1、第五讲 情态动词和虚拟语气情态动词用法例句注意事项can/could1.表示许可(和 may可互换)、能力;2.表示怀疑、猜测、可能性(用于否定句和疑问句中);3.could 表 示 比 can更委婉的语气及用于虚拟语气You can/may sithere.你可以坐在这儿。He cant be sixty.他不可能有 60 岁。Could you comeagain tomorrow?你明天可以再来一趟吗?can 和 be able to都可表示能力,但 be able to 表示“终于做成了某事”,有时态和人称的变化情态动词一、情态动词基本用法一览表情态动词用法例句注意事项may/migh
2、t1.表示许可(问句中表示请求,might 更委婉);2.表示可能、或许、猜 测(might 语 气 更加不肯定);3.表示祝愿(用于倒装句中)May/Might I use yourbike?我能用一下你的自行车吗?He may/might be athome.他可能在家。May you succeed!祝你成功!对“Maydo.?”的否定回答用 mustnt/cant(续表)情态动词用法例句注意事项must1.表示必须、应该(表示主观要求);2.表示推测(用于肯 定 句),意 为“准是,一定”She must be tired.她肯定是累了。You mustnt cheat inthe e
3、xam.你考试不准作弊。否定式 mustnt 表示“不准,禁止”;对“Must.do.?”的 否 定 回 答 用neednt/dont/doesnthave to(不必)shall用于第一、三人称的疑问句,表示征询意见;用于第二、三人称,表示许诺、命令、警告等Shall we go now?我们现在就走吗?No person shallsmoke here.谁也不许在这儿吸烟。(续表)情态动词用法例句注意事项should1.表示建议、劝告或命令,意为“应该”;2.表示惊讶、责备、不满等,意为“竟然会;居然”You should learn fromeach other.你 们 应 该互相学习。
4、Its strange that heshould be absent.他居然缺席,这很奇怪。will/would1.表示意愿、决心或习惯性动作;2.疑问句中用第二人称,表示请求、邀 请(would比较委婉)He promised hewould never smokeagain.他 承诺他再也不会吸烟了。Will/Would you likesome tea?你想来些茶吗?would 表 示 过 去的习惯或喜好,不涉及现在;usedto 表示过去常常有而现在已经不再有的习惯(续表)情态动词用法例句注意事项dare意为“敢”,常用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中He dare not/dare
5、ntsleep alone.他不敢一个人睡觉。Dare you touch it?你敢摸它吗?过去式为 dared;可做实义动词need意为“需要,必须”,常用于否定句和疑问句中You neednt do thework now.你不必现在工作。“Need.do?”的肯定回答用“Yes,.must.”;可做实义动词(续表)情态动词用法例句注意事项have to意为“只好,不得不(客观的必须)”,口语中也可用 have(has)got toWithout help,Ihad to do itmyself.没 有 人 帮忙,我只好自己一个人完成它。have to 有时态和人称的变化ought to
6、意为“应当(表示义务或责任,口语中多用 should)”You ought to obeylaws.你应当遵守法律。否定式 oughtnt;疑问句 用“Ought.todo.?”used to意为“过去常常(现在已不再)”He used to playfootball.他过去常常踢足球。否 定 式 usednt todo/used not to do/didntuse to do;一般疑问句用“Used.to do.?/Did.use to do.?”(续表)句式用法例句cantbe doing表示“不可能做某事”He cant be telling lies.他不可能在说谎。canthave
7、 doneHe cant have told lies.他不可能说了谎话。couldhave done 表示“本来可以做却没有做”Its too late.You could havetold him earlier.太迟了,你本来能早点告诉他的。二、“情态动词be doing”和“情态动词have done”用法一览表句式用法例句may/mightbedoing表示“可能,也许”,用于肯定句He may/might be doing hishomework.他也许在做作业。may/mighthave doneHe may/might have missedthe train.他可能错过了火车
8、。mustbe doing用于肯定句,表示“一定在做某事”The light is on.He must beworking.灯亮着,他一定在工作。musthavedone用于肯定句,表示“准是做了某事”,对过去事情的肯定猜测He is sad.He must have failedthe exam.他很伤心,准是考试不及格。(续表)句式用法例句neednthavedone表示“本来不必做 而 实 际 做了”,用于否定句You neednt have lent thebook to him.He has boughtone already.你本来不必把这本书借给他,他已经买了一本。should
