1、第五部分 阅读理解七选五阅读理解七选五 题型解读 解题攻略 高考练兵题型解读阅读理解七选五这一题型主要是根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，选项中有两项为多余选项。该题型的备选项可分为主旨概括句（文章整体内容）、过渡性句子（文章结构）和注释性句子（上下文逻辑意义）三类。其多余的两个干扰项也往往从这三方面进行设置，例如主旨概括句或过于宽泛或以偏概全或偏离主题，过渡性句子不能反映文章的行文结构，注释性句子与上文脱节等。阅读理解七选五主要有以下几个特点：1.此类试题的材料一般是一篇300词左右的说明文或议论文，其中正文词数为240左右，选项词数为70左右。2.短文篇章结构常
2、为：提出问题解决问题的模式。3.七个选项意义上都与短文相关，设空类型一般有标题类、段落主题句类、过渡句类、细节类；4.选项多为完整的句子，但也有考查复合句的一部分的情况，句型不一；5.选项顺序通常为从短至长。解题攻略分析篇章结构，把握全篇文脉是阅读填空题解题的关键，英语的语篇通常是由句子和语段构成的，语段是句子和语篇之间的中间层次，句子虽然能够单独地表达相对完整的思想，但是它不能表达多方面的、比较复杂的思想，只有把几个句子结合为较大的言语片段，才能表达一个相对独立的层意，所谓的“积句而成章，积章而成篇”就是这个道理。分析文章的层次包含两种形式：一种是分析整篇文章的层次，也就是段落；另一种是分析
3、每一个段落内部的层次，也就是语篇层次。语篇与段落是有区别的，语段是篇章结构的中间层次，是由句子到篇的一种过渡形式，段落（paragraph）是在某些语体（如记叙文、议论文）中比语段更大的意义单位，较小的段落可以只包括一个语段或一个句子，一般来说，一个段落通常由几个语段构成。构成语段的方式有两种，一是靠句际间意义的结合，二是靠句际间的关联词，逻辑性插入语来连接。在分析语段层次时，可以借助句际间的连接词语作出判断，但最主要的还是要真正体会句际间的意义关系，把握作者的思路，从语序上去发现断续点，理清层次，好文章的层次非常清晰，只有层层入手，才能真正理解文章。（一）解题步骤在高考的现场如果考生用大量的
4、时间来彻底读懂文章的意思其实是不现实的，也是没有必要的，我们可以尝试以下四步走。（1）先读文章的开始部分，明确文章的基本话题，然后仔细阅读五个空各自的前后句寻找并画出关键词。（2）要对文章中出现的衔接手段保持敏感度。衔接手段分为三种：词汇衔接、逻辑衔接、结构衔接。可按这几个原则判断原文的空与选项是否匹配。（3）一旦确定一个选项，就要在该选项上做出标记（例如可以删掉），以避免干扰和分散注意力。（4）将选项代入到文章中重读，依据行文逻辑，再次确定选项。（二）答题技巧1.从细节逻辑上判断转折关系。转折关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句构成逆转逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间是逻辑上的逆转，则空格处很有可
5、能是个转折逻辑的句子。表示转折关系的连接词有：however（然而），nevertheless（仍然，然而，不过），nonetheless（尽管如此，依然，然而），still（还；然而），though（可是，不过，然而），yet（然而），in spite of（不顾，不管），at any rate（无论如何，至少），in any case（无论如何，不管怎样），whoever（无论是谁），whatever（无论什么），on the contrary（正相反），in contrast（与此相反，相比之下），by contrast（相反，相比之下）等。【例题】全国卷Business is the
6、organized approach to providing customers with the goods and services they want.The word business also refers to an organization that provides these goods and services.Most busin esses seek to make a profit（利润）that is,they aim to achieve income that is more than the costs of operating the business.1
7、D.However，some businesses only seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs.解析根据前面的“make a profit”（赚取利润），同时结合后面的“Commonly called nonprofits”（通常叫做非盈利商业），表明前后是对比的，因此D项中的however起到了这种转折的作用。同时根据前句中的the costs of operating the business也可以和D项中的operating costs 联系起来。答案 D2.从细节逻辑上判断因果关系。因果关系主要指前后的句子有着原因和结
8、果之间的关系，这种关系往往说明了前因后果或者前果后因等情况。表示因果关系的连词有as a result（结果），thus/therefore（因此），so（such）（如此以至于）等。【例题】北京卷Large cities were impossible until agriculture became industrialized.Even in advanced agricultural societies.It took about ninety-five people on farms to feed five people in cities.4A.That kept cities
9、very small.解析空格的上一句话提到了，即使在先进的农业社会，也需要大约95个农民养活5个城市人，这只有一个结果，就是使得城市很小，与A项信息呼应。答案 A3.从细节逻辑上判断例证关系。前后句的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式多样，但就其本质而言无非是思维上的形象（例子、类比等）和抽象（观点）的辩证关系，用到的思维过程无非就是基本的归纳（从例子到观点）和推理（从观点到例子）。【例题】2019浙江卷After they were given an invitation to appear live on BBC,the Beatles quickly became famous
10、 in Britain with nationwide tours.By mid-1963，the Beatles had been extremely popular in England.32 They held large concerts and performed at clubs.解析段中衔接句。根据空前一句“By mid-1963popular in England.”可知，甲壳虫乐队在英国很受欢迎。B项“Even their hairstyles became major trends”，甚至他们的发型都成为当时的流行趋势，与上文构成递进关系。故选B项。答案 B（Even th
