1、第二部分 语法专题专题九 动词的时态、语态和主谓一致1(2018北京卷)Hi,Im Peter.Are you new here?I havent seen you around.Hello,Peter.Im Bob.I just(start)on Monday.started解析：句意：嗨，我是彼得，你是新来的吗？我在附近没见过你。你好，彼得，我是鲍勃，我是周一刚来的。本题考查动词的时态。根据彼得所说的话可知现在鲍勃已经在这里了，鲍勃针对彼得的提问解释他是周一来的，所以设空处用一般过去时。2(2018北京卷)Susan had quit her well-paid job and(work)
2、as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.was working解析：句意：我去年去看望Susan的时候，她已经辞去了高薪工作，正在社区做志愿者。本题考查动词的时态。从题干when引导的时间状语从句可知整句话描述的都是过去发生的事情，看望Susan的时候她正从事志愿者服务工作，应用过去进行时表示。3(2018北京卷)Chinas high-speed railways(grow)from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years.have grown解析
3、：句意：在过去的几年里，中国的高铁已经从9 000千米发展到了25 000千米。本题考查动词的时态。根据题干中的时间状语in the past few years可知，句中谓语动词的时态用现在完成时。4(2018江苏卷)Hopefully in 2025 we will no longer be emailing each other,for we(develop)more convenient electronic communication tools by then.will have developed解析：句意：在2025年我们有望不再互相发电子邮件了，因为到那时我们就已经开发出更便
4、捷的电子交流工具了。根据时间状语by then(相当于by 2025)可知，设空处需用将来完成时。5(2018北京卷)A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who(trap)in the mountains for two days.had been trapped解析：句意：一位救援人员冒着生命危险营救了两名已经在山中被困两天的游客。根据句中主句的谓语动词risked可知事情发生在过去，而“被困”发生在risked之前，故用过去完成时。定语从句的先行词是two tourists，与从句的谓语动词trap之间是被动关系，因此设空
5、处应用过去完成时的被动语态。6(2018天津卷)My washing machine(repair)this week,so I have to wash my clothes by hand.is being repaired解析：句意：本周我的洗衣机正在维修中，因此我不得不用手洗我的衣服。根据后面“用手洗我的衣服”可知这里表示“洗衣机正在维修中”，故用现在进行时；My washing machine 与 repair为被动关系，需用被动语态。因此，设空处需用现在进行时的被动语态。7(2018江苏卷)I was sent to the village last month to see ho
6、w the development plan(carry)out in the past two years.had been carried解析：句意：上个月我被派到这个村子来检查那个发展计划在过去的两年中的实施情况。考查动词的时态和语态。设空处表示的动作应该发生在主句谓语动词was sent之前，属于“过去的过去”，且表示被动，所以要用过去完成时的被动语态。8(2017北京卷)(do)you call that company to see how they think of our product yesterday?Yes.They are happy with it.Did解析：句意
7、：你昨天给那家公司打电话了解他们对我们的产品的看法了吗？打了，他们对我们的产品很满意。考查一般疑问句，根据时间状语yesterday可知，谓语动词要用一般过去时，所以要用助动词do的过去式did。9(2017北京卷)People(have)better access to health care than they used to,and theyre living longer as a result.have解析：句意：相比以前，人们(现在)能得到更好的医疗保健，因此他们的寿命更长一些。本题考查动词的时态。根据题干中的than they used to可知，这是在比较过去和现在的医疗状况，
8、所以设空处应用一般现在时。10(2017天津卷)I(drive)down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.was driving解析：句意：我正在开车前往伦敦的路上，这时突然发现我走错路了。根据句意可知此处是be doing.when.句型，表示“正在做这时”。根据语境可知用过去进行时。11(2017江苏卷)The publication of Great Expectations,which(be)both widely reviewed and highly praised,strengthened
9、Dickens status as a leading novelist.was解析：句意：远大前程这本书被广泛地评价和高度地赞扬，它的出版巩固了狄更斯作为最杰出的小说家的地位。本题考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据题干可以确定，which引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为Great Expectations，是一本书的名字，因此定语从句中的be动词应是单数形式。根据题干中的strengthened可知语境为过去的时间，因此设空处的时态为一般过去时，故填was。12(2017江苏卷)Hes been informed that he(not qualify)for the scholarship be
10、cause of his academic background.doesnt qualify解析：句意：他被告知由于他的学术背景，他没有资格获得奖学金。本题考查动词的时态。根据语境可知，宾语从句中所陈述的是现在的情况，故用一般现在时态。13(2017北京卷)In the 1950s in the USA,most families had just one phone at home,and wireless phones(invent)yet.hadnt been invented解析：句意：在20世纪50年代的美国，大多数家庭家中只有一部电话，而且无线电话还没有被发明出来。设空处是句子的
