1、第2讲 名词性从句高考感知单句语法填空1.(2019全国卷)While they are rare north of 88，there is evidence they range all the way across the Arctic,and as far south as James Bay in Canada.答案：that 分析句子结构可知，所填词引导同位语从句，解释说明evidence的具体内容，从句中不缺少成分且语义完整，故用that引导。2.(2018北京高考)Without his support,we wouldnt be we are now.答案：where 根据句意
2、“没有他的支持，我们不能到达现在这种地步(到现在的位置)”，故应用where引导表语从句。3.(2018北京高考)This is my father has taught meto always face difficulties and hope for the best.答案：what 表语从句中缺少宾语，故应用what来引导。4.(2018江苏高考)By boat is the only way to get here,which is we arrived.答案：how 根据句意“那就是我们如何到达这的”可知，应用how来引导表语从句，在从句中作方式状语。5.(2018浙江高考)It
3、is possible caffeine may cause birth defects in humans,too.答案：that 本题中it为形式主语，that从句为真正的主语。单句写作1.(2019北京高考)学生在大学里干什么看起来比他们上哪所大学更重要(比他们去哪里更重要)。at college seems to matter much more than.2.(2017北京高考)每年的风筝节上，无论是谁制作了最漂亮的风筝，都会获奖。Every year,will win a prize in the Kite Festival.What students do where they
4、gowhoever makes the most beautiful kite3.(2017北京高考)简在有树的街道上走着，不知道去往何处。Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street,not knowing.4.(2016天津高考)经理提议我们应该找一个助手。The manager put forward a suggestion have an assistant.5.(2015全国卷)身为天生建筑师的古印第安人早已计算出，在大多数情况下要想循环工作土坯墙应该是多厚。As natural architects,the Pueblo Indi
5、ans figured out exactly the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.where she was headingthat wehow thick考点透析考点 1 名词性从句的不同类型及其结构名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句，它是一种具有名词功能的非独立分句。1主语从句That you are coming to London is the best news I have heard this long time.这么长时间以来我听到的最好的消息就是你要来伦敦。Wh
6、at matters most in learning English is enough practice.学习英语最重要的是足够的训练。It is none of your business what other people think about you.Believe yourself.其他人怎么认为你，不关你的事，你尽管相信你自己。It is obvious to the students that they should get well prepared for their future.显而易见，学生应该为他们的未来做好充分准备。归纳 主语从句的结构：1连接词主语谓语其他主句
7、谓语其他。2It形式主语主句谓语其他连接词主语谓语其他。2宾语从句Im afraid(that)I cant accept your invitation.恐怕我不能接受你的邀请。Tom is a nice boy except that he is sometimes late for school.汤姆除了有时候上学迟到外，是个很不错的男孩。I find it necessary that we should spend more time practising spoken English.我发现花更多时间练习英语口语是必要的。I dont think that you should g
8、o abroad in the future.我认为你将来不应该出国。归纳 宾语从句的结构：1及物动词短语/介词连接词从句主语从句谓语其他。2及物动词it宾补连接词从句主语从句谓语其他。3表示情感的形容词连接词从句主语从句谓语其他。3表语从句My decision is that all of us are to start at 6 oclock tomorrow morning.我的决定是我们所有人明天早上6点出发。The reason for his absence is that his daughter suddenly fell ill.他缺席的原因是他的女儿突然病了。As is
9、known to us,China is no longer what she used to be.众所周知，中国再也不是从前的样子了。One reason for her preference for city life is that she can have easy access to places like stores and restaurants.她偏爱城市生活的一个原因是她可以很方便地进入像商店和饭店这样的地方。归纳 表语从句的结构：系动词连接词从句主语从句谓语其他。4同位语从句We should consider the students request that the
10、 school library provide more books on popular science.我们应该考虑学生的要求，即学校图书馆应该提供更多的关于大众科学方面的书籍。The problem whether we should continue to do the experiment has been solved.我们是否应该继续做实验的问题已经解决了。I have no idea when he will come back.我不知道他将何时回来。I made a promise to myself that this year,my third year in senio
11、r school,would be different.我向自己保证：今年我高中的第三年将会是不同的一年。归纳 同位语从句的结构：名词连接词从句主语从句谓语其他。注意 不难发现，同位语从句的结构与定语从句的结构极其相似，但同位语从句是对前面的表示抽象概念的名词的内容作进一步地解释说明，而定语从句是对前面的名词进行修饰、限制。同位语从句常放在feeling，news，doubt，problem，promise，idea等名词后，而定语从句不受此限制。试比较：The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.
