1、第五节 连词和从句 考点一 连词方法点津1确定是否应填并列连词无提示词，设空前后是两个并列的主谓完整的句子、单词、短语等；而且相并列的成分之间是并列、转折、选择或因果关系，应填并列连词。2两个技巧要熟记技巧1：关系分析法分析设空前后单词、短语或分句之间的关系，确定用哪个连词。(1)表示并列或递进关系的有：and,both.and.,not only.but(also).等。(2)表示选择关系的有：or,either.or.,not.but.等。(3)表示转折或对比关系的有：but,while等。(4)表示因果关系的有：so,for等。技巧2：句型法(1)祈使句and/or陈述句。(2)Sb.b
2、e doing sth.when./Sb.be about to do sth.when.真题题组1(2020新高考全国卷)They kept their collection at home untilit got too biguntil they died,and then it was given to amuseum.解析：句意：他们把自己的藏品留在家里，直到收藏变得太大或者自己去世，然后这些藏品被捐给一家博物馆。根据语境可知，前后陈述的是两者可能性，应使用连词or“或者”。故填or。or 2(2019高考全国卷)I work not because I have to，becaus
3、e I want to.解析：not.but.“不是而是”。句意：我工作不是因为我必须工作，而是因为我想工作。but 3(高考全国卷)In much of Asia，especially the socalled“ricebowl”cultures of China,Japan,KoreaVietnam,food is usuallyeaten with chopsticks.解析：and是并列连词，此处连接几个国家。and 考点二 定语从句方法点津1确定是定语从句设空处无提示词，而设空前的主句完整，设空后的句子不完整，且对设空前的某一名词或代词起限定作用，就要考虑填定语从句关系词。2掌握3步
4、法解题技巧(1)分清限制与非限制在先行词的后面出现逗号的，是非限制性定语从句。that不能引导非限制性定语从句。which引导非限制性定语从句可代表主句的全部或部分内容，which意为“这一点”。as引导非限制性定语从句，可置于句中或句首，意为“正如”，其后的谓语动词多是 be seen,be known,be reported,be mentioned,be said,be often the case等。(2)寻找先行词，判断属性(指人还是指物，表时间，地点，还是原因)先行词指人：that/who/whom/whose；先行词指物：that/which/whose等；表时间/地点/原因：w
5、hen/where/why。(3)判断所缺成分，确定关系词缺少主语：that/which/who；缺少动词的宾语：that/which/who/whom；缺少介词的宾语：whom/which；缺少定语：whose；缺少时间、地点或原因状语时，分别用when,where,why。真题题组1(2020高考全国卷).China first had to put a satellite in orbitabove the moon in a spotit could send signals to thespacecraft and to Earth.解析：句意：中国首先必须把一颗人造卫星送入月球轨道
6、上的一个点，人造卫星可以在这个点向航天器和地球发射信号。分析句子可知，空处引导一个定语从句，先行词是a spot，关系词替代先行词在从句中作地点状语，应用where引导。故填where。where 2(2020高考全国卷)In ancient China lived an artistpaintings were almost lifelike.解析：句意：中国古代有一位画家，他的画几乎栩栩如生。此处为定语从句修饰先行词artist，且先行词在从句中作定语，故应用关系代词whose。故填whose。whose 3(2020新高考全国卷)The 80,000 objects collected
7、by Sir HansSloane,for example，formed the core collection of the BritishMuseumopened in 1759.解析：句意：例如，汉斯斯隆爵士8万件藏品构成了1759年开馆的大英博物馆的核心藏品。此处是限制性定语从句，先行词是theBritish Museum，关系词在从句中作主语，应使用关系代词which或that引导。故填which/that。which/that 4(2020高考江苏卷改编)Many lessons are now available online,fromstudents can choose fo
8、r free.解析：句意：许多课程现在都可以在网上找到，学生们可以从中免费选择。此处是非限制性定语从句，先行词是many lessons，关系词在从句中作介词from的宾语，应使用关系代词which引导。故填which。which 5(2019高考全国卷)Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am.to5 pm.daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield，she openedwith her late husband Les.解析：分析句子结构可知，逗号后是非限制性定语从句，the petshop是先行词，定语从句中缺少opened的宾语
9、，故用which引导非限制性定语从句。which 6(2019高考全国卷)They were well trained by their mastershad great experience with caring for these animals.解析：分析句子结构可知，所填词引导定语从句，修饰指人的先行词their masters，且在从句中作主语，故填关系代词who/that。who/that 7(2019高考浙江卷)On the edge of the jacket,there is a piece ofclothgives off light in the dark.解析：分析句
10、子结构可知，空处引导定语从句。先行词为a pieceof cloth，而且空处在从句中作主语，所以用that来引导。that 8(2018高考全国卷)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture findsthat between 2005when the government started a soiltesting programgives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmersand 2011,fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.解析：分析句子结构可知，空格
