1、第四讲 推理判断题 专题一 阅读理解(2020高考全国卷 B)When“Rise of the Planet of the Apes”was first shown to the public last month,a group of excited animal activists gathered on Hollywood Boulevard.But they werent there to throw red paint on furcoatwearing film stars.Instead,one activist,dressed in a fullbody monkey suit
2、,had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers:“Thanks for not using real apes(猿)！”The creative team behind“Apes”used motioncapture(动作捕捉)technology to create digitalized animals,spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that records an actors performance and later processes it with comput
3、er graphics to create a final image(图像)In this case,one of a realisticlooking ape.Yet“Apes”is more exception than the rule.In fact,Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately.One nonprofit organization,which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment,is keeping tabs on more than 2,0
4、00 productions this year.Already,a number of films,including“Water for Elephants，”“The Hangover Part”and“Zookeeper，”have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them havent been treated properly.In some cases,its not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that
5、 has activists worried;its the offset training and living conditions that are raising concerns.And there are questions about the films made outside the States,which sometimes are not monitored as closely as productions filmed in the States.语篇解读 主题：人与自然(人与动植物)。话题：保护动物。本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了电影猩球崛起中没有使用真的猿来拍
6、摄，而是利用高科技来创造数字化的猿类，动物保护主义者对此表示感谢。但这只是个例外，事实上多部影片中的动物并没有得到很好的对待。该语篇能激发读者深入思考，关注自然和生态，探索人与动物的和谐相处之道。24Why did the animal activists gather on Hollywood Boulevard?ATo see famous film stars.BTo oppose wearing fur coats.CTo raise money for animal protection.DTo express thanks to some filmmakers.解析：细节理解题。根
7、据第一段中的a group of excited animalactivists gathered on Hollywood Boulevard和“Thanks for not usingreal apes！”可知，动物保护主义者聚集到好莱坞大道是为了向一些电影制作人表示感谢，感谢他们在拍摄中没有使用真的猿。答案：D25What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?AThe cost of making“Apes.”BThe creation of digitalized apes.CThe publicity about“Apes.”DThe perform
8、ance of real apes.解 析：段 落 大 意 题。根 据 本 段 中 的“The creative teambehindApesused motioncapture technology to create digitalizedanimals.”可知，本段主要介绍了人们利用高科技来创造数字化的动物。B项“数字化猿类的创造”符合本段大意。答案：B26What does the underlined phrase“keeping tabs on”in paragraph3 probably mean?AListing completely.BDirecting profession
9、ally.CPromoting successfully.DWatching carefully.解析：词义猜测题。根据本段中的“One nonprofit organization，which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment.”可知，这个非营利组织的工作就是监督在电影拍摄中动物是被如何对待的，再结合画线词后面的内容可知，这个非营利组织正在密切关注今年2 000多部电影的制作，发现多部影片中的动物没有得到很好的对待。故keeping tabs on的意思是“密切关注”，故选D项。答案：D27What can w
10、e infer from the last paragraph about animal actors?AThey may be badly treated.BThey should take further training.CThey could be traded illegally.DThey would lose popularity.解析：推理判断题。根据本段开头部分“In some cases，its notso much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that hasactivists worried；its
11、 the offset training and living conditions that areraising concerns.”可知，让积极分子担心的并不是电影棚里动物所受的待遇，而是片场外的训练和生活条件，由此推断，动物演员们可能会受到虐待。答案：A文体链接记叙文类阅读理解2020年全国卷和卷考查了记叙文，全国卷考查了夹叙夹议文。记叙文类阅读理解以细节理解题和推理判断题为主，词义猜测题和主旨大意题为辅，属中等难度。1首先弄清记叙文的六要素和记叙的顺序，注意多个时间、地点、人物等。理清事件的起因、经过和结果(有时涉及细节排序题)。2阅读题干，定位关键词，查找相关信息。3根据原文相关信
12、息，做出正确选择。4留意描写心理活动和文末议论时所用的形容词和副词(可能涉及观点态度题)。一、题型特点推理判断题的命题方式：1What can we conclude from this passage?2We can infer from the passage that.3Where can you read this passage?4From the passage we can draw the conclusion that.5From the last paragraph we can infer that.6The last sentence of the first para
13、graph most probablyimplies that.7What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph thatfollows?8Whats the authors attitude towards.?9What is the main purpose of the passage？正确选项特征：1.“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。2.选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念，如only，never，all，absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留下一些余地的词汇，如often，
