1、第七部分 语法填空第七部分 语法填空 题型解读 解题攻略 高考练兵题型解读语法填空是近年来高考英语推出的一种新题型。这种题型能全面检测学生在英语词汇、语法，甚至是句法上的运用能力，能更科学地反映学生的英语综合水平。本题型分两种情况：一种为已给单词提示，一种为不给单词提示。1.语法填空概括（1）选材:200词左右，话题贴近学生生活。（2）命题形式：纯空格形式（34个），有提示词的（56个）。（3）考查内容：考生在篇章中综合运用语法知识的能力。（4）考点设置：词法、句法和逻辑关系方面的知识。（5）分值分配：共10小题，满分15分。（6）建议用时：68 分钟2.语法填空的三种类型（1）单纯空格试题（
2、2）动词变形试题（3）词性转换试题解题攻略1.已给单词提示题型的技巧。通常考动词、形容词和副词的比较级或最高级词类转换等。一个空格可以填1至3个单词。此类题可以考查学生对单词形式变化的掌握程度。单词形式变化主要有两种，一是词的形、数、式的变化，一是词的派生变化。在判断出词的变化之后还应该进一步审题，看是否需要使用复合的变化形式，这一点是很重要的。（1）名词形式变化。名词的形式变化主要有单数、复数、所有格的变化。【例题】There are many students living at school，the（child）houses are all far from schoolchildren
3、s解析由students一词可以判断出横线处应填复数，且作为houses的定语，所以应用其所有格形式，故答案为child的复合变化形式复数的所有格childrens。（2）动词形式变化。动词的形式变化比较多，有谓语的变化（时态、语态、语气），有非谓语的变化（不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词）。句中没有谓语，或者虽然已有谓语动词，但需填的词与已存在谓语主语一致，且中间有并列或转折连词时，需填的词则是谓语动词，就要考虑时态和语态，时态考虑要瞻前顾后，同时还要兼顾主谓一致以及虚拟语气。【例1】A talk（give）tomorrow is written by Professor Zhang.to
4、 be given解析句中的is written是整句的谓语，所以横线处所填的动词应当用作非谓语。从tomorrow可以看出，报告是“将来”作的，故用不定式；且报告是give动作的承受者，故可以判断出横线所在处用give的不定式被动式to be given。【例2】Nobody knows what（happen）if she had refused to pay.would have happened解析考查虚拟语气。若句中已有谓语动词，又不是并列谓语时，所给动词就是非谓语动词。若是非谓语动词就要确定用doing形式，done形式，还是to do形式。非谓语的形式一定要考虑它与其逻辑主语之间
5、的关系。【例1】He saw the stone，（say）to himself:“The night will be very dark.”saying【例2】The headmaster went into the lab，（follow）by the foreign guests.followed（3）代词形式变化。代词形式变化通常是与人称变化有关的三大类五小类，即人称代词（主格和宾格）、物主代词（形容词性和名词性）、反身代词。另外还有几个不定代词的形式变化，如no onenone，otheranother等。【例题】The king decided to see the painter
6、 by（he）.himself解析由介词by可以看出，横线处应填反身代词himself。（4）形容词、副词比较级变化。英语中大部分形容词和表方式的副词都有原级、比较级和最高级的变化。构成比较级和最高级的方式，或通过加后缀-er和-est，或在词前moreless和mostleast，且形容词的最高级还要加冠词the。【例题】I am（tall）than Liu WenHe is the tallest students in my classless tall解析此题后句交代了Liu Wen是班上最高的学生，那“我”肯定比他矮，所以不能用taller，只能用表示程度不如的“less tall”
7、。（5）数词形式变化。数词的形式变化包括基数词、序数词，或加后缀-teen、-ty的变化，甚至还有作分母用的序数词的单复数形式，以及onetwo的特殊变化形式 oncetwice。【例题】To my three sons I leave my seventeen horsesMy eldest son shall take a half，my sec ond son shall take a（three）.third解析从上下文连续起来理解，这是一个分马的计划，大儿子分得a half，也就是“一半”或“二分之一”，那么二儿子应该得“三分之一”，所以要填入作分母的序数词“third”才能命中目标
8、。（6）词的派生。词的派生现象在英语单词中是很常见的，派生现象主要发生在名词、动词、形容词、副词四种词中。这种题型还有可能检测学生对词根、前后缀、派生词的掌握。【例题】Lious lost his wallet yesterday，so he was very（happiness）unhappy解析在这道题中，学生很容易判断出该用形容词；钱包丢了，人应该是不开心的，所以要再加个前缀un，就成了unhappy。2.未给单词提示题型的技巧。通常考冠词、介词、代词和连词等四类词。一个空格只能填一个单词。（1）固定短语结构。根据句中横线前后及整句来判断横线前后是否构成一个固定短语，但有时要对横线前或后
9、的几个单词“视而不见”才能命中答案。【例1】The children were playing on the ground，enjoying，dirty but happy.themselves解析从句中的happy可以猜出孩子们是开心的，所以应用enjoy oneself短语，故其答案为themselves。【例2】His boss wasangry as to fire himso解析如果“跳过”横线后面的angry，就可以发现这里用到一个关联短语soas to，所以，so是正解。（2）从句引导词。从句引导词是此题型最为常见的一个方向，主要检测学生对引导词的掌握程度。【例1】He did
10、not donehis father had asked him to dowhat解析审题可知，横线所在为宾语从句的引导词，此引导词在从句中充当宾语，且指物，所以是what。【例2】Thosewant to go to the village must sign herewho解析经过观察可以判断横线所在为定语从句的引导词，进一步观察可知先行词为those，且指人，所以只能填入who，在定语从句中作主语。（3）短语动词结构。短语动词是以动词为中心的两个或多个词构成的短语，此类短语中往往是动词与介词或副词连用的多些。【例1】The US consistsfifty statesof解析根据常识
11、可知，美国由50个州组成，故横线处与前一词组合，表示“由组成”，所以答案是of。【例2】Mrs Baker was ill，so her daughter had to ask for leave to takeof hercare解析生病需要人照顾，所以答案是care，与前后词构成take care of。（4）短语介词结构。短语介词即多个词的组合。起介词作用的短语，如：except for，due to等。【例1】Mr Smith took a plane to Londonof taking a train.instead解析此题中说到两种交通工具，所以可以理解此句有“坐而不是坐”的意思