9、(not)have done肯定句表示“本应该做而实际没做”,否定句表示“本不应该做而实际却做了”I should have bought it.我 应该把它买下来的。You shouldnt have scoldedhim.你不应该责骂他。(续表)情况if 从句(条件)主句(结果)例句与现在事实相反动词过去式(be 用 were)would(should,could,might)动词原形If he were here,wecould ask him.他要是在这里的话,我们就可以问他了。与过去事实相反过去完成式(had过去分词)would(should,could,might)havedone
10、If I had had themoney,I would havebought the dress.我当时如果有钱的话,就会买下那条裙子。虚拟语气一、与事实相反的虚拟语气1.虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的用法情况if 从句(条件)主句(结果)例句与将来的事实相反(1)动词过去式;(2)should动词原形;(3)were to 动词原形would(should,could,might)动词原形How nice it would beif you could stay alittle longer.你要是能多待会就好了。(续表)2.常接虚拟语气句型的结构有:as if/though,even if
11、/though,would rather,if only,wish 等。如:I would rather you came to see me tomorrow.我宁愿你明天再来看我。If only I had had more time.我当时要是有更多的时间就好了。How I wish I were always 20 years old!我要是一直都是二十岁该多好啊!用法例句注意事项表示建议、命令、要求的名词性从句It is strongly recommended thatthe security rules (should)beobeyed.强烈建议(大家)遵守安全条例。Our En
12、glish teacher suggestedthat we(should)practice Englishmore.我们英语老师建议我们要多多练习英语。should 可 以省略二、虚拟语气在其他从句中的用法用法例句注意事项在“It is important/necessary/strange/right/best.that.”句型中It is important that every one ofus(should)equip ourselves forthe future.我们要为未来做好准备,这很重要。It is best that he(should)notsmoke at all.他
13、最好是完全不吸烟。should 可以省略(续表)用法例句注意事项在“It is(high)time.”句型中It is high time that we shouldtake effective measures toprotect our environment.It ishigh time that we tookeffective measures to protectour environment.是 我 们 采取从句可以用一般过去时表虚拟,也可用情态动词should(这时should 不 可 以 省略)(续表)三、虚拟语气的注意事项1.虚拟语气的倒装在 if 引导的条件状语从句中,
14、如果有 should,were,had 时,可以省略 if,并将 should,were,had 提到主语前面引起倒装。如:Had I followed your advice,I would not have made such asilly mistake.我要是听了你的建议,我就不会犯这么愚蠢的错误了。Were it not for his help,we would have got lost in the forest.要不是他的帮助,我们就会在森林里迷路了。2.混合时态的虚拟语气在有些句子中,主句和从句动作发生的时间是不一致的,这时需要根据情况来调整。如:If I had not
15、got caught in the rain yesterday,I would not be inhospital now.我昨天要是没淋雨,今天就不会住院了。(从句对过去虚拟,主句对现在虚拟)If I had done better in the exam,my parents would take me toAustralia for holiday this summer.我这次考试要是考得好一些的话,我父母今年暑假就会带我去澳洲度假了。(从句对过去虚拟,主句对将来虚拟)3.当 suggest 表示“暗示,表明”,insist 表示“(对某个事实)坚持认为”时,其后的宾语从句要用陈述语
16、气。如:Her pale face suggested that she was ill.她苍白的脸色表明她生病了。He insisted that he was right and that he (should)not bepunished.他坚持认为他是对的,不该受罚。4.有的假设情况是以其他形式出现的,即可用 without,butfor,otherwise 等代替虚拟语气条件句。如:Human could not exist on the earth without water.没有水,人类不可能在地球上生存。But for the bad weather,we would have had a good time.要不是糟糕的天气,我们会玩得很开心。With your help,we could have finished the task earlier.要是有了你的帮忙,我们还可以更早完成任务。He is ill.Otherwise he would come to your party tonight.他病了。不然他今晚就会参加你的派对。