11、eir hairstyles became major trends at that time.）4.从细节逻辑上判断递进关系。递进关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句是一种顺承逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间是逻辑上的层进关系，则空格处很有可能是个递进的句子。表示递进关系的连词有：also（也，而且），further（另外），furthermore（而且，此外），likewise（同样地，照样地；也，又），similarly（相似地，类似地），moreover（而且，再者，此外），in addition（另外，加之），whats more（更重要的是），too（也，还），either（也），nei
12、ther（两者都不），not onlybut also（不但而且）等。【例题】2019全国卷37If the air youre breathing is cleanwhich it would be if youre away from the smog of citiesthen the air is filled with life-giving，energizing oxygen.If you exercise out of doors，your body will learn to breathe more deeply，allowing even more oxygen to ge
13、t to your muscles（肌肉）and your brain.解析下文暗示题。根据下一句中提到的“If the air youre breathing is cleanthe air is filled with life-giving，energizing oxygen”可知，新鲜空气充满赋予人生命的、充满活力的氧气。下文中“breathe more deeply，allowing more oxygen to get to your muscles and your brain”是对前文的递进：在户外，更多的氧气进入你的肌肉和大脑。根据前面的分析可以推知，该空应该提到新鲜空气的基
14、本作用，根据常识，我们知道吸入的空气首先进入的是肺部，然后才会使我们的肌肉和大脑受益，故该空应选A项：新鲜空气清洁我们的肺部。答案 A（Fresh air cleans our lungs.）5.从细节逻辑上判断并列关系。表示列举关系的有：first（首先，第一），sec ond（第二），third（第三），firstly（第一，首先），sec ondly（第二，其次），thirdly（第三）；first（第一），next（其次），then（那么，然后），in the first place（第一，首先），in the sec ond place（第二，其次），for one thing（首先
15、，一则），for another thing（其次），to begin with（首先，第一），to conclude（首先，第一）等。【例题】2019全国卷We all grew up hearing people tell us to“go out and get some fresh air.”36 According to recent studies，the answer is a big YES，if the air quality in your camping area is good.解析承上启下句。上句提到大家都说我们应出去呼吸新鲜空气，下句的关键信息“the answer
16、 is a big YES”是对某个问题作出的回答，由此可判断设空处应是一个一般疑问句，故E项符合语境。答案 E（But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?）6.从试题位置上判断问题在段首。假如问题出现在段首，它通常是段落主题句。认真阅读后文内容，根据段落一致性原则，查找同义词或其他相关的词，推断出主题句。另外着重阅读后文第一两句，锁定线索信号词，然后在选项中查找相关特征词。通常正确答案的最后一句与空白后的第一句在意思上是紧密衔接的，因此这两句间会有某种的衔接手段，尤其当选项是几句话时。【例题】2019
17、浙江卷33 They were not sure how the Americans would react to the new type of music.Beatlemania hit New York on February 7,1964.Hundreds of fans jammed the airport to greet them.解析段落总起句。设空位于句首，应该起到引出下文的作用。根据空后内容“They were not sure how the Americans would react to the new type of music.”可知，他们在美国也大受欢迎，由此可
18、知A项“1964年他们决定去美国巡演”能很好地引出下文。故选A项。答案 A（They decided on a tour to the United States in 1964.）7.从词汇线索上判断同义词/近义词/上下义词/同一范畴词。英语前言后语之间往往有同义词、近义词、近义表达语甚至相同词汇的重复使用，这是我们解题的一个很好的判断线索。其实就其本质而言，上文讲的代词和下文将涉及的上下义词和同一范畴词都是特殊的同义/近义词。上下义词和同一范畴词就是前者包含了后者，或可以说后者是前者的一个子集。利用前后句中这样的特殊的同义关系常常可以很轻松地解题。【例题】2019浙江卷Beatlemani
19、a hit New York on February 7,1964.Hundreds of fans jammed the airport to greet them.34The concert was broadcast live and attracted the largest one night audience in the history of television up to that time.解析根据空后的concert 及broadcast可知，他们的音乐会非常成功，且G项中的concert与之相呼应，故选G。答案 G（They performed their first
20、concert in America at CBS televisions 53rd street studio.）8.从词汇线索上判断代词。英语表达中的代词出现的频率极高，代词的作用是指代前面提及的名词或形容词概念，巧妙利用这样的指代关系和根据代词的单复数差异可以准确而快速地解题。【例题】2019全国卷Hospital patients who see tree branches out their window are likely to recover at a faster rate than patients who see buildings or sky instead.39It
