xil Nature Reserve the huge national park on the Qinghai-Ti
3、betan Plateau, which is the main habitat of the antelopes.6Often working at night, the poachers shoot whole herds of antelopes at a time, leaving only the babies, whose wool is not worth so much.7. The animals are skinned on the spot and the wool taken to India, where it is made into the shawls.1.句1
4、、句2、句3为限制性定语从句，关系词分别在从句中作主语和地点状语；2句4为“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句，并在从句中作状语。3句5、句6、句7为非限制性定语从句，关系词分别在从句中作主语、定语和地点状语。 语法剖析 语法点一引导定语从句的关系词 1引导定语从句的常用关系词的用法 关系词指代对象在从句中所作成分关系代词who指人主、宾、表whom指人宾which指物主、宾、表that既指人又指物主、宾、表whose既指人又指物定as既指人又指物主、宾、表关系副词when指时间时间状语where指地点地点状语why指原因原因状语Is he the boy who/that survived in
5、the earthquake?他就是那个在地震中幸存的男孩吗？He lives in a big house whose window faces the sea.他住在一座窗户朝向大海的大房子里。I often thought of my childhood when I lived on a farm.我经常回想起我的童年，那时我住在一个农场里。Bamboo grows well in the place where it is warm and wet all the year.竹子在一年四季都温暖潮湿的地方生长得好。There are several reasons why we ca
6、nt do that.我们有好几个理由不那样做。名师点津 situation, case, point，stage等表示“情况，方面”的名词后可接where引导的定语从句。I think youve got to the point where a change is needed, otherwise youll fail.我认为你应该改变了，否则你会失败。2定语从句中关系词的选用方法一：用关系代词还是关系副词取决于从句中的谓语动词。如果是及物动词，就要用关系代词；如果是不及物动词，则要用关系副词。This is the mountain village where I stayed las
7、t year.这是我去年待过的山村。方法二：准确判断关系词在定语从句中所作的成分(主、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。关系词在从句中作主语、定语、宾语时，应用关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose)；关系词在从句中作状语时，应用关系副词(where作地点状语，when作时间状语，why作原因状语)。3that和which引导的定语从句的区别that和which都是关系代词，都可在从句中作主语或宾语，但两者存在着不同： 用that不用which的情况先行词是all, much, few, little, everything, anything, n
8、othing, none, the one等不定代词时先行词被all，few，little，much，every, some, no等词修饰或被the only, the very, the same, the last等限定词修饰时先行词是形容词的最高级或先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时先行词是序数词或其前有序数词对其进行修饰时先行词既指人又指物时主句是who或which等引导的特殊疑问句时用which不用that的情况在非限制性定语从句中用which不用that介词后用which不用thatWe should do everything that is useful to the people
9、.我们应该做一切有益于人民的事。When we talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes into our mind is the West Lake.我们谈论杭州时，首先想到的是西湖。This is the smallest computer that can be found in the world now.这是目前发现的世界上最小的计算机。 集中演练111.用适当的关系词填空Are you willing to join the group whose goal is to protect the endangered animals in t
10、he United States?I think the method is the best that has been used against pollution.Much to the joy of the old couple, the dog which/that was lost has been found.There are not enough seeds in Africa to supply millions of farmers who/that need help.They have reached a point recently where both sides
11、 should sit down and conduct a detailed analysis of this problem.The reason why he lived far away from his parents hasnt been known to us.The film brought the time back to me when I was taken good care of in the countryside by my grandparents.12.单句改错We will be shown around some places where visitors
12、 seldom go to.wherethatWe talked about the persons and things which we can remember.whichthat10()I will never forget those years that I lived in the countryside with the farmers.thatwhenThere comes a time which children need to learn more about first aid.whichwhen 语法点二“介词关系代词”的用法 1“介词关系代词”结构中介词的确定方法
13、。(1)根据从句中的谓语动词或主要的形容词确定介词。The witness to whom the policemen referred was killed last night.警察所提到的那个目击证人昨晚被杀了。(2)根据定语从句修饰的先行词确定介词。I dont know the reason for which he was late for school.我不知道他为何上学迟到。(3)根据句子所要表达的意思确定介词。This is the pilot by whom my son was saved.这就是那位救了我儿子的飞行员。2“介词关系代词”结构中的关系代词通常用which或
