1、1rate n. 比率；等级；价格，费用；速度(教材P1)Many countries around the world are developing at a very fast rate.世界上的许多国家以飞快的速度发展着。(2019全国卷)Hospital patients who see tree branches out their windows are likely to recover at a faster rate than patients who see buildings or sky instead.医院里看见病房窗户外面树枝的病人可能比看见楼房或天空的病人恢复得快
2、。Most people walk at an average rate of 5 kilometres an hour.大多数人步行的平均速度为每小时5公里。(1)at a.rate 以的速度at the rate of 以的速度，以的比率at any rate 无论如何，不管怎样at this/that rate 照这/那情形看来(2)rate v. 估价；评价rate.as. 作为受到评价At any rate the task must be fulfilled.无论如何，任务必须完成。They rated him highly as a colleague.作为同事，他们对他评价很好
3、。完成句子人口在以惊人的速度增长。The population was growing 评论家和观众都认为这次演出是成功的。The show a success by critics and audiences.无论如何，我们都要尽力保护人民的利益。 ， we should try to protect the peoples interest.【答案】at an alarming ratewas rated (as) At any rate2(教材P2)In 1985，there was little rainfall in Ethiopia，which led to poor harves
4、ts and the death of many of the countrys cattle1985年，埃塞俄比亚几乎没有降雨，这导致收成减产和许多牛死亡。(1)lead to 导致Too much work and too little rest often leads to illness.工作时间太长且休息不好容易生病。Drinking too much coffee can lead to increased death rates.饮咖啡太多可能导致死亡率增加。名师点津此短语中的to是介词，后面可接名词或动名词。Staying up too late led to his bein
5、g sleepy all day.熬夜太晚导致他一天很困倦。lead.to (some place)带领去(某地)lead sb.to do sth. 使某人做某事lead the way 带路；引路lead/live a.life 过着样的生活lead.into 把领进Her words led me to think over my decision again.她的话让我重新考虑我的决定。He led us to the conference room.他领我们进入会议室。这样一种错误可能导致灾难性的后果。Such a mistake would perhaps disastrous c
6、onsequences.于是她牵着格尔达的手，把她带到小屋子里去，把门锁起来。She then took Gerda by the hand, the little cottage, and locked the door.虽然他们年老了，但是他们生活得仍很活跃。Though they are old they still 【答案】lead toled her intolead an active life(2)cattle n牛cattle是集合名词，是“牛”的总称，本身是复数形式，当它作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。用head作量词时，用head的原形，如“10头牛”可以说ten head
7、of cattle或ten cattle。He has twenty head of cattle on his farm.他在农场里养了20头牛。For this many cattle were killed.为此宰杀了很多牛。这些牛是从新西兰来的。 from New Zealand.他们卖给国家六百万头牛。They sold 6 million to the state.【答案】These cattle arehead of cattle3take place 发生；举行，举办(教材P2)The concert took place on 13 July 1985 in two plac
8、esLondon and Philadelphiaand included the biggest stars of the time.1985年7月13日，音乐会在伦敦和费城两地举行，出席者包括了当时最红的巨星。明辨异同take place/happen/occur/come about/break outtake place表示“发生；举行，举办”，这种事件的发生一定有某种原因或事先的安排happen作“发生，碰巧”解，一般用于偶然或突发性事件occur作“发生，想到，突然想起”解come about表示“发生，产生”，多指事情已经发生了，但还不知道为什么，常用于疑问句和否定句break
9、out意为“发生，爆发”，常指战争、灾难、疾病或者争吵等事件的发生Ill never understand how it came about that you were late three times a week.我永远弄不明白你怎么一周会迟到三次。Fighting has broken out between rival groups of fans.双方球迷发生了打斗。(2019全国卷)This development did not take place overnight.这一进展情况并不是一夜之间发生的。选词填空(take place/happen/occur/come abo
10、ut/break out)Maybe something unexpected Great changes have in our hometown during the past ten years.It to me that she didnt know I had moved into the new house.Do you know how the air accident ？A fire in the hospital at midnight.【答案】happenedtaken placeoccurred came aboutbroke out4intend vt.想要；打算；计划
11、；打算使(成为)(教材P2)Geldof intended the concert to raise money for hunger relief and to make the public more aware of the problem.格尔多夫想通过音乐会为饥荒筹钱，使公众更加关注这一问题。What do you intend to do today?你今天打算做什么？Lets ask her what she intends us to do.让我们问问她，她想让我们做什么。intend to do sth.打算做某事intend sb.to do sth. 打算让某人做某事in