11、谓语动词，与主语之间是被动关系，且动作发生在过去的过去，故要用过去完成时的被动语态。14(2017天津卷)Nowadays,cycling,along with jogging and swimming,(regard)as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.is regarded解析：句意：现如今，与慢跑和游泳一起，骑自行车运动被视为最好的、全面的运动形式之一。设空处是句子的谓语动词，与主语之间是被动关系。句子的主语是cycling，谓语动词要用单数。根据时间状语Nowadays可知时态为一般现在时。15(2017江苏卷)He hurri
12、ed home,never once looking back to see if he(follow)was being followed解析：句意：他匆忙往家赶，从未回头看看是否有人跟着他。本题考查动词的时态、语态及主谓一致。根据句意可知，设空处是被动语态，且表示当时正在被跟踪，从句中主语为he，故填was beingfollowed。16(2016浙江卷)Silk(become)one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC.had become解析：句意：到大约公元前100年丝绸已成为沿丝绸之路交易
13、的主要货物之一。根据句中的时间状语by about 100 BC可知“become”动作发生在“过去的过去”，故用过去完成时。17(2016北京卷)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts(reward)with success in the end.will be rewarded解析：句意：学生们一直都很努力学习功课，最终回报他们努力的将是成功。根据语境可知设空处需用一般将来时；their efforts与reward之间为被动关系，故用被动语态。综上所述，答案应为一般将来时的被动语态。18
14、(2016江苏卷)More efforts,as reported,(make)in the years ahead to accelerate the supply-side structural reform.will be made解析：句意：据报道，为了加速供给侧结构改革，在今后几年将做出更大的努力。根据in the years ahead并结合句意可知，动作发生在将来，故用一般将来时；主语more efforts与make为被动关系，故用被动语态。综上所述，答案为will be made。19(2016江苏卷)Dashan,who(learn)crosstalk,the Chines
15、e comedic tradition,for decades,wants to mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition.has been learning解析：句意：大山学习中国传统喜剧形式相声已经几十年了，他想把它与西方的单口喜剧传统结合起来。根据句意以及for decades可知，学习这一动作从过去一直延续到了现在，并且现在还在进行，故用现在完成进行时；主语Dashan为第三人称单数，故答案为has been learning。20(2016北京卷)Jack(work)in the lab when the power cut occu
16、rred.was working解析：句意：杰克正在实验室工作这时停电了。本题考查“be doing sth.when.”句型。根据题干中的occurred(一般过去时)，可知设空处用过去进行时。.动词的时态英语中不同时间和方式发生的动作或状态要用谓语动词的不同形式来表示，这种表示动作或状态发生时间和方式的动词形式称作动词时态。英语动词有16种时态，但是常用的只有9种：即一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时和现在完成进行时。一、一般现在时一般现在时的构成一般现在时主要由动词的原形表示，当主语是第三人称单数时，谓语一般由动词原形后加-s或
17、-es构成。其变化规则如下：一般现在时的用法1表示经常性、习惯性的动作或现在的状态、特征。句中常用often,usually,every day 等时间状语。如：He _(go)to school every day.(经常性动作)他每天去上学。He _(be)very happy.(现在的状态)他很高兴。2表示状态和感觉的动词，如 be,like,hate,think,remember,find,sound 等常用一般现在时。如：I like English very much.我很喜欢英语。The story _(sound)very interesting.这个故事听起来很有趣。3表示永
18、恒的状态或真理。如：The moon _(move)around the earth.月亮绕着地球转。4时间表、时刻表、日程表、节目单、课程表等按规定、计划将要发生的动作，但限于少数动词，如：begin,come,leave,go,arrive,start,stop,return,open,close,take off等。The plane _(take)off at 6 oclock tomorrow morning.飞机将在明天早上6点钟起飞。5在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如：If it doesnt rain,well go on a picnic.如果不
19、下雨，我们就去野餐。答案：1.goes;is 2.sounds 3.moves 4.takes二、一般过去时一般过去时的构成1一般过去时由动词的过去式表示，规则动词的过去式一般由动词原形加-ed构成，其变化规则如下：2.不规则动词的过去式，见本书附录。一般过去时的用法1表示在过去某个时间发生的动作、存在的状态或过去反复发生的动作。如：He _(see)Mr Wang yesterday.昨天他看见王先生了。She _(look)very well when I last saw her.上次我见她时，她看上去气色很好。2表示过去经常发生的动作，也可用“used to”或“would动词原形”代
20、替。如：During the vacation I often swam/would swim in the sea.假期期间我常在大海里游泳。I used to smoke.我曾经吸烟。点拨 used to 表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。答案：1.saw;looked三、一般将来时1will/shall(1)表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。He _(travel)around Europe this summer.今年夏天他将环游欧洲。(2)表示临时性的决定。Tom is ill and now in hospital.汤姆生病住院了。Really?I _(see)him.
