1、专题四 语法运用 第一节 语法填空【题型总览】试卷年份语篇类型主题语境有提示词类无提示词类谓语动词非谓语动词词性转换名词代词比较等级冠词介词副词代词连词与从句全国卷2020说明文人与自然宇宙探索312132019说明文人与自然动物介绍22211112018说明文人与自我跑步运动12211111全国卷2020 说明文人与社会传统文化1331112019 记叙文人与自我人物介绍232122018 说明文人与自然生态保护223111全国卷2020记叙文人与自我伟大的艺术家2221122019记叙文人与自我旅行经历2231112018记叙文人与自我森林偶遇12211111【策略点睛】1利用体裁特点解题
2、快速通读整篇文章，了解其体裁特征，理清其逻辑关系，初步摸清文章的主题、大意、时态、写法等，给分析句子和填空提供可靠的逻辑推理依据。2利用句法分析解题语法填空主要是从语法角度入手，对句子结构进行分析。简单句要分析其成分是否完整；每种成分由什么样的词性来充当；复合句要弄清从句的作用以及主从句之间的逻辑关系；特殊句式要分析是否符合其固定的格式。3利用习惯搭配解题英语中有许多固定的词组、短语和句型，在通读全文的基础上，认真分析句子结构，准确辨识句子中的这些固定搭配，利用平时的积累，基本上凭语感就可以解题。4利用语篇标志解题语篇是一系列连续的语段或句子所构成的语言整体，其中各成分之间，在形式上是衔接的，
3、在语义上是连贯的。起到语篇之间联系作用的词语就是语篇标志。如：firstly，secondly，next等表示次序和列举；again，moreover，what is more等表示递进：similarly，equally，as with等表示相似；so，altogether，thus，in short等表示总结等。利用这些语篇标志有助于准确把握句子之间的逻辑关系，弄清文章的来龙去脉。A(2020高考全国卷)China has become the first country to land a spacecraft on the far side of the moon.The unmann
4、ed Change4 probe(探测器)the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess61._(touch)down last week in the South PoleAitken basin.Landing on themoons far side is 62._(extreme)challenging.Because the moons body blocks direct radio communication with a probe，China first had to put a satellite in or
5、bit above the moon in a spot 63._ it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.The far side of the moon is of particular 64._(interesting)to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters(环形山)，more so 65._ the familiar near side.Chinese researchershope to use the instruments onboard Change4
6、 66._(find)and study areas of the South PoleAitken basin.“This really excites scientists，”Carle Pieters，a scientist at Brown University，says，“because it 67._(mean)we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon 68._(construct)”Data about the moons composition，such as how 69._ ice and oth
7、er treasures it contains，could help China decide whether 70._(it)plans for a future lunar(月球的)base are practical.语篇解读 本文是一篇新闻报道。描写了我国“嫦娥四号”月球探测器在月球背面成功着陆并展开探索的壮举。61解析：考查时态。根据句子结构，“the name was inspired byan ancient Chinese moon goddess”部分是对月球探测器名称的解释，可以看作插入成分。故可判断出空格处是谓语动词。再根据句中的时间状语last week可知此处用一般
8、过去时。touch down 降落，着陆。答案：touched62解析：考查词性转换。修饰形容词challenging要用副词。故填extremely。答案：extremely63解析：考查定语从句的引导词。根据结构可知，空格后面是一个句子，而空格前是一个名词。结合句意可知，空格后的句子是定语从句。利用定语从句的知识，可判断出用关系副词where。答案：where64解析：考查词性转换。科学家对月球背面尤其感兴趣。sth.be of interest to sb.某物让某人感兴趣。答案：interest65解析：考查more.than.的用法。根据前面的more可知，此处考查连词than。mo
9、re.than.比多。“月球背面有很多深深的环形山，比我们熟悉的近侧更多。”答案：than66解析：考查非谓语动词。根据句子结构可知，此空处是非谓语动词。结合句意可知，此处用不定式表示目的。答案：to find67解析：考查时态和主谓一致。根据句子结构可知，此空处是谓语动词。本句引用了Carle Pieters的话，结合句意可知空格处要用一般现在时。主语为it，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。答案：means68解析：考查时态和语态。句意：月球是如何形成的。根据句意和句子结构可知，空格处要用一般现在时的被动语态。答案：is constructed69解析：考查how much的用法。ice是不可数
10、名词，故表达询问“多少冰”时用how much ice。答案：much70解析：考查代词。根据结构可知空格处的词应是plans的定语，故需填形容词性物主代词its。答案：itsB(2020高考全国卷)Decorating with Plants，Fruits and Flowers forChinese New YearChinese New Year is a 61._(celebrate)marking theend of the winter season and the beginning of spring.This is whydecorating with plants，frui
11、ts and flowers62._(carry)special significance.They represent the earth63._(come)back to life and best wishes for new beginnings.These are some of the most popular in many parts of the country：Oranges:Orange trees are more 64._ decoration；they are a symbol of good fortune and wealth.They make great g