14、usually，sometimes，some，may，might，can，could，possibly，probably等。推理判断题的选项特征：干扰选项特征：1.主观推断：没有基于原文进行推断，而是根据常识推断。2.过度推断：有时作者只是客观地叙述事实，并未做出评论，而一些选项却主观地进行推断。如提到一样东西贵，并不意味着就买不起。3.错误推断：某些细节看似在原文中出现过，但与原文不符，或断章取义，或因果倒置等。4.以细节代替推断：只是原文简单的复述，而非推断出来的结论。二、方法技巧1根据特定信息推理判断题型技法：推理判断题锁定特定信息法 (2020高考全国卷B节选)Returning to
15、 a book youve read many times can feel like drinks with an old friend.Theres a welcome familiaritybut also sometimes a slight suspicion that time has changed you both,and thus the relationship.But books dont change,people do.And thats what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.The be
16、auty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register.Its true,the older I get,the more I feel time has wings.But with reading,its all about the present.Its about the now and what one contributes to the now,because reading is a give and take between a
17、uthor and reader.Each has to pull their own weight.24Why does the author like rereading?AIt evaluates the writerreader relationship.BIts a window to a whole new world.CIts a substitute for drinking with a friend.DIt extends the understanding of oneself.解题步骤：第一步：审读题干抓关键，定位信息根据题干中的关键信息like rereading定位
18、到第二段第一句“The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the workis based on our present mental register.”。第二步：分析、推理、判断根据第二段第一句的句意，作者认为重新阅读之美在于我们与书之间的纽带是建立在我们当下的精神状态基础之上的。据此可以推断重读一本书能够了解自己当下的精神状态，从而加深对自己的认识。故选D项。A项的陈述与原文不符，原文并没有提到作者与读者的关系。B项是常理项，但是原文中没有信息支撑这个选项。原文中说重读一本你读过很多次的书，感觉就像和老朋友一起
19、喝酒一样。作者用了比喻，但是阅读不能代替与朋友喝酒，因此C项错误。(2019高考全国卷D节选)During the rosy years of elementary school(小学)，I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes，which allowed me to keep my high social status.I was the queen of the playground.Then came my tweens and teens，and mean girls and cool kids.They rose in the ranks not by
20、 being friendly but by smoking cigarettes，breaking rules and playing jokes on others，among whom I soon found myself.32What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementaryschool?AUnkind.BLonely.CGenerous.DCool.第二步：分析、推理、判断根据本段第一句的句意和sharing一词可推知，作者上小学的时候是一个慷慨大方的人，故选C项。注意不要受本段后几句话尤其是最后一句话
21、的影响而错选A项，因为那是作者青少年时期的情况。解题步骤：第一步：审读题干抓关键，定位信息根据题干中的关键信息early years of elementary school可定位到本段第一句“During the rosy years of elementary school，Ienjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes.”。2利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断题型技法：推理判断题语境褒贬法 (2020高考全国卷D节选)My first job was working at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years old.It was
22、a dream job and I did everything from shelving books to reading to the children for story time.As I grew older and became a mother,the library took on a new place and an added meaning in my life.I had several children and books were our main source(来源)of entertainment.It was a big deal for us to loa
23、d up and go to the local library,where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them.33What does the underlined phrase“an added meaning”inparagraph 3 refer to?APleasure from working in the library.BJoy of reading passed on in the family.CWonderment from acting out the
24、stories.DA closer bond developed with the readers.解题步骤：第一步：读文并了解主人公的特定心理和情绪状态作者从小热爱读书，与图书馆结下了不解之缘，16岁时又去图书馆工作，长大为人母后又把这种对读书的爱传给自己的孩子。第二步：分析语境，进行信息推断根据new和added可判断，画线词所隐含的意思应该从下文推断。通过下文的描述可知，“我”的几个孩子也爱上了读书，他们经常去图书馆读书，因此图书馆于“我”而言又多了一重含义，那就是“我”已经把这种读书的快乐传递给了家人，故选B项。(2019高考全国卷B节选)But hes nervous.“Im her
25、eto tell you today why you should.should.”Chris trips on the“ld，”a pronunciation difficulty for many nonnative English speakers.Histeacher，ThomasWhaley，isnexttohim，whisperingsupport.“.Vote for.me.”Except for some stumbles，Chris is doingamazingly well.When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion，Wh
26、aley invites the rest of the class to praise him.Whaley got the idea of this secondgrade presidential campaignproject when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if theythought they could never be a president.The answer broke hisheart.Whaley says the project is about more than just learn
27、ing to readand speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast(夸耀)aboutthemselves.“Boasting about yourself，and your best qualities，”Whaleysays，“is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom notfeeling confident.”27Which of the following best describes Whaley as a teacher?AHumorous.