11、处引导定语从句，a soiltestingprogram是先行词，表示物，且定语从句中缺少主语，故填that/which。that/which 考点三 名词性从句方法点津1确定是名词性从句设空处无提示词，先确定主句的主谓结构，再确定设空后的内容在主句中充当什么成分，主语、宾语、表语或同位语。2利用2个技巧搞定名词性从句技巧1：分析句子成分(1)缺少主语、宾语、表语：用连接代词what,who,whom,which,whatever等。(2)缺少状语(结合句意判断)：用连接副词where(表地点)，when(表时间)，how(表方式)，why(表原因)等。(3)不缺成分，句意缺少“是否”：用if
12、或whether。(4)不缺成分且句意完整：用that。技巧2：结合句意和引导词的本义解题有些引导词在句中有很鲜明的意义，如if“是否”，whoever“无论谁”，whatever“无论什么”，because“因为”，why“为什么”等。结合句意和语境，不难解决这类题目。3牢记what和that的区别(1)that没有实义，也不作任何成分，当从句意义完整、不缺任何成分时用that。(2)what在从句中表示“的(东西)”(有时候可以不翻译)，在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。真题题组1(2020高考浙江卷)Over thousands of years,they began todep
13、end less oncould be hunted or gathered from the wild,and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.解析：句意：在几千年的时间里，他们开始减少对我们从野外采集的猎物的依赖，而更多地依赖他们饲养的动物和播种的庄稼。分析句子结构可知，宾语从句部分缺主语，所以引导词应为连接代词。根据句意，此处缺“什么”之意。故填what。what 2(2020高考江苏卷改编)It is not a problemwe canwin the battle;its just a matter o
14、f time.解析：句意：我们能否打赢这场战斗不是问题；这只是时间问题。根据下文“its just a matter of time”可知，此处指“我们能否打赢这场战斗不是问题”，it是形式主语，whether引导的从句是真正的主语。故填whether。whether 3(2019高考全国卷)While they are rare north of 88，there isevidencethey range all the way across the Arctic，and as farsouth as James Bay in Canada.解析：分析句子结构可知，所填词引导同位语从句，解释
15、说明evidence的具体内容，从句中不缺少成分且意义完整，故用that引导。that 4(2018高考全国卷)Im not sureis more frightened,meor the female gorilla(大猩猩)that suddenly appears out of nowhere.解析：分析句子结构可知，空格处作宾语从句的主语，联系下文中“me or the female gorilla”可知，此处作者把自己和大猩猩作对比，“我不知道我和大猩猩谁更害怕”，故填who。who 5(2018高考北京卷改编)This ismy father has taught meto alw
16、ays face difficulties and hope for the best.解析：句意：这就是父亲教我的总是要面对困难，并且抱最大的希望。分析句子结构可知，空处引导表语从句，并在从句中作taught 的宾语，故应用what。what 考点四 状语从句方法点津1确定是状语从句设空前后两个句子之间含有一定的逻辑关系时，应用状语从句的引导词。2状语从句的特殊考点要记牢(1)连词before的意义及句型It will be一段时间before.，表示“多久以后才”；It wont be一段时间before.表示“用不了多久就会”。(2)连词since的意义及句型It is some tim
17、e(一段时间)since引导的时间状语从句It hasbeen some time(一段时间)since引导的时间状语从句。该固定句型意思是“自从以来已经多长时间了”。(3)whether.or.“无论还是”，引导让步状语从句。(4)where引导地点状语从句。真题题组1(2020高考全国卷)he asked the villagers on the banks ofthe river where he could find the legendary(传奇的)artist,they smiledand pointed down the river.解析：句意：当他问河岸上的村民，他在哪里可以
18、找到这位传奇艺术家时，他们笑着指着河的下游。本句为时间状语从句，表示“当时候”，且从句中动词asked为短暂性动作动词，不能用while引导，故应用when或as引导。句首单词首字母要大写。故填When/As。When/As 2(2019高考天津卷改编)Tom is so independent that he never askshis parents opinionhe wants their support.解析：句意：汤姆很独立，除非他想得到父母的支持，否则他从不征求父母的意见。根据语境可知，这里用从属连词unless“除非”引导条件状语从句。unless 3(2018高考北京卷改编)
19、we dont stop climate change,many animals and plants in the world will be gone.解析：句意：如果我们不能阻止气候变化，世界上的许多动物和植物将会消失。句首单词首字母要大写。故用If引导条件状语从句。If 4(2017高考北京卷改编)If you dont understand something,youmay research,study,and talk to other peopleyou figure it out.解析：句意：如果你不明白某件事情，你可以研究、学习，也可以与其他人讨论，直到弄明白为止。until
20、“直到”，引导时间状语从句。until.单句训练1was first registered in the UK was AI.2But Japan,lacks its own mineral resources,is keen ontaking the theme of a sustainable future a step further.3the resources of our earth are limited,we needto recycle more and avoid waste.WhatwhichAs/Because/Since4Smaller carpets can be