12、ifts and you see them many times 65._(decorate)with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.Bamboo:Chinese love their“Lucky Bamboo”plants and you will see them often in their homes and offices.66._(certain)during the holiday period，this plant is a must.Bamboo plants are associated 67._ health，abu
13、ndance and a happy home.They are easy 68._(care)for and make great presents.Branches of Plum Blossoms(梅花):The 69._(beauty)long branches covered with pinkcolored buds(蓓蕾)make fantastic decorations.The plum trees are 70._ first to flower even as the snow is melting(融化)They represent the promise of spr
14、ing and a renewal of life.语篇解读 本文介绍了中国许多地区在春节期间用橘树、竹子和梅花枝条装饰家居的传统风俗以及它们的寓意。61解析：考查词性转换。根据空前面的不定冠词a可知此处需要名词，空后面的现在分词短语作定语修饰名词celebration。答案：celebration62解析：考查主谓一致和时态。此处why引导表语从句，表语从句中主语是decorating with plants，fruits and flowers，空处作谓语。因为文章介绍的是中国现在仍然流行的一些习俗，所以用一般现在时。单个动词的ing形式作主语，谓语动词用单数形式，所以填carries。答
15、案：carries63解析：考查非谓语动词。represent表示“代表”，后面接动词的ing形式作宾语，此处指它们代表大地复苏以及对新的开始的美好祝愿。答案：coming64解析：考查固定搭配。more than在此处表示“不仅仅”。句意：橘树不仅仅是装饰物，它们还是好运和财富的象征。答案：than65解析：考查非谓语动词。此处是“see宾语宾语补足语”结构。them作see的宾语，指代橘树，和decorate之间是动宾关系，所以用过去分词decorated作宾语补足语。答案：decorated66解析：考查词性转换。此处副词位于句首修饰整个句子。答案：Certainly67解析：考查固定搭
16、配。be associated with是固定搭配，表示“和有联系，与有关”。答案：with68解析：考查非谓语动词。“主语(具体的人或物)be形容词动词不定式”是一个固定句型，表示主语的特征，其中动词不定式只能用主动形式。此句型可以转换成it(形式主语)be形容词动词不定式。答案：to care69解析：考查词性转换。此处需要形容词和long并列修饰后面的名词branches。答案：beautiful70解析：考查冠词。the first表示“第一个(人或事物)”。此处指梅花是第一个开花的。答案：the题型一 有提示词类一、提示词为动词原形(一)考查方向为谓语形式(2020新高考全国卷)Th
17、e parts of a museum open to the public _(call)galleries or rooms.Often，only a small part of a museums collection _(be)on display.Most of it is stored away or used for research.(2020高考全国卷)As/When he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary(传奇的)artist，they smiled
18、 and _(point)down the river.(2019高考全国卷)In recent years some Inuit people inNunavut _(report)increases in bear sightings aroundhuman settlements，leading to a belief that populations are increasing.思维趋向 若句中没有别的谓语动词，或者虽然已有谓语动词，但需填的动词与之是并列关系时，所给动词就是谓语动词，就要考虑其时态和语态，还要注意主谓一致和虚拟语气。答案与解析例1 are called 考查动词的时
19、态和语态及主谓一致。该空为句子的谓语部分，主语parts为可数名词复数，与call之间为动宾关系，应用被动语态；依据it is stored可知用一般现在时。is 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。设空处为句子的谓语，本句陈述的是一般事实，应用一般现在时；“a part of名词”作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于of后的名词是单数还是复数，根据collection为单数可知，谓语动词应用单数形式。例2 pointed 考查动词的时态。设空处与and前的smiled并列，叙述过去的事情，应用一般过去时。例3 have reported 考查时态。根据句中的时间状语in recentyears可判断用现在完成
20、时。(二)考查方向为非谓语形式(2020高考浙江卷1月)The first is declining birth rates，whichmeans old generations are large _(compare)to youngergenerations.(2019高考全国卷)Modern methods of/for tracking polarbear populations have been employed only since the mid1980s，andare expensive _(perform)consistently over a large area.(20
21、18高考全国卷)Chinas approach to protecting its environment while _(feed)its citizens“offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide，”says the banks Juergen Voegele.思维趋向 若句中已有谓语动词，又不是并列谓语时，所给动词通常是非谓语动词，就要确定是v.ing形式、ed形式，还是不定式。一般来说，v.ing形式表示主动、进行；ed形式表示被动、完成；不定式表示尚未发生的动作。答案与解析例1 comp
22、ared 考查非谓语动词。compare sth.to/with sth.意为“将某物与某物相比”，且从句主语old generations和compare之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词形式。例2 to perform 考查非谓语动词。此处是“主语beadj.不定式”结构，不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。例3 feeding 考查非谓语动词。when/while现在分词短语作时间状语，相当于when/while 引导的时间状语从句。(三)考查方向为词性转换(2019高考全国卷)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reporte