12、，故答案为instead，以构成介词短语instead of。【例2】Just then，he saw a blackboard inof him.front解析细心观察，可以看出填入front即可构成in front of，此题得解。（5）连词、关联短语结构。常用的连词有and，or，but，so，for，while等，常用的关联短语有bothand，eitheror，neithernor，not onlybut also等。【例1】Little Wang Jun could not go to school，his family was too poorfor解析此处表示原因，引导的分句其
13、实是一种解释说明，不是必然的因果关系，且前面有逗号隔开，所以填for。【例2】Marrie and Jannie like going to the theatreBoth解析横线处的词与后面可以构成bothand，故答案为Both。（6）冠词、介词和常用的副词。冠词只能是在a，an，the之间判断；常用的介词有in，at，on，before，during等，通常考查固定搭配；副词的考查还是比较多，如：however，never，yet，much等。【例1】Jackie likes to drive athigh speeda解析这里考查的是不定冠词的习惯用法，答案为a，构成at a high
14、 speed，“以高速”开车。【例2】Old Toms granddaughter used to visit himSaturday afternoonon解析解析：Saturday afternoon是指定的某天下午，所以不用介词in，on才是正解。【例3】Though Liu Qiang did the same workZhang Wen did，he got a lower payZhang Wen.asthan解析第一条横线可由前面的the same判断出用as，第二条横线则可由lower判断出比较意义，故答案为than。【例4】It was only one day left，h
15、is father had no idea to answer himhowever解析观察上下句，可以看出是转折关系，且横线与前后用逗号隔开，排除but，所以答案是however。（7）上下文中出现的相关词。这一招是最为灵活的，但也是最难的。学生可以根据上下文关系和自己积累的知识，填入某个已出现的词，或其反义词，或其同类的某个词。答案的线索可能在本句，可能出现在上下相连的一句，还可能出现在比较远的地方上下段中与此段位置大体相当的句子。如果该横线出现在某段的首句，则线索可能在上下段的首句；如果横线出现在某段的末句，则线索可能在上下段的末句，以此类推。【例题】Tonytravelling abr
16、oad，but dislikes staying home watching TVlikes解析由第二句话中的dislikes可以判断，此横线处应该是填其反义词likes。高考练兵Passage 11.2020全国卷，66Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Change-4（find）and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin.to find2.2020全国卷，68Carle Pieters，a scientist at Brown University，says，“b
17、ecause it means we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon（construct）.”is constructed3.2020全国卷，65They make great gifs and you see them many times（decorate）with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.decorated4.2020全国卷，68They are easy（care）for and make great presents.to care5.202
18、0新高考卷，38The 80，000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane，for example，（form）the core collection of the British Museum that opened in 1759.formed6.2019全国卷，65In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut（report）increases in bear sightings around human settlements，leading to a belief that populations are
19、increasin g.have reported7.2019全国卷，66Irene said，“I dont see any reason to give up work.I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I（make）over the years.have made8.2019全国卷，64Picking up her“Lifetime Achievement”award，proud Irene（declare）she had no plans to retire from her 36-year-old
20、business.declared9.2019全国卷，49On the last day of our week-long stay,we（invite）to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars,listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.were invited10.2019全国卷，70Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations,three ar
21、e declining,six（be）stable，one is increasing,and nine lack enough data.have11.2018全国卷，61Since 2011，the country（grow）more corn than rice.has grown12.2018全国卷，68The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005when the government（start）a soil-testing program that gives specific fertilizer reco
22、mmendations to farmersand 2011，fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.started13.2019全国卷，65Our hosts shared many of their experiences and（recommend）wonderful places to eat，shop，and visit.recommended14.2018全国卷，69When the gorillas and I frightened each other，I was just glad to find them alive.True