21、washed with water and detergent(洗涤剂),you really need a particular device to clean the larger ones.5It turned out to beattracted the shoppers most.6Looking back,I know the greatest difficulty on our way to successis our fear.Overcome it，we will be able to achieve our goals.7Some watch TVgo to the cin
22、ema.Others take part in sports.butwhatandor8If you miss this chance,it may be yearsyou get another one.9Anyone,he is an official or a bus driver,should beequally respected.10Well reach the sales targets in a monthwe set at thebeginning of the year.11My daughter,job requires her to do a lot of travel
23、ling,isalways away from home.beforewhetherthat/whichwhose12There are many good websitesyou can check out thelatest in the science world.13It is often the caseanything is possible for those who hangon to hope.14The problem iswe can improve our reading skills in such ashort time.15I feel it a pityI ha
24、vent been to the gettogether.wherethathowthat.语篇专练The expression“keeping up with the Joneses”was first used in1913 by a young American 1.was called Arthur Momand.Hebegan earning$125 a week at the age of 23,2.was a lot of moneyin those days.He and his wife moved to a very wealthy neighborhoodoutside
25、New York City.3.he saw that rich people rode horses,Momand went riding every day.When he saw 4.rich people hadservants,Momand also hired a servant and gave big parties for their newneighbors.It was like a race,5.the race ended when they could no longer pay for their new way of life.They moved back t
26、o an apartment in New York City.Momand looked around him 6.noticed that many people did 7.they could to keep up with rich lifestyle of their neighbors.He called it“keeping up with the Joneses”8.“Jones”is a very common name in the United States.He not only saw the funny side of it，9.also started to w
27、rite a series of short stories.The stories sold well and gradually“keeping up with the Joneses”became an idiom 10.was commonly used by many people.语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。在英语中，keeping up with the Joneses意为“与他人攀比”。本文讲述了这个表达的由来。1解析：who或that引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语。答案：who/that2解析：此处为关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句，which指代先行词$125 a
28、week，并在从句中作主语。答案：which3解析：句意：当他看到富人骑马时，Momand每天都去骑马。when引导时间状语从句。答案：When4解析：句意：当他看到富人有仆人时，Momand也雇了一个仆人，并为他们的新邻居举办盛大的聚会。that引导宾语从句。答案：that5解析：句意：这就像是一场赛跑，但是这场赛跑最终以Momand夫妇不再能够负担起这种新生活方式而结束。本空前后两句为转折关系，故用but。答案：but6解析：looked around和noticed为并列关系，故用and。答案：and7解析：what引导宾语从句。答案：what8解析：两句之间为因果关系，故用becaus
29、e/as。答案：because/as9解析：此处为 not only.but also.结构，意为“不仅而且”。答案：but10解析：which或that引导定语从句，修饰先行词idiom。答案：which/that.仿真题组A(2020安徽合肥高三第三次质检)Hidden beneath the ocean watersand often 1.(call)the“rainforests of the sea”，coral reefs(珊瑚礁)aresome of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth,with perhaps onequarter ofal
30、l ocean species relying on reefs for 2.(survive)Being home tocountless sea 3.(creature),coral reefs are important ecosystemsfor coastal people,too.It is estimated 4.coral reefs contributebillions of dollars to world economies annually,5.(provide)food,protection of shorelines,and jobs.Unfortunately,c