28、BAmbitious.CCaring.DDemanding.解题步骤：第一步：读文并了解Whaley作为老师的性格特点根据题干问题找到文中的“His teacher，Thomas Whaley，isnext to him，whispering support.”和“He wants these kids to learn toboast about themselves.”以及最后一句。第二步：分析语境，进行信息推断文章介绍了Whaley老师通过创办“总统竞选项目”，组织学生演讲来帮助学生增强自信。根据文中的“His teacher，ThomasWhaley，is next to him，wh
29、ispering support.”和“.Whaley invitesthe rest of the class to praise him.”等细节也可看出Whaley老师是一个关心学生的老师，故选C项。3根据上下文的逻辑得出结论题型技法：推理判断题逻辑推理法 (2020高考全国卷 D节选)In the future，the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a oneoff treatment that would last the plant
30、s lifetime.The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off“switch”where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.Lighting accounts for about 7%of the total electricity consumed in the US.Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)such as the distance from a power plant t
31、o street lamps on a remote highwaya lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输)Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.34What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future?AThey will speed up energy production.BThey may transmit electricity to the home.CThey mi
32、ght help reduce energy consumption.DThey could take the place of power plants.解题步骤：第一步：寻找相关信息本文介绍了绿色植物对人类社会和工作效率的积极作用，同时还介绍了科学家们新开发的植物的不寻常的功能：检测地下水质和发光照明。我们可以通过题目中的关键词in the future找到文中的答案范围(最后两段)。其次，通过阅读我们可以提炼出最后两段的主要内容是关于energy consumption的。第二步：对文中信息进行分析、推断根据最后一段最后一句“Glowing plants could reduce thi
33、s distance and therefore help save energy.”可知，发光植物可以避免远距离输电带来的损耗，从而节省能源。C项是原文的同义改写，故选C项。4.根据作者的观点、态度进行信息推断题型技法：推理判断题作者的观点、态度法 (2020高考全国卷 C节选)“We floated the idea tomy mum of sharing a house，”says Kathryn Whitehead.Rita cuts in:“We spoke more with Nick because I think its a big thing for Nickto live
34、with his motherinlaw.”And what does Nick think?“From my standpoint,it all seems towork very well.Would I recommend it?Yes,I think I would.”29What is Nicks attitude towards sharing the house with hismotherinlaw?APositive.BCarefree.CTolerant.DUnwilling.解题步骤：第一步：抓文中关键信息，把握作者的观点和态度根据题干中的关键词Nicks attitud
35、e和sharing the house withhis motherinlaw可知，本题考查的是Nick对于与岳母合住的态度。根据这个关键信息，回到原文中Nick的话“From my standpoint，it all seems to work very well.Would I recommend it？Yes，I think Iwould.”第二步：分析、推理、判断分析原文中的信息可推知，从Nick的观点来看，这一切似乎都很好，他会推荐这种做法。由此可知，Nick对于与岳母合住的态度是积极的(positive)。carefree无忧无虑的，无责任的；tolerant容忍的，宽容的；unw
36、illing不情愿的，不愿意的。阅读理解阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。A(2020江西五校协作体联考)I believe in holding onto traditionsbecause they helped our family flourish(兴旺)in a new country.Butthis concept is more concretely expressed this way:I believe infeeding monkeys on my birthdaysomething Ive done without fail for35 y
37、ears.In the Burmese jungle,monkeys are as common as pigeons.Butin America,feeding monkeys means violating the rules.As a kid,I thought that was cool.I learned English throughwatching bad television shows and expected that I was the chosenwarrior(勇士)sent to defend my family.Dad and I would go to thez
38、oo early in the morning,just the two of us.When the coast was clear,I would throw my peanuts to the monkeys.I never had to explain myself until my 18th birthday.It was the first year I didnt go with my father.I went with my friends and arrived 10 minutes after the zoo gates closed.“Please，”I begged
39、the zookeeper,“I feed monkeys for my family,not for me.Cant you make an exception？”“Go find a pet store，”she said.If only it were so easy.That time,I got lucky.I found out that a high school classmate trained the monkeys for the movie Out ofAfrica,so he allowed me to feed his monkeys.Once a man with
40、 a pet monkey suspected that my story was a ploythat I was an animal rights activist out to liberate his monkey.Another time,a zoo told me that outsiders could not feed the monkeys without violating the zookeepers collective bargaining agreement.Once in a pet store,I managed to feed a marmoset(狨)bei
41、ng kept in a birdcage.Another time,I was asked to wear a special suit to feed a laboratory monkey.Its rarely easy and,yet,somehow Ive found a way to feed amonkey every year since I was born.语篇解读 本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了作者坚持多年的传统在生日当天秘密地给猴子喂食。1Why has the author fed monkeys all these years?ATo please his fathe
