1、攻略5 语境猜意把握着眼点 近3年全国卷考情分析全国卷词义猜测题题量统计 命题专家有话说高考状元传经验 时间卷别 202020192018 新课标山东卷2(1代词猜测；1单词猜测)全国卷2(1单词猜测；1 短语猜测)1(单词猜测)1(单词猜测)全国卷1(单词猜测)1(短语猜测)1(短语猜测)全国卷1(短语猜测)1(短语猜测)1(短语猜测)词义猜测题需要根据原文中的信息进行推理，从而猜测词句的含义。若正确选项关键词，问题词与原文信息同义，可采用“语境理解”的方法；若原文信息句是对问题句进行解释说明，可采用“推理”的方法，若问题词为代词，一般来说，正确选项对应文中的信息词会出现在代词之前，可采用“
2、逻辑关系梳理”的方法。通过近三年高考全国卷可以看出词义猜测题一般有12题。关注句间差异 原文信息句之间常存在不同的逻辑关系，如因果、转折等，且会以反义或对照的方式出现在背景句中，在阅读时需要细心辨别。关注上下文语境 在理解上下文语境时，切忌从句子的表面意思得出答案，需要通过综合归纳从而确定正确答案。关注生活常识 在利用上下文语境的时候，有时需要结合自身的生活经验进行逻辑推理。研磨真题 提升审题力技法1 单词或短语含义猜测题巧用线索猜词义知答题方略明命题方式 无论是直接的词义猜测题，还是文章中需要理解的生词，考生都可以利用构词法、同义近义词、反义词、逻辑关系、定义和解释、例证、同等关系及生活常识
3、和文化背景等方法猜出单词或短语的意思，这八种方法体现了高考对考生的文化品格要求越来越高，但掌握了这些方法，考生猜测的准确度也会越来越高。猜测词义类常考查形式如下：1The underlined word/phrase.probably means/can be replaced by_.2Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word/phrase?3What does the underlined word“.”in paragraph.probably mean？1构词法猜词阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的
4、单词派生或合成的新词，考生可以根据构词法猜测词义。构词法有合成法、派生法和转换法(即单词的词性转变而词形不变)典例 2018北京卷阅读DA study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric，self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80%and cut the cost of
5、 transportation infrastructure(基础设施)and operations 40%by 2050.Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing.The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services，considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and
6、maintenance issues(责任与维护问题)But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.What does the underlined word“fielded”in Paragraph 4 probably mean?AEmployed.BReplaced.CShared.DReduced.点拨：词义猜测题。利用构词法解题。field常用于名词，表示“场地，领域”，此处用作动词，引申为“使用
7、，应用”。根据第九行中画线词所在句的前半部分内容“The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly”并结合下句中“as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology”可知，随着价格的降低以及人们对这项技术开始应用自如，第一批上市的无人驾驶车辆会“被应用”到“叫车服务”中。故选A。自主解答：_ A2利用同义近义词猜词在生词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义
8、。表示同义近义的信号词/词组常见的有：and，or，similarly，likewise等。典例 2020全国卷BYet“Apes”is more exception than the rule.In fact,Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately.One nonprofit organization,which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment,is keeping_tabs_on more than 2,000 productions this year.
