1、第一讲 介词、冠词和代词 技法1 当空格需要填介词时的解题技巧当名词或代词在句中不作主语、表语或动词的宾语时，其前面一般是填介词。通常考查介词与动词、名词、形容词的搭配。典例导引快捷思维 1.2020全国卷The artist was finally humbled(谦卑)by the greatest artist 70._ earth,Mother Nature.分析句子结构，发现空格放在名词前后时，应考虑名词与介词的搭配。答案与解析：on 考查固定搭配。on earth世上。2.2020新高考卷Museums must compete 45._ peoples spare time an
2、d money with other amusements.分析句子结构，发现空格放在不及物动词后名词前时，应考虑动词与介词的搭配。答案与解析：for 考查介词。根据语境可知，此处表达的是“为了人们的空闲时间和金钱与其他的娱乐活动进行竞争”，compete for“为竞争”，故应用介词for。3.2020福建龙岩质检As Christmas is the most important festival in the West,some believe that it is similar _ the Spring Festival in China.分析句子结构，发现空格放在形容词后名词前时，
3、应考虑形容词与介词的搭配。答案与解析：to 考查介词。句意：由于圣诞节是西方最重要的节日，因此一些人认为圣诞节与中国的春节相似。be similar to为固定短语，意为“与相似”。一、介词的基本用法1at，in，on表示时间(1)at表示某一时刻at 8：00(在8点),at noon(在中午),at night(在夜里),at midnight(在半夜),at dawn/daybreak(在黎明，破晓),at sunrise/sunset(在日出/日落),at dusk(在黄昏)(2)in指上午、下午及晚上或月、年等较长的时间in the 1980s/1980s,in the Qing D
4、ynasty,in October,in the morning/afternoon/evening(3)on用于表示具体的日子或一个特定的时间(如：某日、某节日、星期几等)on October 1st,on a rainy day,on National Day,on the morning of July 3rd2by，before，after，until/till，during，within表示时间(1)by“到时(为止)”(2)before“在以前”(3)after“在以后”(4)until/till“直到为止”(5)during“在期间”(6)within“在之内”3between，
5、among表示“在之间”between指“在之间(两者之间)”，常和and连用；among表示“在之间(三者或三者以上)”。4by，in，on，with表示“使用工具、手段、方式等”(1)表示“乘、坐(交通工具)”或“通过方式”用by时，交通工具前不用限定词，用in或on时，交通工具前用限定词，如by bike，by taxi，by plane，by ship，in a car，on a bus，on ones bike，on foot。(2)in当“用”讲时，后常接表示语言、材料等的词。(3)with表示使用某种具体的工具、手段等。5with的常见用法(表示关系)和一起；(表示状态)具有，带
6、有；(表示方式)用，凭借；(表示原因)由于，因为。6for的常见用法(表示对象、用途等)为了；给，对；(表示去向)因为，由于；向，往；就而言。7beyond的常见用法(表示位置)在另一边，在更远处；(表示程度)超出，非所能及。二、介词用法不算难，固定搭配记心间1名词与介词搭配by accident 偶然by chance 碰巧on board 在(船、飞机、火车)上on average 平均in charge 掌管，主管in particular 特别，尤其，详细地in place 适当的，恰当的in favo(u)r of 赞成，支持in hono(u)r of 为了纪念，对表示敬意in s
7、pite of 尽管，虽然in turn 依次，转而in vain 徒劳in memory of 为纪念in return 作为回报in order 按顺序，处于良好状态2动词与介词搭配bring about 引起remind sb.of sth.提醒某人某事rob sb.of sth.抢劫某人某物call for 要求，需要care about 关心come about 发生get rid of 免除，摆脱run out of 用完adapt to 适应refer to 涉及，查阅come across (偶然)遇见pick up 捡起，用车接(某人)，接收，偶然习得look for 寻找w
8、ait for 等待3形容词与介词搭配be curious about 对好奇be proud of 因而自豪be popular with 受到的欢迎be anxious about 为忧虑be concerned about 对担心、忧虑be present at 出席be absent from 缺席be free from 免于12020浙江卷7月Some time after 10000 BC,people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived 56._，through agriculture.答案与解
9、析：in 考查介词。live in是固定词组，表示“在地方生活”，故填in。22020浙江卷1月This aging of the population is driven _ two factors.答案与解析：by 考查介词。空处位于表示被动的动词后，故应该填by。32019浙江卷6月But can uniforms help improve school standards?The answer 61._ this question is not clear.答案与解析：to 考查介词。the answer to the question为固定用法，表示“问题的答案”，故用介词to。42
10、019全国卷Modern methods _ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s，and are expensive to perform consistently over a large area.答案与解析：of/for 考查介词。a method of/for doing sth.做某事的方法。52019北京卷First celebrated _ 1970,the Day now includes events in more than 190 countries and