23、d increases in bear sightings around human settlements，leading to a _(believe)that populations are increasing.(2019高考全国卷)When they were free from work，they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting _(compete)to watch，together with the story behind it.(2018高考全国卷)This switch has dec
24、reased _(pollute)in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.思维趋向 有时所给提示词虽然是动词，但是空格处既不是考查谓语动词也不是考查非谓语动词，而是要求进行词性转换。此时要结合空格处前后的修饰词来确定所给提示词应转换为哪种词性。一般考查动词变为名词，有时还需考虑动词变为形容词甚至副词。答案与解析例1 belief 考查词性转换。根据空格前的不定冠词a可知，此处应填believe的名词形式belief(看法，信念)。例2 competition 考查词性
25、转换。根据空格前的an interesting可知，此处应填动词compete的名词形式competition。例3 pollution 考查词性转换。此处作decreased的宾语，应填名词pollution。二、提示词为形容词或副词(一)考查方向为比较等级(2020高考全国卷)One day the emperor wanted to get his portrait(画像)done so he called all great artists to come and present their _(fine)work，so that he could choose the best.(2
26、019高考全国卷)Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集)around human settlements，leading to the illusion(错觉)that populations are _(high)than they actually are.(2018高考全国卷)He screams the _(loud)of all.The noise shakes the trees as the male beats his chest and chargestowar
27、d me.思维趋向 所给提示词为形容词或副词时，需要考虑是否变为比较级或最高级，如若不是，则需要考虑词性转换。答案与解析例1 finest 考查形容词的比较等级。根据空前的all great artists和空后的choose the best并结合句意可知，此处表示最高级含义，应用finest。例2 higher 考查形容词的比较等级。根据空格后的than可知，此处应用high的比较级形式higher。例3 loudest 考查副词的比较等级。由空前的the以及空后的ofall可知此处应用最高级。(二)考查方向为词性转换(2020新高考全国卷)Historical _(accurate)is
28、 important but so is entertainment.(2019高考全国卷)It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been _(poor)studied.(2018高考全国卷)A taste for meat is _(actual)behind the change:An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens，pigs，and cattle.思维趋向 所给提示词为形容词时
29、，需要考虑形容词转化成副词或名词。答案与解析例1 accuracy 考查词性转换。分析句子成分可知，此处为句子的主语，应用名词，故填accuracy。例2 poorly 考查词性转换。修饰动词studied应用形容词poor的副词形式poorly。例3 actually 考查词性转换。应用副词作状语修饰系动词is。三、提示词为名词或代词(一)考查方向为数与格(2018高考全国卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that/which showed a mere five to 10 minu
30、tes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all _(cause)思维趋向 所给提示词是名词时，一般考查单复数的变化，偶尔考查所有格；所给词是代词时，一般考查人称代词变为物主代词。答案与解析causes 考查名词的数。此处的cause是名词，表示“原因”。根据其前的all可知，应该使用复数形式。(二)考查方向为词性或词形转换(2020新高考全国卷)In the 18th and 19th centuries，_(wealth)people travelled and collecte
31、d plants，historical objects and works of art.(2020新高考全国卷)As well as looking at exhibits，visitors can play with computer simulations(模拟)and imagine _(they)living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest.(2019高考全国卷)We are so proud of her.Its _(wonder)思维趋向 所给提示词是名词时，有时考查词性转换，主要是名词
32、变为形容词或动词或名词构词之词形变化。所给提示词为代词时，有时考查人称代词变为反身代词或形容词性物主代词。答案与解析例1 wealthy 考查词性转换。分析句子成分可知，设空处修饰名词people，应用形容词，故填wealthy。例2 themselves 考查代词形式的转换。分析句子成分可知，此处为imagine sb.doing sth.结构，设空处为动词imagine的宾语，且与主语visitors指的是同一对象，故填反身代词themselves。例3 wonderful 考查词性转换。系动词is后面跟形容词作表语。题型二 无提示词类一、填代词(2018高考浙江卷)Many wester
33、ners who/that come to Chinacook much less than in their own countries once they realize howcheap _ can be to eat out.思维趋向 无提示词的考查中，当句中缺少主语或宾语时，一般要填代词，主要包括人称代词和it的用法。答案与解析it 考查代词。it作形式主语，不定式to eat out为真正的主语。二、填副词(2019高考全国卷)On our way to the house，it was raining_hard that we couldnt help wondering how
34、 long it wouldtake to get there.思维趋向 无提示词的考查中，有时需要根据固定搭配、逻辑关系以及句式结构填写适当的副词。答案与解析 so 考查副词。分析句子结构可知，此处是so.that.结构，意为“如此以至于”，so修饰副词hard。三、填介词(2020新高考全国卷)Museums must compete _ peoples spare time and money with other amusements.(2018高考全国卷)Corn uses less water _rice and creates less fertilizer(化肥)runoff.