42、r.BTo develop a new hobby.CTo celebrate his birthday.DTo keep up his family tradition.解析：细节理解题。根据第一段的内容可知，这些年作者在生日当天给猴子喂食是为了延续家族的传统。答案：D2How did the author and his father feed the zoo monkeys?AThey did it in a secret way.BThey pretended to be warriors.CThey did it with the help of friends.DThey got
43、the zookeepers permission.解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的feeding monkeys meansviolating the rules及第三段第三句“Dad and I would go to the zooearly in the morning,just the two of us.”的描述可推知，作者和父亲到动物园给猴子喂食是秘密进行的。答案：A3What does the underlined word“ploy”in Paragraph 5 mean?AJoke.BTrick.CExcuse.DAdventure.解析：词义猜测题。根据画线词后的that
44、 I was an animal rightsactivist out to liberate his monkey的描述可知，养宠物猴的人认为作者是借此来释放他的猴子的，所以此处画线词义为“花招”，故选B。答案：B4How is the fifth paragraph mainly developed?ABy providing examples.BBy giving explanations.CBy following time order.DBy making comparisons.解析：写作手法题。根据第五段的内容尤其是该段中的关键词“Once a man”“Another time
45、”“Once in a pet store”可知，该段主要是通过举例的方式展开的。答案：AB(2020湖南湘东六校联考)Recently,Google announced thatits voiceactivated program,Google Assistant,will be offering anew feature called“Tell Me Something Good”.Users can now givethat command and receive an earful of positive news stories.Whatsmore,The New York Time
46、s has a page online called“Fixes”，which focuses on what people are doing to fight social ills.Asmedia researcher Karen McIntyre of Virginia CommonwealthUniversity explains,these are all parts of a news movement calledconstructive journalism.Constructive journalism is different from“feelgood news”，li
47、ke a fireman rescuing a cat.Instead,constructive journalism offers a more complete but appealing version of the news,says McIntyre.In her opinion,besides focusing on solutions,constructive journalism includes reporting on the historical and social setting of specific news incidents,using reliable da
48、ta to look at longerterm trends,and avoiding interview techniques that create drama without increasing understanding.However,newspapers thrive on eyes on the page,and editors may be less interested in constructive journalism if they arent convinced that itll attract their readers.While McIntyre ackn
49、owledges those concerns,research has shown the opposite to be true.For example,one study found participants who read an online story that focused on approaches to poverty spent more time on the page than those reading a similar story without focusing on solutions.There is much we dont know yet about
50、 how this kind of journalism affects behavior.The research is relatively young,though at least one of McIntyres studies showed an interesting result:people who read inspiring news stories were more willing afterwards to sign up for generous actions related to the story,such as donating money to supp
51、ort a cause from the story.Therefore,she argues,theres a hunger for this type of news.语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了建设性新闻的相关内容。5Why are Google Assistant and“Fixes”mentioned in the firstparagraph?ATo say how the news movement works.BTo stress the importance of positive news.CTo show what constructive journalism
52、 is.DTo lead in the topic of the whole text.解析：推理判断题。通读全文可知，本文的话题是建设性新闻。根据第一段的内容可知，Google Assistant可以让用户收到一大堆正面新闻；而“Fixes”是关注人们正在做什么来应对社会弊病的新闻页面；紧接着文章提出它们都是建设性新闻的一部分。据此可推断，文章首段提及Google Assistant和“Fixes”旨在引出本文的话题，故D项正确。答案：D6Constructive journalism encourages stories that.Ainform people of big eventsB
53、are solutionfocusedCfocus on amazing youDare based on interesting facts解析：细节理解题。根据第二段尾句“In her opinion,besidesfocusing on solutions,constructive journalism includes reporting onthe historical and social setting of specific news incidents.withoutincreasing understanding.”可知，建设性新闻关注解决方法，故B项正确。答案：B7How
54、 should constructive journalism stories be written?AIn a serious way.BIn a humorous way.CIn a usual way.DIn an understandable way.解析：推理判断题。根据第二段尾句中的avoiding interviewtechniques that create drama without increasing understanding可推知，写建设性新闻时应使用易于理解的写作方式，故D项正确。答案：D8What may be the problem with construct
55、ive journalism?AThat it isnt appealing to readers.BThat it isnt easy to collect and edit.CThat it adds to some editors concerns.DThat it is unavailable to some readers.解析：推理判断题。根据第三段第一句“However,newspapersthrive on eyes on the page,and editors may be less interested inconstructive journalism if they arent convinced that itll attract theirreaders.”可知，如果编辑们不相信建设性新闻能吸引读者，他们可能就对它不那么感兴趣了。据此可推知，建设性新闻面临的问题可能是它不能吸引读者，故A项正确。答案：A