12、tend that 从句(虚拟语气)intend.as. 打算使成为intend.for. 打算为做准备be intended for. 打算给用的I intended that she (should) go.我计划让她去。They intend this article as teaching materials.他们打算把这篇文章作为教材。That iPad is intended for you.那个iPad是为你而买的。名师点津had intended to do sth.或intended to have done sth.都可以表示“本来打算做某事”。I had intended
13、 to see you off at the airportI intended to have seen you off at the airport.我本打算去机场为你送行。用适当的介词填空The book is intended children.The notes are intended an introduction to the course.【答案】foras5put/bring pressure on/upon sb.lay pressure on sb.给施加压力(教材P2)The concert also made the headlines around the wor
14、ld，and put great pressure on politicians and statesmen to do something about the problem of world hunger.音乐会也受到了全世界媒体的极大关注，这给政客和政治家施加了巨大压力，迫使他们为世界饥荒问题采取行动。She didnt put any pressure on him to take the job.她没有对他施加压力要他接受这份工作。Dont put much pressure on the boy；he is only a child.不要给这个男孩施加太大压力，他只是个孩子。(1)
15、pressure n压力；压迫under pressure 在压力之下；被迫，迫不得已under the pressure of 在逼迫下(2)pressure v. 对施加压力pressure sb.to do sth.pressure sb.into doing sth. 迫使某人做某事Everyone shouldnt pressure himself/herself into making a hasty decision.每个人都不该勉强自己仓促做出决定。完成句子他们给我施压要我卖掉我的房子。They to sell my house.主任面对被迫辞职的压力越来越大。The dire
16、ctor is to resign.不必强迫孩子吃东西。Children neednt things.【答案】put/brought pressure on meunder increasing pressurebe pressured into eating/to eat6(教材P2)The WFP has organized a number of programmes，including the FoodforLife programme，which sends emergency food aid to countries during times of trouble；the Foo
17、dforGrowth programme，which targets people most at risk，such as babies，pregnant women and old people.世界粮食计划署已经组织了若干项目，包括挽救生命粮食计划，该计划为处于困难时期的国家送去紧急粮食援助；健康成长粮食计划，它主要以身处危险中的人作为目标，例如，婴儿、孕妇和老年人(1)a number of 许多A number of students are boys in this group.在这个组里许多学生都是男生。A great number of people were present
18、at the meeting.很多人出席了会议。明辨异同a number of/the number ofa number of后跟可数名词的复数，意为“许多的；若干的”。number前可用large，small，good，certain，great等修饰词。当它修饰主语时，谓语动词用复数。the number of后跟可数名词的复数形式，意为“的数量/数目”。当它与后面的名词连用时，中心词是the number。如果用作主语，谓语要用单数。 There are a great number of graduate students in this university.这所大学有许多研究生。
19、Up to now the number of people who were killed in the earthquake is more than 60，000.到目前为止地震中丧生的人数已超过6万。用所给动词的适当形式填空A number of volunteers (assist) those people living in the earthquakehit area.A number of new oilfields (open) up recently.【答案】are assistinghave been opened(2)target vt.将作为目标(常与介词on或at
20、连用)n.靶；目标；指标；(谴责或嘲笑的)对象Welfare spending should be targeted on the people who need it most.福利开支应该将那些最有需要的人作为目标。Without weapons，we are simply targets of our enemies.没有武器，我们仅仅是敌人的靶子。(1)target at/on sth.对瞄准；把作为靶子；指向(2)on/off target 准确命中/未命中set/meet a target 制定/达到目标The programme is targeted at improving
21、the health of women of all ages.该项目的目的是改善各年龄层妇女的健康状况。Due to the strong wind few players managed to get their shots on target.由于大风几乎没有运动员准确命中目标。完成句子他是众人取笑的对象。He is many jokes.他们在设定发展2 000名新会员的目标。They are 2，000 new members.没有多少州能达到他们的目标。Not many states will 【答案】the target ofsetting a target of meet th
22、eir targets(3)at risk处境危险；遭受危险(相当于in danger)Lowlying farmland may be at risk from flooding this weekend.这个周末地势低的农田可能会有遭到洪水侵袭的危险。(1)at the risk ofat risk to冒着的危险take the risk of sth./doing sth. 冒着危险take a risk/take risks (to do sth.)冒险(做某事)(2)risk doing sth. 冒险做某事He saved my life at the risk of losin