21、真的？我要去看看他。2be going to do(1)表示按计划、打算做某事。计划可能用时较长，计划得比较正式、周密。He is going to make a speech on TV this evening.他今晚将在电视上发表演讲。(2)表示根据现在的迹象，对未来进行推测。Look at the dark clouds.Its going to rain.看这乌云，要下雨了。3be about to do表示瞬间的将来(不与时间状语连用)。The train is about _(start)火车就要发车了。点拨 be about to do 与并列连词 when 连用，表示“正打算
22、这时”。I was about to go out when the telephone rang.我正要出门，这时电话响了。4be to do表示事先商定、安排或准备要做的事情，尤其强调责任、义务等。As a citizen,you are _(report)it to the police.作为一个公民，你有责任向警方汇报此事。答案：1.(1)will travel(2)will see3to start 4.to report四、现在进行时现在进行时的构成形式：am/is/arev.-ing。v.-ing形式的变化规则如下：1.表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲
23、话时的一个动作。Hurry up!Were all waiting for you.快点！我们都等着你呢。He _(work)in a factory these days.这些日子他在一家工厂工作。2表示近期特定的安排或计划。I _(meet)Mr Wang tonight.我今晚要会见王先生。3go,come 等表示起止动作的动词可用进行时代替将来时。Tom _(arrive)in a few hours.再过几个小时汤姆就到了。答案：1.is working 2.am meeting 3.is arriving五、过去进行时1表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某动作在某一阶段内发生或频繁发
24、生。Did you catch what I said?你听见我说的话了吗？Sorry.I _(answer)a text message just now.对不起，我刚才在回短信。2某一动作发生时另一动作正在进行，其中的持续性动作用过去进行时，短暂性动作用一般过去时。I _(have)dinner when you phoned.你打电话时我正在吃饭。答案：1.was answering 2.was having六、将来进行时表示将来某个时刻或阶段正在发生的动作或存在的状态。将来进行时常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。这些常见的标志性状语有：at this time tomorrow,from
25、1：30 to 4：30 the day after tomorrow.Ill be flying to Beijing at two oclock this afternoon.今天下午两点钟我将飞往北京。七、现在完成时现在完成时常与以下时间状语连用：so far,recently,lately,once，twice，three/four/.times,before,ever,by now,in the last/past few years,over a long time,up to now,yet,already,just,since。现在完成时主要用于以下几种情况：1表示过去发生的某
26、一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。Look!Somebody _(clean)the sofa.看！已经有人擦了沙发了。Well,it was me.I do it.哦，是我擦的。2表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在，也可能持续下去的动作或状态。He _(work)here for over 20 years.他已经在这儿工作20多年了。They have been good friends since they met at a meeting.他们自从在一次会议上相遇就成了好朋友。3下列句型中常用现在完成时。(1)It is(has been)一段时间since 从句This(That/It
27、)is the first(second.)timethat 从句(从句用现在完成时)This(That/It)is the best/finest/most interesting.that 从句(从句用现在完成时)Its/It _(be)5 years since we last met.自从我们上次相遇到现在已经5年了。This is the first time that we _(see)a film in the cinema together as a family.这是我们一家人第一次在电影院里看电影。This is the best film that Ive ever se
28、en.这是我看过的最好的电影。(2)在条件、时间、让步状语从句中，表示将来某时以前已完成的动作。Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.直到公交车停下，你才能下车。答案：1.has cleaned 2.has worked3(1)has been;have seen八、过去完成时1过去某一时间或动作前已完成的动作或存在的状态。过去某一时间的动作或状态持续到过去另一时间，还可能持续下去。The train _(leave)when I got to the station.我到车站时火车已经开走了。2用在 hardly/scarcely/rarely.
29、when.和 no sooner.than.句型中，主句常用过去完成时，表示“一就；刚就”。I had hardly(no sooner)got home when(than)the rain poured down.Hardly(No sooner)had I got home when(than)the rain poured down.我刚到家雨就倾盆而下。3有些动词有时用过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或打算。这类动词常见的有：hope,plan,mean,expect,intend,suppose,want,think 等。I _(expect)to pass the test.我原