21、 gives us a great feeling of peace.解析前文提到“Greenery is good for us.”，C项与前文在意义上构成递进关系，解释了绿色植物为人体带来益处，且与下句“It gives us a great feeling of peace.”意思上承接，符合语境。句中的it应该代指being in nature。答案 C（Being in nature refreshes us.）9.从试题位置上判断问题在段尾。所选答案是引出下一段的内容。如果在选项中找不出与前文之间的关联，此时可考虑与下一段开头是否有一定的衔接。认真阅读下一段开头几句，看是否与选项的
22、最后一句紧密连接起来。分析与前文是转折或是对比关系。此时要注意在选项中查找表示转折、对比的关联词，同时注意选项中所讲内容是否与前文在同一主题上形成对立、对比关系。如果第一段的段尾是空白，要认真阅读，看此处是细节还是主题。通常文章第一段要提出文章的主题，如果在段尾提出主题，会用一些信号词如转折词引出来，正确答案中应有这样的特征词。段尾通常是结论、概括性语句。注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结等的信号词，如therefore，as a result，thus，hence，in short，to sum up，to conclude，in a word等词语，选项中也可发现前文的同义词句。【例题】
23、Some think that a womans body cells have a tendency to age more slowly than a mans.Others think that a mans body cells have a tendency to age more quickly.40 解析设空出现在段尾。文章最后说女性身体细胞老化得比男人慢，或者说男人的细胞比女人老化得快，这两种可能性都得到了目前研究的支持，故选E项。答案 E（Therefore，women are more healthy than men and can live a better life.
24、）高考练兵Passage 12020全国卷A Few Tips for Self-AcceptanceWe all want itto accept and love ourselves.But at times it seems too difficult and too far out of reach.1 Heres a handful of ways that will set you in the right direction.2 Do not follow the people who make you feel not-good-enough.Why do you follow
25、 them?Are you hoping that eventually you will feel empowered because your life is better than theirs?Know that your life is your own；you are the only one in this world.Forgive yourself for mistakes that you have made.We are often ashamed of our shortcomings，our mistakes and our failures.3 You will m
26、ake mistakes，time and time again.Rather than getting caught up in how you could have done better，why not offer yourself a compassionate（有同情心）response?“That didnt go as planned.But，I tried my best.”Recognize all of your strengths.Write them down in a journal.Begin to train your brain to look at stren
27、gth before weakness.List all of your accomplishments and achievements.You have a job，earned your degree，and you got out of bed today.4 Now that youve listed your strengths，list your imperfections.Turn the page in your journal.Put into words why you feel unworthy，why you dont feel good enough.Now，rea
28、d these words back to yourself.5 Turn to a page in your journal to your list of strengths and achievements.See how awesome you are?A.Feeling upset again?B.Where do you start?C.Nothing is too small to celebrate.D.Remember，you are only human.E.Set an intention for self-acceptan ce.F.Stop comparing you
29、rself with others.G.When does the comparison game start?语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了几个自我接纳的小技巧。1.B解析 根据题目A Few Tips for Self-Acceptan ce及下文的“Heres a handful of ways that will set you in the right direction.”（这有很多可以帮你找到正确方向的方法。）可知，选项B.Where do you start?（从哪里开始呢？）最合下文语境，故选B项。2.F解析根据下文“Are you hoping that event
30、ually you will feel empowered because your life is better than theirs?Know that your life is your own；you are the only one in this world.”（你是否希望最终你会因为自己的生活比他们的好而感到有力量？要知道，你的生活是你自己的；你在这个世界上是独一无二的。）可知，本段主要讲述不要把自己和别人作比较，因为生活是我们自己的，我们也是世界上独一无二的。故F.Stop comparing yourself with others.（停止把自己和别人进行比较。）可以作为本