11、 regions(地区)答案与解析：in 考查介词。在1970年，应用介词in。在年、月和季节前，用介词in。62019全国卷We were first greeted with the barking by a pack _ dogs，seven to be exact.答案与解析：of 考查介词。a pack of是固定搭配，意为“一群”。72017全国卷It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled
12、 to and _ work.答案与解析：from to and from为固定搭配，意为“来回”。82018浙江卷6月If you are not going to suffer this problem,then I suggest that the next time you go to your mums home 65._ dinner,get a few cooking tips from her.答案与解析：for 考查介词。for表示目的，意为“为了”。技法2 当空格需要填冠词时的解题技巧空格后有名词且两者搭配在一起表示泛指或特指含义，或有序数词、最高级、表示特指意义的比较级等
13、形式，则空格处一般填冠词。典例导引快捷思维1.2020浙江卷1月A child born in the US today has _ very realistic chance of living beyond 100 and needs to plan accordingly.分析句子结构，发现在单数可数名词前，表示泛指时，应考虑不定冠词a，an。答案与解析：a 考查冠词。根据下文的chance 可知，这里语意表示“非常实际的一个可能性”，故填不定冠词a,表示泛指。2.2020浙江卷7月This style of farming lasted for quite a long time.Th
14、en，with 64._ rise of science，changes began.分析句子结构，发现在名词前，表示特指时，应考虑用定冠词the。答案与解析：the 考查冠词。根据空后的rise of science可知，此处是名词的限定性修饰，语意表示“科学的兴起”，故填定冠词the，表示特指。3.2018全国卷Unexpectedly,Im face-to-face with the gorilla,who begins screaming at 62._ top of her lungs.分析句子结构，看冠词是否与名词构成固定搭配。答案与解析：the 考查冠词。固定短语at the t
15、op of“在的顶端”，此处表示以最大的肺活量喊叫。明晰冠词的解题思路1明确冠词在句中的习惯位置冠词是名词的标志，当空格后面是名词或“形容词名词”，而且没有其他限定词时，一般需要用冠词。2辨析特指和泛指在文中第一次提到某人或某物时，一般为泛指，用不定冠词；第二次提到时用定冠词表特指；当名词前有定语修饰时，多数情况用定冠词表特指；序数词或最高级前要用定冠词。3注意a与an的选用：主要看名词首字母的发音，而不是首字母。4牢记含有冠词的固定搭配(1)含有不定冠词的固定搭配have a rest 休息have a break 休息take a walk 散步have a look 看一看in a mo
16、ment 立刻in a minute 马上once upon a time 曾经twice a month 一月两次a type of 一类a pile of 一堆a great amount of 大量的as a rule 通常in a hurry 立刻in a word 总之in a short while 不久have a good knowledge of 熟知(2)含有定冠词的固定搭配make the most/best of 充分利用in the end 最后by the way 顺便说一下in the distance 在远处in the way 挡道on the whole 总
17、的来说at the same time 同时on the other hand 另一方面to tell the truth 说实话for the time being 暂时on the spot 在现场the other day 前几天take the place of 代替12020全国卷The plum trees are 70._ first to flower even as the snow is melting(融化).They represent the promise of spring and a renewal of life.答案与解析：the 考查冠词。序数词前加定冠词
18、the，表示“第几个”。22019浙江卷6月When every pupil in the school wears the uniform,nobody 56.has/will_have(have)to worry about fashion(时尚).Everybody wears 57._ same style of clothes.Uniforms can be useful in unexpected ways.答案与解析：the 考查冠词。根据语境和same可知，此处用the表示特指，表示“同样款式的衣服”。32019全国卷Of 69._ nineteen recognized po
19、lar bear subpopulations，three are declining，six are stable，one is increasing，and nine lack enough data.答案与解析：the 考查冠词。此处特指确认的19个亚种群，故用定冠词the。42019全国卷When we got a call saying she was short-listed，we thought it was 69._ joke.答案与解析：a 考查冠词。joke“笑话，玩笑”，是可数名词。空格后用了单数joke，故其前用a。52018全国卷Corn production has
20、 jumped nearly 125 percent over 62._ past 25 years,while rice has increased only 7 percent.答案与解析：the 考查冠词。over the past 25 years“在过去的25年里”。62020湖南师大附中月考It was not until FW.Taylor,_ engineer,began introducing his ideas about systematizing these processes in the early 1890s that this approach to facto