30、认为可以通过这次考试。答案：1.had left 2.had expected九、现在完成进行时表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还要继续下去。The girl has a great interest in sport and _(take)badminton classes twice a week over the last three years.这个女孩对运动很感兴趣，最近三年来每周上两次羽毛球课。答案：has been taking十、将来完成时1将来完成时表示到将来某一时间，某一动作将会完成，常用的时间状语为“by将来的某个时间”。By this time of nex
31、t year,all of you _(become)college students.到明年的这个时候，你们大家就都成了大学生了。2多与 all the time,this week,all night 等时间状语连用。答案：will have become.动词的语态英语中动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。判断用主动语态还是用被动语态的根据是看主语与谓语动词之间的关系：如果是主谓关系用主动语态，如果是动宾关系则用被动语态。1被动语态的构成(以 do 为例)2.被动语态的用法(1)不知道谁是动作的执行者，或没有必要指明谁是动作
32、的执行者。The window is dirty.I know.It hasnt _(clean)for weeks.窗户脏了。我知道。好几周没擦了。(2)需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身。All the employees except the manager are encouraged to work online at home.除了经理以外，所有的雇员都被鼓励在家网上办公。点拨“get过去分词”也可以表示被动。The patient got treated once a week.那位病人一周得到一次治疗。(3)主动形式表被动意义系动词 look,feel,sound,smell
33、,taste,appear,seem,turn,prove,go,stay,become,get,grow,keep形容词/名词。That food _(smell)nice.那食物味道很好闻。表示开始、结束、运动的动词，如 begin,finish,close,open,start,stop,shut,run,move 等，用主动表示被动。The shop _(close)at 6 pm every day.那家商店每天下午6点关门。表示主语的特征或特点的动词，如 read,write,act,cut,draw,drive,sell,wash,clean,wear,open,lock,shu
34、t,eat,drink 等，用主动形式表示被动意义。注意这类动词一般不单独使用，通常带有一个修饰语。The books sell well.这些书畅销。This coat _(dry)easily.这件外套容易干。答案：2.(1)been cleaned(3)smells;closes;dries.主谓一致主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上和主语一致，一般遵循三个原则，即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。做题时还要注意时态及其他语法及词义的正确性。一、语法一致原则一般地，主语的单复数决定了谓语动词的单复数。但也有一些特殊情况，具体如下：1动名词、动词不定式、不定代词作主语时，谓语动词常用
35、单数。Listening to music _(make)me relaxed after a busy day.听音乐使我在一天的忙碌之后得到了放松。To love and to be loved _(be)the greatest happiness in the world.爱人和被人爱是这个世界上最大的幸福。Everything is in a complete mess,which drives people crazy.所有的事情都毫无头绪，让人发疯。2主语后跟有with,together with,as well as,like,but,except,along with,rat
36、her than,including,in addition to等引起的短语时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。Mr Smith,together with his wife and daughters,_(be)going to visit Beijing this summer.史密斯先生和他的妻子、女儿们今年夏天将要一起参观北京。I think Tom,rather than you _(be)to blame for the accident.我认为是汤姆而不是你该为此事故负责任。3由“kind,type,sort,a quantity of,quantities of”等修饰的
37、主语，其谓语形式常取决于这些词的单复数。This new type of buses is now on show.这种新型的公共汽车现在正在展出。With more and more forests being destroyed,a large quantity of good earth _(be)being washed away each year.With more and more forests being destroyed,quantities of good earth _(be)being washed away each year.随着越来越多的森林被砍伐，每年有大量
38、的沃土被冲走。4“more than one/many a单数可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；each,every,no所修饰的名词作主语时，即使有and连接，谓语动词仍用单数。More than one person is involved in this.与此事有牵连的不止一个人。Every boy and every girl _(wish)to attend the party to be held on Sunday.每个男生和女生都希望参加周日即将举办的聚会。答案：1.makes;is 2.is;is 3.is;are 4.wishes二、意义一致原则意义一致原则指不管主语