31、段中心句，故选F项。3.D解析根据本文的中心句“Forgive yourself for mistakes that you have made.”（原谅自己所犯的错误。）及下文的“You will make mistakes，time and time again.”（你会一次又一次地犯错误。）可知，选项D.Remember，you are only human.（记住，你只是个人。）与上下文衔接最好，故选D项。4.C解析根据上文“List all of your accomplishments and achievements.You have a job，earned your degr
32、ee，and you got out of bed today.”（列出你所有的成就。你有了一份工作，拿到了学位，今天就起床了。）可知，选项C.Nothing is too small to celebrate.（没有什么事是太小而不值得庆祝。）与上文衔接最好，故选C项。5.A解析结合上文“Put into words why you feel unworthy，why you dont feel good enough.Now，read these words back to yourself.”（用语言来解释为什么你觉得自己不值得，为什么你觉得自己不够好。现在，自己读一下这些话。）和下文的
33、“Turn to a page in your journal to your list of strengths and achievements.See how awesome you are?”（翻到你日记本上记下你的优点和成就的那页。看到你有多棒了吗？）可知，选项A.Feeling upset again?（再次感觉心烦意乱了吗？）最合上下文语境，故选A项。Passage 22019浙江卷Rock music consists of many different styles.Even though there is a common spirit among all music gr
34、oups，they make very different music.6 At that time the Beatles entered the world of music from Liverpool.After they were given an invitation to appear live on BBC，the Beatles quickly became famous in Britain with nationwide tours.By mid-1963，the Beatles had been extremely popular in England.7 They h
35、eld large concerts and performed at clubs.They became the hottest thing on the pop music scene in England.They began as a modestly successful musician group and ended the year as show busin ess legends（传说）.John Lennon and Paul McCartney were named composers of the year.8 They were not sure how the A
36、mericans would react to the new type of music.Beatlemania hit New York on February 7，1964.Hundreds of fans jammed the airport to greet them.9 The concert was broadcast live and attracted the largest one night audience in the history of television up to that time.The Beatles were described as a Briti
37、sh invasion（入侵）by local and nationwide newspapers at that time.Their victory in America was still remembered as a major turning point in the history of rock and roll.Thanks to the Beatles，a lot of opportunities were opened up to new faces on the market.10 A.They decided on a tour to the United State
38、s in 1964.B.Even their hairstyles became major trends at that time.C.Rock music developed in the 1950s and the early 1960s.D.However，their songs changed the lives of generations to come.E.Many rock bands were able to follow in the footsteps of the Beatles.F.They appeared in the films A Hard Days Nig
39、ht（1964）and Help！（1965）.G.They performed their first concert in America at CBS televisions 53rd street studio.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文中讲述了披头士的发展和影响，引领了一种潮流趋势。6.C解析 第一段讲述摇滚音乐，根据空后的“At that time”可知前句提到了时间，而且与rock music有关，选项中只有C项讲的是摇滚音乐，并且讲述了其发展的时间。故选C项。7.B解析空前后都是讲述披头士的出名程度，根据空前“extremely popular in England”以及后
40、文的“They became the hottest thing”可知此处描述了他们的影响，B项（甚至他们的发型在那时也成为了一种潮流）符合文意，且关键词even是一个提示。故选B项。8.A解析根据空后“They were not sure how the Americans would react to the new type of music.”（他们不确定美国人怎样反应），可知他们首次来美国演出，所以A项（决定首次到美国开巡回演出）符合文意。故选A项。9.G解析根据空后“The concert was broadcast live”可知前句中应该出现concert，G项中的关键词their first concert 前后呼应。故选G项。10.E解析根据空前（由于披头士，市场上出现了很多机会），E项（很多新乐队（新面孔）都是模仿披头士），符合逻辑。故选E项。