31、oral species are being 6.(severe)threatened,many of which 7.(destroy)by pollution,overfishing practices,and other impacts over the past centuries.Climate change,which results in rising ocean temperatures and ocean acidification(酸化)，8.(be)the most pressing threat to coral reefs now.High water tempera
32、tures cause corals to lose the algae(海藻)that provide them with food，9.makes the corals appear white or bleaching(白化)and can increase outbreaks of infectious disease.A team of researchers are trying to develop super corals at their research center at the moment.They began by selecting certain coral s
33、pecies that seem to have adapted to the changing ocean conditions better 10.others.Hopefully,the super corals will not only survive but thrive in the warmer and increasingly acidic oceans.语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了珊瑚礁对海洋生物和沿海人民的重要性，同时指出珊瑚礁正在受到污染、过度捕捞等严重威胁。研究者们正在努力研发一种超级珊瑚来缓解该问题。1解析：考查非谓语动词。分析句子可知，此处是非谓语动词作
34、状语，逻辑主语coral reefs和call之间是动宾关系，应用过去分词，故填called。答案：called2解析：考查词性转换。分析句子可知，此处应用名词作为介词for的宾语，故填survival。答案：survival3解析：考查名词的单复数。creature“生物”是可数名词，由上文的countless判断用该词的复数形式，故填creatures。答案：creatures4解析：考查主语从句的引导词。分析句子可知，此处是主语从句的连接词，从句“coral reefs contribute billions of dollars toworld economies annually”的
35、成分和意义都完整，应用连接词that，故填that。答案：that5解析：考查非谓语动词。分析句子可知，此处是非谓语动词作状语，逻辑主语coral reefs和provide之间是主谓关系，应用现在分词，故填providing。答案：providing6解析：考查词性转换。此处应用副词修饰动词threaten，故填severely。答案：severely7解析：考查动词的时态和语态。分析句子可知，此处是定语从句的谓语动词，由下文的over the past centuries判断为现在完成时，从句主语which指代先行词coral species，和destroy之间是动宾关系，故应用现在完成
36、时的被动语态，主语是复数，故填havebeen destroyed。答案：have been destroyed8解析：考查主谓一致。分析句子可知，此处是句子谓语动词，主语climate change是第三人称单数，且此处讲述一般事实，应用一般现在时，故填is。答案：is9解析：考查定语从句的引导词。分析句子可知，此处是非限制性定语从句的关系词，先行词是前面的整个句子，它在从句中充当主语，应用关系代词which，故填which。答案：which10解析：考查介词。根据better判断此处填介词than，better than“比好”，故填than。答案：thanB(2020山西大同一中高三下3
37、月考)Chinese oracle bone inscriptions(甲骨文)over 3,000 years old are now being 1.(wide)used as emojis by young WeChat users,thanks to a person who made them 2.(close)to peoples life than before.“The ancient characters are not as cool and distant as they are supposed to be，”said the 3.(create)Chen Nan.“I
38、n fact,they are cute and humorous,and they could totally serve our needs for online expression.”4.46yearold professor of fine art at Tsinghua University has been working to make oracle bone inscriptions into emojis.For example,the character for“zui”，5.means“drunk”in English,was created 6.(look)like
39、a stumbling figure.Chen has also combined the ancient Chinese characters with cartoon figures.A cartoon video clip 7.(feature)oracle bone inscriptions designed by him was viewed 31 million times and shared 140,000 times.Chen worked on the road of innovation 19 years ago.In 2016,the ancient typeface
40、8.(include)into the font library under his efforts to let the ancient words walk into peoples life.Now the library has as many as 3,500 characters,9.Chens research on the project still continues,as he plans to extend the library to 7,000 characters.In the future,he will apply the ancient characters
41、10.education and development of games and apps.语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了中国有着3 000多年历史的甲骨文正在被年轻的微信用户们用作表情包广泛使用。1解析：考查词性转换。修饰动词used应用副词，故填widely。答案：widely2解析：考查形容词的比较级。句意：这多亏了一个人让它贴近了我们的生活。根据后面的than before可知，空处用形容词比较级。故填closer。答案：closer3解析：考查名词。句意见上题解析。根据语境可知，此处指产品的创造者，应用名词creator。故填creator。答案：creator4解析：考查