39、的形式是单数还是复数，主语的意义决定了谓语动词的单复数。1集体名词作主语时，若被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若被看作是构成集体的一个个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有：family,class,team,group,public,committee,government,audience等。The class consists of 25 boys and 20 girls.这个班由25个男生和20个女生组成。The class are doing experiments.全班学生都在做实验。2the rest of.,the remaining/part.主语，谓语动词应根据
40、句子所表达的单复数意义而定。The factory used three fifths of the raw materials,the rest of which were saved for other purposes.工厂用了这种原材料的五分之三，剩余部分节省出来作为他用。3分数、百分数指代或修饰名词时，谓语动词的单复数取决于它们所表示的意义。About 50%of the land is suitable to grow plants.大约50%的土地适合种植物。About 80%of the people in the city object to the price of run
41、ning water going up.这个城市中大约80%的人反对自来水价格上调。4单复数同形的名词作主语的情况。单复数同形的名词，如means,works,sheep,deer,crossroads,series等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数根据具体情况而定。There are various means of communicating with a stranger.同陌生人交流有很多不同的方法。5从句作主语的情况。从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式，但what引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词要根据从句的意义决定。That Jack has gone abroad _(make)us al
42、l surprised.杰克出国了，这使我们都很惊讶。What he says and acts do not agree.他的言行不一致。(指他说的话和他做的事，是复数概念)答案：5.makes三、就近一致原则1由or,either.or.,neither.nor.,not only.but also.等连接的并列主语，谓语动词常与最近的主语在单复数上保持一致。Either you or one of your students _(be)to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.要么是你或者你的一名学生应该出席明天的会议。2由there,here
43、引起的主语不止一个时，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。There is a dog and two cats at the door.门口有一条狗和两只猫。3在定语从句中，关系代词如果在从句中作主语，应依据先行词决定从句谓语动词的单复数形式；在“one of复数名词who/that/which”引导的从句结构中，从句中的动词用复数形式；但是其前有the only或the very修饰时，则从句中的动词用单数形式。Mary is the only one of the students in our school who _(have)ever been to China.玛丽是我们学校
44、唯一去过中国的学生。答案：1.is 3.has.单句语法填空1I(dream)of becoming a professional manager ever since I was a child.2I neednt have been in that hurry.The flight to New York(cancel)due to the foggy weather.3Will you be available at two oclock tomorrow afternoon?No.I(attend)a lecture then.4Its said that not getting en
45、ough sleep(lead)to poor judgement,lack of creativity,and even depression.have been dreamingwas canceledwill be attendingleads5When the owner Mr Xue saw the money and letter,he(touch)by the students deed and decided to return the money.6Life is like a hot bath.It(feel)good while youre in it,but the l
46、onger you stay in,the more wrinkled you get.7A large number of people(be)keen on dancing to music and the number of the people(go)up by 20%up to now.8Quantities of food(need)for the victims at present.9Every morning it usually(take)me an hour and a half to drive to work although the actual distance
47、is only 20 miles.was touchedfeelsarehas goneare neededtakes10When the lady got on the bus,she(realize)she had left her wallet at home.11Shakespeares play Hamlet(make)into at least ten different films over the past years.12We are confident that the environment(improve)by our further efforts to reduce
48、 pollution.13Being too anxious to help an event develop often(result)in the contrary to our intention.14By the time you have finished this book,your meal(get)cold.15Ill go to the library as soon as I finish what I(do)realizedhas been madewill be improvedresultswill getam doing.单句改错1But as I grow up,