35、思维趋向 当名词或代词在句中不作主语、表语或动词的宾语时，其前面一般是填介词。通常考查介词与动词、名词、形容词的搭配。答案与解析例1 for 考查介词。compete with.for.为固定搭配，意为“为了与竞争”，故填for。例2 than 考查介词。由句中的比较级less可知，此处将玉米和水稻进行比较。四、填冠词(2020高考浙江卷7月)Then，with _ rise of science，changes began.(2019高考全国卷)When we got a call saying she was short-listed，we thought it was _joke.思维趋
36、向 当空格后有名词而且两者搭配在一起表示泛指或特指含义，或者空格后有序数词、最高级、表示特指意义的比较级等形式，那么空格处一般是填冠词。有时还考查冠词在一些固定搭配中的用法。答案与解析例1 the 考查冠词。然后，随着科学的兴起，变化开始了。根据句意可知，此处指科学的兴起，表示特指，故填the。例2 a 考查冠词。joke“笑话，玩笑”，是可数名词。空格后用了单数joke，故其前用a。五、填并列连词(2020新高考全国卷)They kept their collection at home until it got too big _ until they died，and then it w
37、as given to a museum.(2019高考全国卷)I work not because I have to，_ because I want to.思维趋向 当空格前后是两个并列成分，如两个并列的词、短语、句子等，而且并列的成分相互之间存在并列、转折、选择、因果等关系时，那么空格处一般填并列连词。答案与解析例1 or 考查连词。分析句子成分并结合句意可知，句中的until it got too big和until they died为并列的两种不同情况，表示“或者”，故填or。例2 but 考查连词。not.but.不是而是。句意：我工作不是因为我必须工作，而是因为我想工作。六、
38、填从属连词(2020高考全国卷)In ancient China lived an artist _ paintings were almost lifelike.(2020高考浙江卷7月)Over thousands of years，they began to depend less on _ could be hunted or gathered from the wild，and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.(2019高考全国卷)While they are rare north of 88，there
39、 is evidence _ they range all the way across the Arctic，and as far south as James Bay in Canada.Over time，_the population grew，people begancutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.思维趋向 从属连词是指三大从句的引导词，它们用来引导状语从句、名词性从句和定语从句。判断空格处填哪一类引导词，首先要看它所引导的是哪一种从句，然后根据引导词的种类和功能来确定填哪一个引导词。答案与解析
40、例1 whose 考查定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构并结合句意可知，设空处引导定语从句，且在从句中作paintings的定语，两者之间是所属关系，应用whose引导定语从句。例2 what 考查名词性从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导宾语从句，从句作介词on的宾语，且从句中缺少主语，表示“的东西”，应用what引导宾语从句。例3 that 考查同位语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，所填词引导同位语从句，解释说明evidence的具体内容，从句中不缺少成分且意义完整，故用that引导。例4 as 考查连词。as在此处引导时间状语从句，表示“随着”。七、填情态动词或助动词 Then the driver stood up and asked，“_ anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop？”思维趋向 有时，我们需要用助动词来构成某些句式，如疑问句、否定句或强调句型等；另外，有时也需要根据语境填相应的情态动词。答案与解析 Did 句尾的问号提示该句为疑问句，“丢失”是发生在过去的动作，故应使用助动词did。注意首字母大写。课后综合提能 点击进入word.