12、同位语从句；that从句是对news内容的具体解释说明；that不作成分他们赢得比赛的消息很快传遍了整个学校。The news that you told me yesterday was really disappointing.定语从句；that引导的从句对news进行修饰限定；that在从句中作宾语，故可省略你昨天告诉我的消息真的令人失望。考点 2 名词性从句的连接词名词性从句的常见连接词有：that,whether,what,which,who,whom,whatever,whichever,whoever,whomever,when,where,why,how,how many,ho
13、w much等，根据其在从句中的功能可分为三类：1从句中缺少主语或宾语时，选择以下连接词：what(ever),which(ever),who(ever),whom(ever)。通常情况下，which是在语境中提供了范围才会使用，否则，指事物时使用what(ever)What was most important to her,she told me,was her family.(主语从句，what在从句中作主语)她告诉我，对她来说最重要的是她的家人。The employers often give the job to whoever they believe has work exper
14、ience with a strong sense of duty.(宾语从句，whoever在从句中作主语)雇主们经常会把工作给他们认为有工作经验并且有强烈责任感的人。Whichever book he bought would be paid for.无论他买了哪一本书，都要付款。2从句中不缺少主语或宾语，而是缺少状语成分，此时则用when,where,why,how,how many/much等带有语义的连接词Some students even have no idea why they are studying,so they waste much time playing.(同位语
15、从句，缺语义，连接词在从句中作原因状语)一些学生甚至都不知道为什么学习，所以他们浪费很多时间玩儿。She always thinks of how she can work well.(宾语从句，缺语义，连接词在从句中作方式状语)她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。Where the English evening will be held hasnt yet been announced.(主语从句，缺语义，连接词在从句中作地点状语)英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。3从句中既不缺少成分，又语义完整，则用连接词thatIt has been decided that the meeting will
16、 be put off till next Monday.(主语从句，不缺成分和语义)已经决定会议推迟到下周一。He gave us a suggestion that we should practise speaking English in class.(同位语从句，不缺成分和语义)他建议我们课堂上练习说英语。Tom has admired my daughter for a long time,but the question is thatshe doesnt love him at all.(表语从句，that不作任何成分，无语义，只起连接作用)汤姆已经爱慕我女儿很久了，然而问题是
17、我女儿一点也不爱他。4whether与if的用法(1)表语从句和同位语从句常用whether引导，不用if；当主语从句放于句首时，也常用whether引导，不用if；当it作形式主语，主语从句放在后面时用whether或if引导均可，但是如果被后置的主语从句中含有表选择意义的or时，必须用whether；与or not直接连用时，也必须用whether。Whether the meeting will be held is still a problem.(主语从句放于句首)是否要开会仍然是个问题。The problem is whether the meeting will be held.
18、(表语从句)问题是是否将举行会议。I have no idea whether the meeting will be held.(同位语从句)我不知道是否将举行会议。It is doubtful whether/if he will come here.(主语从句放于句末)他是否要来这儿还令人怀疑。It makes no difference whether or not he comes.他来不来无关紧要。(2)在宾语从句中，whether和if都可以引导宾语从句，表示“是否”，在口语或间接引语中两者可以互换使用，但在有些情况下，whether和if的用法有一定的区别。awhether引导
19、的从句常可以与连词or或or not直接连用，而if一般不能。Let me know whether you can come or not.让我知道你是否来。b当宾语从句提到句首时，只能用whether引导，而不能用if。Whether it is true or not,I cant tell.是否是真的，我不敢说。cwhether可以引导带to的不定式，if则不能。I dont know whether to accept or refuse.我不知道是接受还是拒绝。dwhether及其引导的成分可放于介词之后，作介词的宾语，但if不能。I am worrying about wheth
20、er I hurt her feelings.我在担心我是否伤害了她的感情。考点 3 名词性从句的疑难点1that不可省略的情况(1)that引导主语从句且从句置于句首时，that不可省略。That he failed in the exam made his parents disappointed.他考试不及格，这使他父母很失望。(2)that引导表语从句或同位语从句时，一般不可省略。The truth is that I didnt go there.事实是我没有去那里。The news that our team has won is true.我们队赢了的消息是真的。(3)当that
21、引导的从句作介词的宾语时，that通常不能省略。They share little in common except that they are from the same country.除了来自同一个国家之外，他们几乎没有共同点。(4)当主句谓语后接两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，可以省略第一个that，其他的that不可省略。I believe(that)youve done your best and that things will get better.我相信你已经尽力了，而且情况会好起来的。(5)当it作形式宾语时，在that引导的宾语从句中，that也不可省略。He has mad
22、e it clear that he will not give in.他不会屈服的，他已经表明了这一点。(6)当that引导的宾语从句与主句谓语动词之间有插入语或与从句主语之间有插入语时，that通常不可省略。He announced,believe it or not,that he would never forgive her.信不信由你，他宣布他绝不会原谅她。2wh-ever和no matter wh-的区别wh-ever既可以引导名词性从句，又可以引导让步状语从句，而no matter wh-只能引导让步状语从句。I will give this dictionary to who
23、ever wins the first prize in the English contest.(宾语从句)我将把这本字典赠给在英语竞赛中获得一等奖的人。Whoever/No matter who wins the first prize in the English contest,I will give this dictionary to him.(状语从句)不管谁在英语竞赛中获得一等奖，我都会把这本字典赠给他。3表示“要求，建议，命令；坚持”的词后跟名词性从句时，从句中的谓语动词用“shoulddo”，其中should可以省略The boss ordered that the tas
24、k(should)be completed by noon.(宾语从句)老板命令(我们)在中午之前完成任务。The doctors advice is that I(should)rest more and drink more.(表语从句)医生建议我多休息、多喝水。It was proposed that this matter(should)be discussed at the next meeting.(主语从句)有人提议这事在下次会议上讨论。The boss refused the demand that she(should)do the work alone.(同位语从句)老板拒