9、Already,a number of films,including“Water for Elephants，”“The Hangover Part”and“Zookeeper，”have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them havent been treated properly.What does the underlined phrase“keeping tabs on”in Paragraph 3 probably mean?AListing completely.BDirecting p
10、rofessionally.CPromoting successfully.DWatching carefully.点拨：词义猜测题。根据“One nonprofit organization,which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment,is keeping_tabs_on more than 2,000 productions this year.”可知，一个非盈利组织的工作就是监督在电影拍摄中动物是如何被对待的，这个非盈利组织正在密切关注今年2000多部电影的制作。所以画线短语keeping tabs on
11、与monitor(监督)意义最为接近。自主解答：_D3利用反义词猜词有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词/词组常见的有：(whether).or，unlike，but，yet，however，while，although，nevertheless，instead，rather than，in contrast,contrary to，on the other hand等。典例 2020新高考卷DAccording to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Resear
12、ch,both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake.And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份),its the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.What does the underlined wo
13、rd“beanpoles”in Paragraph 1 refer to?ABig eaters.BOverweight persons.CPicky eaters.DTall thin persons.点拨：词义猜测题。可利用反义词猜词义。根据“And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份),its the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoi
14、d.”，研究表明，与现存的研究发现(应该避免和食量大的胖人一起吃饭)相反，你真正需要避开的是胃口大的又高又瘦的人。根据“contrary to”可知，画线词与heavier people含义相反。自主解答：_D4利用逻辑关系猜词任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。考生可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义。常见的上下文之间的关系有：因果关系、转折关系、并列关系、递进关系、解释关系等。典例 2020全国卷 BWhile I tend to buy a lot of books,these three were given t
15、o me as gifts,which might add to the meaning I attach to them.But I imagine that,while money is indeed wonderful and necessary,rereading an authors work is the highest currency a reader can pay them.The best books are the ones that open further as time passes.But remember,its you that has to grow an
16、d read and reread in order to better understand your friends.What does the underlined word“currency”in Paragraph 4 refer to?ADebt.BReward.CAllowance.DFace value.点拨：词义猜测题。此题可利用逻辑关系解题。根据“But I imagine that,while money is indeed wonderful and necessary,rereading an authors work is the highest currency
17、a reader can pay them.”可知，作者认为，虽然金钱确实是美妙而必要的，但重读作家的著作是读者对该作家的最高奖励，因此画线词在此处指“奖励”。自主解答：_B5利用例证猜词为了说明或证实，文章中经常会举例，往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的词，这些例子可帮助考生猜测生词。举例时，常常会用一些连接性的词，如such as，like，for example，for instance等。典例 2018全国卷CIn recent centuries，trade，industrialisation，the development of the nation-state and the spr
18、ead of universal compulsory education，especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades，all have caused many languages to disappear，and dominant languages such as English，Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.Which of the following best explains“dominant”underline
19、d in Paragraph 2?AComplex.BAdvanced.CPowerful.DModern.点拨：根据“dominant languages such as English，Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.”可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语正在替代其他语言。由此推知dominant languages意为“强有力的语言”。自主解答：_C6利用同等关系猜词同等关系是指一个词、一个词组或短语在句中作同一成分，而且他们的词义属于同一范畴。只要认出其中一个或几个词或短语，即可以确定同等关系中生词的词性、作用和大概的意思。常见的
20、表示同等关系的信号词有：or，namely，that is，in other words，that is to say，to be more exact，to put in another way等。典例 2018浙江卷BAmericans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year.So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银员)Th
21、e bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California，including Los Angeles.Eyeing these headwinds,_plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.What does the word“headwinds”in paragraph 2 refer to?ABans
22、on plastic bags.BEffects of city development.CHeadaches caused by garbage.DPlastic bags hung in trees.点拨：词意猜测题。上文介绍在许多美国大城市塑料袋被禁用，看到这种现状，塑料袋生产商雇用Stein等科学家是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害。根据画线词下文的内容可知these headwinds就是指代上文提到的“禁止使用塑料袋”。自主解答：_ A7利用生活常识和文化背景猜测词义典例 2019全国卷BBut hes nervous.“Im here to tell you
23、today why you should.should.”Chris trips on the“-ld，”a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers.His teacher，Thomas Whaley，is next to him，whispering support.“.Vote for.me.”Except for some stumbles，Chris is doing amazingly well.When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion，Whaley
24、 invites the rest of the class to praise him.What does the underlined word“stumbles”in Paragraph 2 refer to?AImproper pauses.BBad manners.CSpelling mistakes.DSilly jokes.点拨：词义猜测题。利用生活常识解题。人们在演讲时常常紧张，因此讲话“磕磕巴巴”，再根据第二行中的“you should.should.”以及第五行“.Vote for.me.”这样的语句特点可知，Chris的演讲不流畅，也就是说有不适当的停顿。这是他表现不好的