14、whom，不用that。Ill never forget the day on which I joined the army.我永远也忘不了我参军的那一天。This is the pencil with which I draw pictures.这是我画画用的那支铅笔。3关系副词where, when, why可替换成“介词which”，介词取决于先行词及介词which在从句中的作用。why只可替换for which。This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two ye
15、ars ago.这就是两年前我居住的那所房子。4“不定代词或数词介词which/whom”引导的定语从句说明整体中的部分。Last week, only two people came to look at the house, neither of whom wanted to buy it.上周只有两个人来看房子，他们两个人都不想买。5“the名词of which”或“of whichthe名词”可替换“whose名词”，引导定语从句。The house the windows of which/of which the windows/whose windows were damaged
16、 has now been repaired.窗子遭破坏的那所房子现在已经修好了。集中演练221.用适当的介词填空His son, to whom he had been devoted, returned from the USA to take care of him.He paid the boy ten dollars to wash the windows, most of which hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.Please tell me the reason for which you should have a holiday
17、.We carefully studied the photos, in which we could see signs of plant disease.The earth on which we live is a planet.Robert spent four years in college, during which time he learned law and medicine.22.用适当的关系词合并句子 Im very grateful to Mr. Zhang. I couldnt have been admitted to a key university witho
18、ut his encouragement.Im very grateful to Mr. Zhang, without_whose_encouragement I couldnt have been admitted to a key university. I made friends with Susan and Alice in that school. Susan and Alice were interested in astronomy.I made friends with Susan and Alice in that school, both_of_whom were int
19、erested in astronomy. Have the police found Mrs. White? The gold ring belongs to Mrs. White.Have the police found Mrs. White to_whom the gold ring belongs?Anne paid a visit to Mr. Yang. She came across one of her university classmates in Mr. Yangs office.Anne paid a visit to Mr. Yang, in_whose_offic
20、e she came across one of her university classmates. 语法点三限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 1限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句和先行词的关系密切(删除后影响整个句子意义的表达)和先行词关系不密切(起补充说明的作用，删掉后不影响整个句子意思的表达) 不用逗号隔开一般用逗号隔开关系代词指物时可用that、which引导不可以用that引导，只能用which只可以修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分既可以修饰先行词，也可以修饰主句或主句的一部分The Great Wall is one of the bui
21、ldings that Chinese people are proud of.长城是中国人为之骄傲的建筑之一。(限制性定语从句)Yesterday I met Mary, who looked very tired.昨天我遇到了玛丽，她看上去很累。(非限制性定语从句)2as/which引导的非限制性定语从句as引导非限制性定语从句时，修饰整句话或整件事位置较灵活，可置于所修饰的句子前面、插在句子中或放在句子后一般译为“正如，就像” which修饰主句或主句的一部分定语从句只置于所修饰的句子后一般译为“结果”As we all know, smoking is harmful to healt
22、h.我们都知道，吸烟有害健康。He finished the task ahead of time, which is very important to us.他提前完成了任务，这对我们很重要。 集中演练331.用适当的关系词填空 The 12-year-old boy won the gold medal, which came as a surprise to many people. Nowadays teenagers like to go to fast food restaurants, where eating doesnt take much time. Dorothy wa
23、s always speaking highly of her role in the play, which,_of course, made others annoyed. Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris.The man, whose work will be finished soon, feels relieved now. As is known to all of us, Professor Li is extremely popular among students.32.用as/which 引导的定语从句完