42、冠词。句意：这位46岁的清华大学美术教授一直致力于将甲骨文的文字转化为表情符号。此处特指46yearoldprofessor，应用定冠词the。故填The。答案：The5解析：考查定语从句的引导词。句意：例如，“醉”这个字，英文意思是喝多了，被设计的看起来就像一个歪歪斜斜地倒着的人。此处是非限制性定语从句，先行词the character for“zui”，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，应使用which引导。故填which。答案：which6解析：考查非谓语动词。句意见上题解析。根据句意可知，此处使用不定式表示目的。故填to look。答案：to look7解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：一个由他设
43、计的甲骨文动画视频浏览量达3 100万次，被分享了14万次。此处feature与acartoon video clip是逻辑上的主谓关系，应使用现在分词作后置定语，表示主动。故填featuring。答案：featuring8解析：考查动词的时态和语态。句意：2016年甲骨文被纳入字体库，古老的文字走进了人们的生活。根据时间状语in 2016可知，用过去时态，the ancient typeface与include之间是动宾关系，应用被动语态。故填was included。答案：was included9解析：考查连词。句意：现在，甲骨文字体库里已有3 500个汉字，不过陈楠的研究工程仍在继续。
44、根据句意可知，前后句为转折关系。故填but/yet。答案：but/yet10解析：考查介词。句意：将来，他还打算将甲骨文元素融入文化教育产业、小游戏开发、App等领域。此处是固定短语：apply.to.“把应用到中”。故填to。答案：toC(2020黑龙江哈尔滨市第三中学三模)China announced onMonday it will provide$2 billion over two years to help to battleCOVID19,1.has affected over 7 billion people and taken over300,000 lives 2.(gl
45、obe)and with economic and socialdevelopment in affected countries,especially developing countries.3(give)that some African countries have weak public health systems,supplying more material,technological and personnel support 4.them must be the top priority in COVID19 response.Since the outbreak,Chin
46、a 5.(send)a tremendous quantity of medical supplies and 6.(assist)as well as five Chinese 7.(medicine)expert teams to over 50 African countries.Besides,China is ready to work with the international community to help 8.hardesthit countries under the greatest pressure from debt.With the virus still ra
47、ging,the most urgent task is 9.(make)allout efforts in COVID19 control and treatment.We mustalways put the people first，10.nothing in the world is moreprecious than peoples lives.语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国面对新冠病毒的做法。1解析：考查非限制性定语从句的引导词。句意：中国周一宣布将在未来两年内提供20亿美元帮助抗击新型冠状病毒，这场灾难已经影响了全球70多亿人，夺走了30多万人的生命，并且影响了特
48、别是发展中国家的经济和社会发展。分析句子可知，先行词为COVID19，在从句中作主语，且本句为非限制性定语从句，因此引导词只能用which。故填which。答案：which2解析：考查词性转换。句意见上题解析。分析句子可知，修饰动词lives用globe的副词形式globally。故填globally。答案：globally3解析：考查固定搭配。句意：鉴于一些非洲国家的公共卫生系统薄弱，提供更多的物质、技术和人员支持使其成为应对新型冠状病毒的首要任务。given that为固定搭配，意为“鉴于”。故填Given。答案：Given4解析：考查固定搭配。句意见上题解析。短语supply sth.t
49、o sb.为固定搭配，意为“向某人提供某物”。故填to。答案：to5解析：考查动词的时态。句意：自疫情暴发以来，中国向50多个非洲国家提供了大量的医疗物资和援助，并派出了5个中国医疗专家小组。结合上文since the outbreak可知此句用现在完成时态，且主语为第三人称单数。故填has sent。答案：has sent6解析：考查词性转换。句意见上题解析。分析句子可知，此处and连接两个并列成分，结合名词supplies，可知空处应填assist的名词形式assistance。故填assistance。答案：assistance7解析：考查词性转换。句意见第5题解析。分析句子可知，修饰名
50、词expert teams用medicine的形容词形式medical。故填medical。答案：medical8解析：考查冠词。句意：另外，中国在巨大的债务压力下，同国际社会一道共同帮助受灾最严重的国家。分析句子，结合空后最高级形式hardesthit countries可知，用定冠词the。故填the。答案：the9解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：随着病毒的肆虐，最紧迫的任务是全力控制和治疗COVID19。分析句子可知，此处不定式作表语。故填to make。答案：to make10解析：考查连词。句意：我们必须始终把人民放在第一位，因为世界上没有什么比人的生命更宝贵。上文描述“We mustalways put the people first”我们必须始终把人民放在第一位，下文描述“nothing in the world is more precious than peoples lives”世界上没有什么比人的生命更宝贵，上下文具有明显的因果关系。故填because/as/for/since。答案：because/as/for/since