25、地方，与画线词后的句意“他完成得非常好”构成转折关系，与短语except for的语意相呼应。自主解答：_A技法2 代词猜测题“就近原则”找指代知答题方略明命题方式 第一步 明确代词所指代内容的位置：代词永远出现在原词之后，故代词所指代的内容在这一句的前面一句中或者前几个句子中。第二步 替换核实再比较：用所找的指代内容替换划线代词，核实句意是否合理，前后内容是否一致。猜测代词类常考查形式如下：1What does the underlined word“this/that/it/they.”refer to?2The underlined part“this/that/it/they.”ref
26、er to _.典例 2020新高考卷CIn the mid-1990s,Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.He left after seven months,physically broken and having lost his mind.A few years later,still attracted to the country,he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.Hi
27、s visit,however,ended up involving a lot more than that.Hence this book，Chasing the Sea:Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire inCentral Asia,which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan,where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea.It is the story of an Amer
28、ican travelling to a strange land,and of the people he meets on his way:Rustam,his translator,a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English in California,Oleg and Natasha,his hosts in Tashkent,and a string of foreign aid workers.What does the underlined word“that”in Paragraph 2 refer to?AD
29、eveloping a serious mental disease.BTaking a guided tour in Central Asia.CWorking as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.DWriting an article about the Aral Sea.破题关键点第一步 确定题干中的关键信息_第二步 定位到原句，并找出该词所代替的内容根据代词永远出现在原词之后，故代词所指代的内容在这一句的前面一句中或者前几个句子中。所以该词所代替的内容为：第一段第三句中的_第三步 综合判断得出答案汤姆回到乌兹别克斯坦的目的本来是写一篇关于咸海是如何消失的文章，画线
30、词“that”指代上文中提到的“写文章”这件事。自主解答：_the underlined word“that”in Paragraph 2“still attracted to the country，he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea”D技法3 句意猜测题“意义吻合”推句意知答题方略明命题方式 猜测句意类常考查形式如下：1The underlined sentence in paragraph.probably means?2What can we infe
31、r from the underlined sentence in paragraph.？典例 2019浙江卷BMoney_with_no_strings_attached.Its not something you see every day.But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month，a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read，“Give What You Can，Take What You Need.”What does t
32、he expression“money with no strings attached”in Paragraph 1 mean?AMoney spent without hesitation.BMoney not legally made.CMoney offered without conditions.DMoney not tied together.破题关键点第一步 确定题干中的关键信息_第二步 定位到原句，并找出与该句相关的信息句_第三步 综合判断得出答案_自主解答：_“money with no strings attached”in Paragraph 1 mean?“Give
33、What You Can,Take What You Need.由“尽你所能，取你所需”可知，此处 money with no strings attached 的意思应该是“无条件提供钱”。C考场练兵 检验考试能力A2020安徽省部分重点中学高三联考Remember Vitaminwaters“free of rolling screens for a year”challenge that people to be free from smart phones for a whole year will win$100,000?Well,Elana Mugdan,a New York wo
34、man,has been into it for eight months,and just four months away from claiming the grand prize.Vitaminwater made news headlines last December when it announced its unique challenge.Thousands of people applied to be chosen as the perfect candidate to spend a year without touching their smart phones,bu
35、t in the end,the only person who got to try and survived for an entire year without a handheld smart phone was Elana Mugdan,a 29-year-old fiction writer from Queens,New York.Eight months into the challenge,she claims it has been a free and eye-opening experience that shows her just how dependent she
36、 becomes on her smart phone.Even though there are times when she misses her handheld smart phone,she plans to go on living without it even after the challenge ends,because she really doesnt want to go back to days when she overused it,wasted time,stayed up all hours of the night on it,and was obsess
37、ed_with social media.But not having access to her smart phone really made certain situations a lot harder than she could have imagined them before.“Many people did me a favor.However,once,I almost get stranded(被滞留的)in the Sea-Tac Airport because the phone number Id written down was wrong,and I had n
38、o way of referring to the right one,no way of calling a cab,and no one in the state who could help me，”the young writer said.Another time,her cars“check engine”light turned on while she was driving in an unfamiliar area at night.She couldnt use her phones GPS,or even check what the light meant onlin
39、e or find a nearby car repair shop.But she learned to overcome these situations.And now she claims the last eight months of phone-free life have been one of the best adventures of her life and that shell keep it for another four months.1Whats the challenge “free of rolling screens for a year”?APeopl
40、e free from smart phones can live a richer life.BPeople living a telephone-free life can be awarded money every year.CPeople living without computers for a year will win a grand prize.DPeople spending a year free from smart phones will get a reward.答案与解析：D 考查细节理解。根据第一段第一句中的“challenge that people to