23、to a gorillas unaggressive nature，the huge animal（mean）me no real harm.meant15.2018全国卷，64While running regularly cant make you live forever，the review says it（be）more effective at lengthening life than walking，cycling or swimming.isPassage 21.2020全国卷，62Landing on the moons far side is（extreme）challe
24、nging.extremely2.2020全国卷，69Branches of Plum Blossoms（梅花）:The（beauty）long branches covered with pink-colored buds（蓓蕾）make fantastic decorations.beautiful3.2020全国卷，66Bamboo:Chinese love their“Lucky Bamboo”plants and you will see them often in their homes and office.（certain）during the holiday period，t
25、his plant is a must.Certainly4.（2020 全国卷，62）One day the emperor wanted to get his portrait（画像）done so he called all great artists to come and present their（fine）work，so that he could choose the best.finest5.（2020 全国卷68）As the small boat moved（gentle）along the river he was left speechless by the moun
26、tains being silently reflected in the water.gently6.（2020 全国卷，69）And when he saw mists risin g from the river and the soft clouds（surround）the mountain tops，he was reduced to tears.surrounding7.2019全国卷，62It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been（p
27、oor）studied；however，biolog ists calculate that there are about 20，00025，000 polar bears worldwide.poorly8.2019全国卷，63Her years of hard work have（final）been acknowledged after a customer nominated（提名）her to be Cheshires Woman Of The Year.finally9.2019全国卷，70But then we got an official letter and we wer
28、e blown away.We are so proud of her.Its（wonder）.wonderful10.2019全国卷，47&48They also shared with us many（tradition）stories about Hawaii that were（huge）popular with tourists.traditionalhugely11.2018全国卷，69Running is cheap,easy and its always（energy）.energetic12.2018全国卷，63A taste for meat is（actual）behin
29、d the change:An importan t part of its corn is used to feed chickens,pigs,and cattle.actually13.2018全国卷，67According to the World Bank，China accounts for about 30 percent of total（globe）fertilizer consumption.global14.2019全国卷，46When they were free from work，they invited us to local events and let us
30、know of an interesting（compete）to watch，together with the story behind petition15.2018全国卷，66This switch has decreased（pollute）in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.pollution16.2019全国卷，68Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congreg
31、ating（聚集）around human settlements，leading to the illusion（错觉）that populations are（high）than they actually are.higher17.2018全国卷，61According to a review of evidence in a medical journal，runners live three years（long）than non-runners.longer18.2018全国卷，63He screams the（loud）of all.The noise shakes the tr
32、ees as the male beats his chest and charges toward me.loudestPassage 31.2020全国卷，66Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Change-4（find）and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin.to find2.2019全国卷，67Scientists have responded by（note）that hungry bears may be congregating（聚集）around
33、human settlements，leading to the illusion（错觉）that populations are higher than they actually are.noting3.2019全国卷，61A 90-year-old has been awarded“Woman Of The Year”for（be）Britains oldest full-time employeestill working 40 hours a week.being4.2019全国卷，50On the last day of our week-long stay，we were inv