21、ry management began to change.答案与解析：an 考查冠词。句意：直到19世纪90年代早期，一位名叫F.W.Taylor的工程师将他关于过程系统化的想法加以介绍后，工厂的这种管理方法才得以开始改变。engineer为可数名词，此处表泛指，且发音以元音音素开头。故填an。技法3 当空格需要填代词时的解题技巧当句中缺少主语或宾语时，一般要填代词，主要包括不定代词和it。典例导引快捷思维 1.2018浙江卷6月Many westerners 57.who/that come to China cook much less than in their own countri
22、es once they realize how cheap 58._ can be to eat out.分析句子结构，发现句子缺少形式主语或形式宾语时，应考虑it。答案与解析：it 考查代词。此处应用it作形式主语，真正的主语是to eat out。2.2018全国卷If you are time poor,you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports,so perhaps we should all give 70._ a try.分析句子结构，发现指代上文中所提到的人或物时，应考
23、虑用相应的代词。答案与解析：running/it 考查固定搭配。此处号召我们尝试一下跑步这种运动，因此可以填名词running，也可以用it指代。give sth.a try“尝试一下某事”。1熟记不定代词的区别the other指两者中的另一个，表示特指。other作前置定语，修饰可数名词复数，不可单独使用，表示泛指，意为“另外的，其他的”。others泛指“其他人”或“其他物”，常用结构：some.others.；而the others表示特定范围中的“另外的全部”。another泛指同类的人或物，指三者或三者以上的另一个，可单独使用或在其后加可数名词单数。one指代前面出现过的那类事物中
24、的“一个”，其复数形式是ones。that/those指代前面出现过的名词。that指代单数名词或不可数名词，而those指代复数名词。2牢记代词it的常考用法指代天气、时间、距离等。代替上文提到过的事物。代替性别不明的婴儿、动物或不确定的某个人。代替不定式、动名词或从句作形式主语或形式宾语。it的常用固定句型It is/was被强调成分that其他Itbeadj.of/for sb.to do sth.It is no good/no use/useless/a waste of time doing sth.It is a pity/a fact/no wonder/adj.that.It
25、 seems/appears/turned out/occurred to sb.that.It is said/reported/believed.that.hate/like/enjoy it that.讨厌/喜欢when it comes to.当谈到as sb.puts it 正如某人所言make it成功12020湖南岳阳质量检测二Its no surprise that smartwatches are so popular nowadays_ seems that everyone wants to buy one!答案与解析：it 考查代词。句意：智能手表如今如此流行一点都不奇
26、怪仿佛每个人都想买一块智能手表。It seems that.为固定句式，意为“仿佛”，it在该句式中作形式主语，that引导的从句为真正的主语，故填it。22020安徽安庆二模Every new year in the heartland of industrial China,thousands upon thousands of motorcyclists brave the weather and hit the road,determined to make _ home.答案与解析：it 考查代词。句意：每年春节，在中国工业的中心地带，成千上万的骑摩托的人不畏寒冷的天气，骑摩托上路，
27、下定决心回家。make it to sp.为固定搭配，意为“成功到某地”，home为副词，不与介词连用，make it home意为“成功到家”，故填it。32020山东东营一模_ is generally acknowledged that young people from poorer socioeconomic backgrounds tend to do less well in our education system.答案与解析：It 考查代词。句意：人们普遍认为，在我们的教育体制里，社会经济背景不佳的年轻人往往会表现欠佳。it作形式主语，“that young people f
28、rom poorer socio-economic backgrounds tend to do less well in our education system”为主语从句，是真正的主语。42017全国卷However,the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months,more than 25,000 people were using 67._ every day.答案与解析：it 考查代词。根据上文的“the railway quickly.”可知，此处用it代替the railway。考场练兵
29、 检验考试能力小题夯基练单句语法填空12020濮阳市高三毕业班第二次模拟In August 2018,tired of the“refusal”of world leaders to take action,the young girl started camping in front of the Swedish Parliament every Friday with _ sign,which said:“Schools Strike for Climate”答案与解析：a 考查冠词。句意：在2018年8月，对世界领导人决定采取行动感到厌烦，这个年轻的女孩开始每周五在瑞典议会门前露营，并拿
30、着写着一个“学校为气候大罢工”的标牌。sign是可数名词，根据句意可知此处是泛指，应用不定冠词，又sign是辅音音素开头，故填a。22020衡阳市高三毕业班联考三To ensure the accuracy of the measurement,and to work it in _ more effective way,experts were invited to assist in the technical design and planning of the project from the beginning.答案与解析：a 考查冠词。way是可数名词，此处泛指“一种更有效的方式”