24、成句子正如报纸上报道的那样，这两个国家之间的会谈正在取得进展。As_is_reported_in_the_newspapers,_talks between the two countries are making progress.妈妈总把我当小孩子对待，这是我不能忍受的。My mother always treats me like a baby, which_I_cant_bear在那么多人面前他有点儿紧张，这是可以理解的。In the presence of so many people he was a little tense, which_was_understandable我想
25、用和你同样的方式来做这件事情。I want to do it in the same way as_you_did链接高考单句语法填空1(2015全国卷语法填空) Id skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that/which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.解析：根据句意和句子结构可知此处是一个定语从句，因为先行词是物，且
26、引导词在定语从句中作主语，所以用that或which引导从句。2. (2015广东高考语法填空) When harvest came around, he was already selling herbs, vegetables and cotton in the market where people from the towns met regularly.解析：从句中缺少地点状语，故用where引导定语从句，修饰先行词market。3. (2015安徽高考)Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon which sc
27、hool education depends.解析：句意：有些专家认为，阅读是学校教育所依赖的基本技能。介词upon 被提到了定语从句的引导词之前，引导词作upon的宾语，因此用which。4. (2015北京高考)Opposite is St. Pauls Church, where you can hear some lovely music.解析：句意：对面是圣保罗大教堂，在那里你可以听到一些美妙的音乐。定语从句中的主谓宾成分齐全，先行词为St. Pauls Church, 表地点，由此可知定语从句中缺少地点状语，故用关系副词where。5(2015江苏高考)The number of
28、smokers, as is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.解析：句意：正如报道的，烟民的数量仅仅在一年内就下降了17%。6. (2015陕西高考)As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time when he should be able to be independent.解析：句意：作为家里最小的孩子，亚历克斯总是渴望他能独立的时候。分析句子结构可知所填词引导定语从句，先行词time是表示时间的名词，且定语从句中缺少
29、状语，故用when引导。7. (2015四川高考)The books on the desk, whose covers are shiny, are prizes for us.解析：句意：桌子上那些封面闪亮的书是为我们准备的奖品。该句的主句是“The books are prizes for us.”，此处whose引导的定语从句修饰先行词books。 针对演练.单句语法填空1A football fan is a person who/that has a strong interest in football.2Can you lend me the novel which/that
30、you read the other day?3I have bought the same dress as she is wearing.4As is known to all, the compass was first made in China.5She is one of the few girls whose grade is above average.6This is the best film that I have seen.7I know the student from whom I borrowed the book.8She heard a terrible no
31、ise, which brought her heart into her mouth.9Do you still remember the day when we first met?10This is the reason why he didnt attend the lecture.完成句子1I will remember the moment when_I_was_awarded the first prize in college.我永远不会忘记在大学里我被授予一等奖的那一时刻。2This is the only one of the students who_fails in t
32、he exam. 这是这些学生中唯一一个考试失败的学生。3We shouldnt spend our money testing so many people, most_of_whom_are_healthy我们不应该把钱花在对这么多人的体检上，他们大多数是健康的。4Few would take an active part in a society whose_culture_is_so_different_from their own.很少人会积极地参与到文化和他们的完全不同的一个社会中。5There are a number of cases where_family_members_
33、or_friends_quarrel_with each other and become enemies.有很多家庭成员或朋友互相争吵成为敌人的例子。.短文改错The Big Bang Theory, one of the most popular comedy in America and even around the world these days, tell stories about four male scientists and a beautiful waitress. These scientists are smart in their fields, especial
34、 Sheldon. He has a really high IQ in physics and he is very bad at getting along with others. Fortunately, his roommate Leonard was very tolerant and always forgives him at every time Sheldon makes a mistake. The waitress, naming Penny, is a very easy-going and nice girl whom has a dream of becoming an actress.The comedy has gained popularity among people aged from 18 to 49. Its special and funny stories make people falling in love with it in short time.答案：第一句：comedycomedies; telltells第二句：especialespecially第三句：andbut第四句：wasis; 去掉at第五句：namingnamed; whomwho/that第七句：fallingfall; short 前加a