41、be free from smart phones for a whole year will win$100,000”可知，这个挑战要求参加者一年内不使用手机，参加者完成挑战后可以获得奖金。故选D。2Which phrase can replace the underlined part“obsessed with”in Paragraph 2?Asatisfied with Baccustomed toCaddicted to Dpopular with答案与解析：C 考查词义猜测。根据第二段画线词所在句中的“she really doesnt want to go back to day
42、s when she overused it，wasted time，stayed up all hours of the night on it”可知，Elana Mugdan曾经过度使用手机，浪费了时间，并且还熬夜玩手机。此处与上文内容相衔接，由此可以推测出，此处表示她当时对社交媒体非常迷恋，即上瘾。故选C。3What does Elana Mugdan mainly want to express in Paragraph 3?AIts fantastic to have someone to help her all the way.BIts unimaginable to lose
43、her phone number on the way.CIts unnecessary to refer to information with a smart phone.DIts difficult to get out of the trouble without a smart phone.答案与解析：D 考查推理判断。根据第三段第一句“But not having access to her smart phone really made certain situations a lot harder than she could have imagined them before
44、”以及本段所列举的事例可知，Elana Mugdan在第三段想告诉我们，没有手机很难摆脱困境。故选D。4What can we learn about Elana Mugdan?AShe couldnt live without a smart phone.BShe finds no one can help her in the adventure.CShe had not won the grand$100,000 prize yet.DShe used to use her smart phone to write fiction.答案与解析：C 考查细节理解。根据第四段最后一句中的“s
45、hell keep it for another four months”可知，Elana Mugdan还要继续四个月的挑战，由此可知她还没有获得奖金。故选C。B2020广州市高三年级阶段训练 The Silk Road is arguably the most famous long-distance trade route of the ancient world.This passage connected Europe in the West with China in the East，and allowed the exchange of goods,technology,and
46、ideas between the two civilizations.Although merchants could make huge profits traveling on the road,it was not without risk.The main Silk Road started in Changan(known today as Xian),the early Han dynastys capital.Travelers commencing their journey from this city could take a northern route that wo
47、uld take them across Chinas northwestern provinces.After this,they would face the Gobi Desert,arguably the greatest danger of the Silk Road.The Gobi Desert,the largest desert in Asia,consists mainly of rocky,hard earth.This feature made it easier for traders to travel across,compared to sandy desert
48、s like the neighboring Taklimakan Desert.Like other deserts,the Gobi Desert is dry and hot,and therefore the biggest challenge travelers faced was obtaining enough water for themselves as well as for their camels.So,rest stops were created along the route,allowing travelers to rest,eat and drink.The
49、se places also promoted the exchange of goods,and even ideas,amongst the travelers who stopped there.Usually,the rest stops were placed within a days journey of each other.In this way,travelers could avoid spending too much time in the desert,which would make them be targets for robbers,another dang
50、er of the Silk Road.Once through the Gobi Desert,travelers would continue their journey into Iran,Turkey,and finally Europe.While this part of the journey may have been less dangerous,it is not entirely without peril.5The underlined word“it”in the first paragraph refers to _.Amaking huge profitsBtra
51、veling on the Silk RoadCexchanging goods and ideasDconnecting different civilizations答案与解析：B 考查代词指代。本句是一个主从复合句，前半句为让步状语从句，前后形成转折，表示尽管穿行丝绸之路的商人可以获得高收益，但这也不是没有危险的，且下文讲到的危险也都与行走在丝绸之路上相关，所以it指代的应该是“行走在丝绸之路上”，故选B。6Why was the Gobi Desert easier to cross than other deserts?AThe deserts surface was easier
52、to walk on.BCamels for transportation were easier to find.CIt was smaller and could be crossed in less time.DThere were more natural water sources available.答案与解析：A 考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“The Gobi Desert，the largest desert in Asia，consists mainly of rocky，hard earth.This feature made it easier for traders t
53、o travel across”可知，戈壁滩之所以较好穿越是由于其地面较为坚硬、好走，故选A。7What can we guess about the rest stops in the Gobi Desert?AThey offered travelers free accommodation.BThey were located around the edges of the desert.CTravelers staying there were often attacked by criminals.DThey were shared by travelers from differe
54、nt countries.答案与解析：D 考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“These places also promoted the exchange of goods，and even ideas，amongst the travelers who stopped there“可推知，休息处接待来自不同国家的旅客，故选D。8What is the passage mainly about?AThe origins of the Silk Road.BThe benefits of the Silk Road.CThe difficulties faced by Silk Road travelers.DThe cultural exchanges among Silk Road travelers.答案与解析：C 考查主旨大意。根据文章结构可知，作者在第一段给出了中心句“Although merchants could make huge profits traveling on the road，it was not without risk”，在中间几段讲述了商旅们在戈壁滩上面临的困难以及其他危险，最后一段再次强调即使过了戈壁滩，但还有其他危险等待着他们，故选C。