31、，应该用不定冠词修饰，more的发音以辅音音素开头，故填a。32020山东省滨州市高三第二次模拟Admittedly,eco-therapy wont cure everything,but it is _ option for therapists to use.答案与解析：an 考查冠词。句意：诚然，生态疗法不会治愈一切，但它是治疗师的一种选择。分析句意可知，此处的option是可数名词，在本句中表示泛指“一种选择”，且是元音音素开头，故填an。42020山东师范大学附属中学3月模拟Some reports also show that _ number of giant pandas i
32、n the wild is on the rise.答案与解析：the 考查冠词。句意：一些报道表明野外大熊猫数量在上涨。the number of表示“的数量”。52020山东省滨州市高三第二次模拟Eco-therapy doesnt involve taking medicine.Instead,it just develops a persons relationship _ nature.答案与解析：with 考查介词。句意：相反，它只是发展了一个人与自然的关系。分析句子可知，此处表示人与自然的关系。62020山东师范大学附属中学3月模拟The giant panda，also kno
33、wn as panda bear or simply panda，is a bear native _ south central China.答案与解析：to 考查介词。句意：大熊猫或被称为熊猫是中国南方本土动物。native to是固定短语，表示“本土的”，故填to。大题提能练语法填空Test 12020郑州市高中毕业年级第二次质量预测At a very young age,Oindrila Basu had no idea of 1._ to live with nature.She would climb trees or destroy the nests of birds just
34、 for fun,like other kids.Once her mother caught her and got angry,and then the girl realized she 2._(do)something terribly wrong.howhad doneThis is just a way that Basus parents shaped her understanding and appreciation of nature.3._(live)in the countryside,she spent her youth studying ants before t
35、he rain,watching sunbirds drink honey,counting fireflies and watching young plants grow.Then her parents decided to move to a nearby city 4._ better educational chances,and then she stopped having first-hand experiences with nature.Livingfor/withLater,as she struggled 5._(choose)a college major,her
36、mother suggested a career in forestry(林业).Thats when her journey began,and she fell in love with forestry.Away from the crowded cities,in the lap of the Himalayas,she graduated in forestry from Kumaun University,India.When she went on to study a 6._(master)degree in forestry from the Forest Research
37、 Institute,India,she finally got introduced to a group of like-minded people,devoted to the International Forestry Students Association (IFSA)to choosemastersIFSA is a 7._ (globe)organization connecting students to exchange knowledge and participate in forestry activities.The youth joining IFSA are
38、8._(encourage)to undertake its task to enrich forest education and spread a love of nature through events and exchanges.After six months of exciting international conferences and workshops,Basu,then 25,found her home a family that loved forests as much 9._ she did.She felt more active,so her passion
39、 had a direction.Now she wants to do more.As a key member of IFSA,Basu recalled the experience of joining it,“10._(deliberate)or by accident,we chose forestry,or rather,forestry chose us.”globalencouragedasDeliberately语篇类型：记叙文 主题语境：人与自我人物故事从不知如何与大自然相处到成为国际林业学生协会成员【文章大意】Oindrila Basu小时候喜欢爬树、破坏鸟巢，在她妈妈
40、的教育和引导下，她逐渐爱上了大自然。之后她在妈妈的建议下选择了林业专业，并获得了林业硕士学位，而且成了国际林业学生协会成员。1答案与解析：how考查副词。根据下句可知，为了好玩，她会爬树或者破坏鸟巢；又结合语境可知，Oindrila Basu在很小的时候不知道如何和大自然相处。故用how。2答案与解析：had done考查动词的时态。句意：她的妈妈曾经抓住了她并且发怒了，然后这位女孩才意识到她做了非常错误的事情。根据该句中的“realized”，并结合句意可知，她做那些非常错误的事情发生在她意识到之前，表示过去的过去，故用过去完成时。3答案与解析：Living考查现在分词。分析该句结构可知，动