49、I gradually started to become self-centered last year.2How Americans treat their pets seem strange to me.3How I wish I can study in my dream university in four months！4The next day,we got up early and preparing porridge at home.5Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention.grow改为grewseem
50、改为seemscan改为couldpreparing改为preparedattention后加to6She told me she slips and fell due to heart trouble.7The food was tasted good and we had fun together.8I like basketball very much,and I know basketball is also your favorite sport,so I was inviting you to watch the game.9Thank you for all you had do
51、ne for me.Mom,though I may not often say it,I do love you.10Tom,as well as his parents,like playing the guitar.slips改为slipped去掉waswas改为amhad改为havelike改为likes.语篇填空My uncle is a hard-working man.He _1_(get)up early every morning,and he works hard in his fields every day.If it _2_(rain),he will stay in
52、doors,doing his housework.He likes making baskets on his own.In the past five years,he _3_(make)about five hundred baskets.Last year,he _4_(sell)fifty baskets.The other day,I _5_(go)to see my uncle.He told me that he _6_(buy)a new flat in the town soon,which _7_(expect).At this time next year,he _8_
53、(live)in his new flat.During the talk,I also learned that he _9_(earn)enough money to buy a new flat by the end of last month.I hope his new flat _10_(equip)with modern furniture.1 2.3.4.5.67.8.9 10.getsrainshas madesoldwentwould buyhad been expectedwill be livinghad earnedwill be equipped.短文改错David
54、，Sorry to learn that youve put on weight.Eat too much junk food in McDonalds and KFC must be the reason,I guess.You have to realize that foods are not always as health as what was said in the advertisements.If you know more about them,we will find fried chicken and French fries are rich in fat,sugar
55、 and salt.They can make you to gain weight and become sick.Which you ought to have every day are cereal,noodles,rice,fruit and vegetables rather than the junk food.Energy-giving food,body-building food and protective food makes up a balance diet.In word,you must have an idea of how the food is befor
56、e you eat it.I hope my advices can help you improve your health.答案David，Sorry to learn that youve put on weight.EatEating too much junk food in McDonalds and KFC must be the reason,I guess.You have to realize that foods are not always as healthhealthy as what wasissaid in the advertisements.If you k
57、now more about them,weyou will find fried chicken and French fries are rich in fat,sugar and salt.They can make you to gain weight and become sick.WhichWhat you ought to have every day are cereal,noodles,rice,fruit and vegetables rather than the junk food.Energy-giving food,body-building food and protective food makesmake up a balancebalanced diet.In aword,you must have an idea of how the food is before you eat it.I hope my advicesadvice can help you improve your health.