23、g his own.他冒着生命危险救了我的命。You are taking a big risk driving so fast.你开车这样快是在冒很大危险。完成句子这种疾病正在蔓延，所有儿童都有被感染的危险。The disease is spreading，and all young children are 如果想在生意上取得成功，就得冒许多风险。You have to if you want to succeed in business.【答案】at the risk of being infectedtake a lot of risks7beyond doubt(without do
24、ubt)毫无疑问；的确(教材P2)This is beyond doubt an amazing achievement，but is it enough?毫无疑问，这是惊人的成就，但是这就足够了吗？This meeting has been，without doubt，one of the most useful we have had so far.这次会议无疑是我们迄今为止最有用的一次会议。(1)doubt用作动词，后接从句，主句是肯定句，用if或whether引导；主句是疑问句或否定句则用that引导。(2)名词doubt后接同位语从句时，否定句、疑问句用that引导，肯定句用whet
25、her引导。(3)there is.doubt about对怀疑(4)have doubt about 对怀疑I doubt whether hell be successful.我怀疑他是否能成功。I dont doubt that hell come to help me.毫无疑问他会来帮助我的。Do you doubt that hell finish the task on time?你对他能按时完成这项任务表示怀疑吗？完成句子毫无疑问我们做得对。 we did the right thing.你可以抱怨，但是我看抱怨也未必有用。You can complain，but itll ma
26、ke any difference.我不确定今天是否下雨。 whether it will rain today.【答案】There is no doubt at all thatI doubt whether/ifI have doubt 8(教材P3)There is a saying that goes，Give a man a fish，and you feed him for a day.Teach a man to fish，and you feed him for the rest of his life.有句俗语是这样说的，“授人以鱼，三餐之需；授人以渔，终生之用。”【要点提炼
27、】“There is a saying that goes从句”意为“(谚语、消息等)说法是”，与As the old saying goes.(常言说道)用法相似。“Accidents will happen，”as the saying goes.常言道“意外事，总难免”。结构相似的常见There be句型有：There is no denying that.毫无疑问There is a chance that. 有可能There is a possibility that.有可能There is no point(in)doing sth. 做某事没有意义There is no need
28、 for sb.to do sth. 某人没必要做某事There is no denying that we will win the game.毫无疑问我们会赢得这场比赛。Theres no point in getting angry.发火是没有用的。台湾是中国的一部分，这是不可否认的。 Taiwan is part of China.再和他争论下去是没有什么意义的。 arguing with him any more.你明天不必早起。 for you to get up early tomorrow.【答案】There is no denying thatThere is no poin
29、t inThere is no need9(教材P3)These things provide a framework for new jobs to be created，allowing people to help themselves so that they no longer need to depend on others.这些事业给创造新工作构架提供了机会，以便使人们自己帮助自己，不再依赖他人。【要点提炼】allowing people to.是分词短语作结果状语。现在分词表示结果，是伴随谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果(同时发生)。谓语动词与现在分词的动作是因果关系。动词不定式
30、短语也可作结果状语，但其动作发生在谓语动词之后，往往表示未曾预料到的或令人不快的结果，不定式前常加only。His parents died，leaving him an orphan.他父母双亡，留下他一个孤儿。(自然结果)I hurried to the station，only to find the train had left.我匆忙赶到车站，结果发现火车已开走了。(意想不到的、不愉快结果)完成句子It rained heavily, (造成那个国家洪水泛滥)He hurried to the station， (结果被告知)that his friend didnt come.【答
31、案】causing severe flooding in that country only to be told10pretend v假装(教材P3)There are hundreds of success stories from all over the developing world，showing that a lot is being done to fight poverty，yet we cannot pretend that the fight is over.在各处的发展中国家有数以百计的这样成功的故事，表明人们正在做许多事情与贫困做斗争，但我们不能佯称斗争已经结束。H
32、e pretended that he was ill so that he could stay at home.他假装病了以便能待在家里。pretend 后可接从句，也常接不定式的三种形式pretendIm sorry，but I cant just pretend it hasnt happened.我很抱歉，但我不能当这件事没有发生过。He pretended to be dead when he met a bear.他遇到熊时假装死了。He pretended to be working hard.He pretended that he was working hard.他假装在
33、努力工作。用pretend的相关词语完成下列小片段As Tom wasnt interested in his lessons, whenever there was an exam, he would (假装生病). Last week, he (假装头痛)when the teacher was going to give a quiz.He (假装痛得厉害) during the quiz.An hour later，when the quiz was finished, he (假装好了)What a guy!【答案】pretend that he was ill/pretend to be illpretended to have a headache pretended to be suffering great pain pretended to have recovered