41、词live和主语she为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用其现在分词形式。4答案与解析：for/with考查介词。根据语境可知，此处表示“她的父母为了更好的教育机会决定搬到附近的一个城市”，表目的；此处也可以表示“她的父母决定搬到附近的一个有更好教育机会的城市”，表示“带有”。故填for/with。5答案与解析：to choose考查动词不定式。struggle to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“努力做某事”。故该处用动词不定式。6答案与解析：masters考查固定用法。masters degree为固定用法，意为“硕士学位”。句意：当她继续在印度森林研究所攻读林业硕士学位时，她最终结识了一群志趣相投
42、的人，致力于国际林业学生协会。7答案与解析：global考查形容词。形容词修饰名词，空处修饰名词organization，故用形容词。8答案与解析：encouraged考查被动语态。分析句子结构可知，该句主语The youth 和动词encourage之间为被动关系，故用被动语态。9答案与解析：as考查固定用法。“asadj./adv.as.”为固定用法，表示“和一样”。句意：经过六个月激动人心的国际会议和研讨会，当时25岁的Basu找到了她的家一个和她一样热爱森林的家庭。10答案与解析：Deliberately 考查副词。空处在该句中作状语，修饰整个句子，故用副词形式。Test 22020石
43、家庄市高三年级阶段性训练题Most of us have recently experienced quarantine(隔离期)to minimize the risk of meeting somebody who may be carrying the virus.It is certain 1._ being under quarantine is no fun.However,with our access to food,2._ (deliver)services and the entertainment 3._ (offer)by the Internet,were actua
44、lly very lucky.Lets take a quick look at the history of quarantine.thatdeliveryofferedThe idea of quarantining sick people dates 4._ ancient times.Yet the word“quarantine”first came into use in Europe of the 14th century during the Black Death.The population was dropping like flies from the mysterio
45、us disease,and as the death toll climbed into the millions eventually killing 5._ (approximate)half of the European population,cities began to take 6._(measure)to protect their citizens.The port city of Venice,Italy,was an important trading center with ships 7._ (come)from all corners of the Earth e
46、very day.If a ship 8._ (suspect)to be harboring the plague(鼠疫),it was sent to 9._ offshore place to be kept in quarantine and ordered to wait there for 40 days when either those suffering from the plague recovered or they were more likely 10._ (die).The waiting period gave rise to the term quarantin
47、ario,the Italian word for 40.fromapproximatelymeasurescomingwas suspectedanto die语篇类型：说明文 主题语境：人与社会文化“quarantine”一词的起源【文章大意】近来大部分人由于疫情都体验了隔离期，从而最大限度地减少接触携带病毒的人的风险。那么“quarantine”(隔离期)这个词是怎么来的呢？本文具体介绍了其起源。1答案与解析：that考查名词性从句的连接词。分析句子结构可知，it作形式主语，空处引导一个主语从句，且在从句中不作句子成分，本身也没有词义。所以填that。2答案与解析：delivery考查名
48、词。分析句子结构和语境可知，此处表示“快递服务”，空处应为名词。所以填delivery。3答案与解析：offered考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构并结合表示被动符号的介词by可知，空处和其逻辑主语the entertainment构成动宾关系。故用其过去分词形式offered。4答案与解析：from考查介词。date fromdate back to，表示“追溯到”，是固定搭配，符合语境。所以填from。5答案与解析：approximately考查副词。分析句子结构可知，空处应为副词，修饰代词half，作状语。所以填approximately“大约”。6答案与解析：measures考查名词的单复
49、数。measure是可数名词，在本句中其前无限定词修饰，且此处表示“采取措施”，故应用可数名词的复数形式。所以填measures。7答案与解析：coming考查with复合结构。分析句子结构可知，此处为with复合结构“with名词/代词分词/形容词/副词/名词/介词短语”，此处ships和come构成逻辑上的主谓关系。所以填come的现在分词形式coming。8答案与解析：was suspected考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子成分可知，此处为条件状语从句的谓语，又与该从句的主语a ship构成被动关系，故用被动语态，又根据主句中的was可知，事情发生在过去，故用一般过去时，且主语为单数。所以填was suspected。9答案与解析：an考查冠词。此处泛指一处隔离点，故用不定冠词修饰，另offshore的发音以元音音素开头。所以填an。10答案与解析：to die考查固定用法。此处考查be more likely to do sth.“更有可能做某事”。故填to die。