25、绝了她单独做那项工作的请求。4宾语从句的时态(1)主句的谓语动词如果是一般现在时或一般将来时，从句的谓语动词可用任何所需要的时态。He says that he studies at school from Monday to Friday.他说他从周一至周五都在学校学习。I know that she didnt tell you that she would go to America next month.我知道她没有告诉你她下个月要去美国。He will tell us what happened to him during our absence.他会告诉我们，我们不在期间他出了什么
26、事。(2)主句的谓语动词是一般过去时时，从句的谓语动词通常用相应的过去时。The boy said that there were no classes on Sunday afternoon.那个男孩说周日下午没有课。My Chinese teacher asked me if I was reading the book Red and Blackwhen he came in.我的语文老师问我他进来时我是否在读红与黑这本书。(3)如果从句表示客观事实或真理，不管主句的谓语动词是何种时态，从句都要用一般现在时。As a child,I was told that the moon has
27、no light of its own.孩提时，人们告诉我月亮自身不会发光。5as if/as though,because,why也可引导表语从句It looked as if it was going to rain.看起来天好像要下雨。Thats because he didnt work hard enough.那是因为他不够努力工作。That was why I asked for three days leave.那就是为什么我请了三天假。注意 because引导表语从句时，主句主语不能是reason或cause，而且since和as不能引导表语从句。误区警示误区一 连接代词或连接
28、副词的误用(1)【误】Sarah hopes to become a friend of who shares her interests.【正】Sarah hopes to become a friend of whoever shares her interests.分析 从句中缺少主语，此处表述“无论谁”，故用whoever引导宾语从句。(2)【误】The road is covered with snow.I cant understand how they insist on going by motorbike.【正】The road is covered with snow.I
29、cant understand why they insist on going by motorbike.分析 句意：路上有积雪。我不理解他们为何坚持骑摩托车去。根据句意可知用why引导宾语从句。误区二 名词性从句中that与what的误用(1)【误】That caused the accident is still a complete mystery.【正】What caused the accident is still a complete mystery.分析 主语从句中缺少主语，意为“什么”，故用what。句意：什么原因导致了这次事故仍完全是一个谜。(2)【误】Before th
30、e sales start,I make a list of that my kids will need for the coming season.【正】Before the sales start,I make a list of what my kids will need for the coming season.分析 宾语从句中谓语need缺少宾语，且在句中意为“的事物(东西)”，故用what。误区三 从属连词that/whether/if的误用(1)【误】What the doctors really doubt is that my mother will recover f
31、rom the serious disease soon.【正】What the doctors really doubt is whether my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.分析 此处引导表语从句，根据doubt一词可知，不确定的应是“是否”能很快恢复过来，故应用whether。(2)【误】At first he hated the new job but decided to give himself a few months to see when it got any better.【正】At first he
32、 hated the new job but decided to give himself a few months to see if/whether it got any better.分析 根据句意“起初他讨厌这个新工作，但决定给自己几个月时间看看是否能感觉好点”可知，用whether/if引导宾语从句。(3)【误】It is doubtful that the work can be completed on time.【正】It is doubtful whether the work can be completed on time.分析 在主语从句、同位语从句和表语从句中，要使
33、用whether表示“是否”。误区四 同位语从句和定语从句的误用(1)【误】Information has been put forward when more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities this year.【正】Information has been put forward that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities this year.分析 此句中含有一个被分隔开的同位语从句，说明句子主语informat
34、ion的内容，从句成分和句意完整，用that引导同位语从句。(2)【误】The fact which this country spends more on its military than on education and health care is a serious and worrying thought.【正】The fact that this country spends more on its military than on education and health care is a serious and worrying thought.分析 从句句意完整，因此不是
35、定语从句，故不能使用which。此处是that连接的一个同位语从句，具体解释说明fact的内容而非修饰限定。(3)【误】We havent yet settled the question that we are going to spend our honeymoon.【正】We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our honeymoon.分析 question后的从句是对question具体内容的陈述而非限定，故应为同位语从句而非定语从句。考点过关1.单句语法填空The ant stopped to s
36、ee had bit him,and the dove immediately flew away.You can choose you like in that shop.Its necessary that a college student (master)one or two foreign languages.golf was first played in Scotland in the 15th century is generally agreed.what whatever(should)master That What the students really doubt i
37、s he will pass the exam.Passion is passion and it doesnt matter its directed.Exactly,it can be coins or sports or politics.whether where2单句写作(那并不奇怪)our team has won the game.Can you tell me (我如何能)get to the railway station?This is (我们的问题所在)The news (我们女排赢得冠军)encouraged us all greatly.It is no surprise that how I can where our problems lie that our women volleyball team had won the championship本课结束