34、ited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars，（listen）to musicians and meeting interesting locals.listening5.2019全国卷，65Picking up her“Lifetime Achievement”award，proud Irene declared she had no plans（retire）from her 36-year-old busin ess.to retire6.2019全国卷，68
35、When we got a call（say）she was short-listed，we thought it was a joke.saying7.2019全国卷，42On our way to the house，it was raining so hard that we couldnt help wondering how long it would take（get）there.to get8.2018全国卷，63You may drink，smoke，be overweight and still reduce your risk of（die）early by running
36、.dying9.2018全国卷，64I quickly lower myself，ducking my head to avoid（look）directly into his eyes so he doesnt feel challenged.looking10.2018全国卷，62You dont have to run fast or for long（see）the benefit.to see11.2018全国卷，64Another reason for corns rise:The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead
37、 of rice（improve）water quality.to improve12.2018全国卷，70Once his message was delivered，he allowed me（stay）and watch.to stayPassage 41.2020全国卷，70The plum trees arefirst to flower even as the snow is melting（融化）.They represent the promise of spring and a renewal of life.the2.2020浙江卷，64This style of farm
38、ing lasted for quite a long time.Then，withrise of science，changes began.the3.2020全国卷，70Data about the moons composition，such as how much ice and other treasures it contains，could help China decide whether（it）plans for a future lunar（月球的）base are practical.its4.2020新高考卷42，43Many museums are lively pl
39、aces and they attract a lot of visitors.As well as looking at exhibits，visitors can play with computer simulations（模拟）and imagine（they）living at a different time in history or（walk）through a rainforest.themselveswalking5.2019全国卷，43We were first greeted with the barking by a pack dogs，seven to be exa
40、ct.of6.2018全国卷，62Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent overpast 25 years，while rice has increased only 7 percent.the7.2018全国卷，62Unexpectedly，Im face-to-face with the gorilla，who begins screaming attop of her lungs.the8.2018全国卷，70Running is cheap，easy and its always energetic.If you are time
41、poor，you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports，so perhaps we should all give a try.it9.2018全国卷，68When the gorillas and I frightened each other，I was just glad to find（they）alive.themPassage 51.2020新高考卷，37They kept their collection at home until it got too biguntil
42、they died，and then it was given to a museum.or2.2019全国卷，67I work not because I have to，because I want to.but3.2019全国卷，62Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield，she opened with her late husband Les.which4.2019全国卷，41While they are rare north of 88，there is evide
43、ncethey range all the way across the Arctic，and as far south as James Bay in Canada.that5.2019全国卷，41On our way to the house，it was raininghard that we couldnt help wondering how long it would take to get there.so6.2018全国卷，66Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 showed
44、a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.which7.2018全国卷，69The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005when the government started a soil-testing program gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmersand 2011，fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.which/that8.2018全国卷，61Im not sureis more frightened，me or the female gorilla（大猩猩）that suddenly appears out of nowhere.who