1、Unit 2 Fit for life1、chew vt.咀嚼，嚼碎，深思Many people like to chew mint gum in the summer.许多人喜欢在夏天嚼薄荷口香糖。You must chew your food well before you swallow it.食物吞下去之前先要细细咀嚼。Ill chew the problem over for a few days.这个问题我会仔细思考几天。我给你一天的时间来考虑。Ill give you one day to .chew over2、vital adj.至关重要的，有活力的，生死攸关的The gov
2、ernment saw the introduction of new technology as vital.政府认为引进新技术至关重要。The heart is a vital organ.心脏是维持生命必须的器官。vital energies 生命力 vital style 生动的文体 a vital wound 致命伤 a vital question 生死攸关的问题 vital part(身体的)要害处vital informationThe samples could give scientists about longterm changes in the earths atmo
3、sphere.这些样品能给科学家提供关于地球大气长期变化的至关重要的信息。3、accelerate v.加速，提前，跳级 The leader is losing ground as the rest of therunners accelerate.领先者在其余赛跑者加速时就逐渐失去了优势。The car accelerated as it overtook me.那辆汽车一加速就超过了我。accelerated our departureThe bad weather .糟糕的天气促使我们早日离开。4、sharp adj.锋利的，突然的，灵敏的，明显的，辛辣的Cats have sharp
4、 claws.猫有锋利的爪子。There is a sharp drop in the prices.价格出现暴跌。It was very sharp of you to have noticed that.你注意到了这一点是够机灵的。Bring the object into focus if you want a sharp photograph.要照出清晰的照片，就要把焦点对准物体。keen,acute,sharp 这些形容词均有“锐利的、敏锐的、机敏的”之意。keen 多指对复杂的事物或问题有敏锐的观察和敏捷的理解。acute 侧重感觉敏锐，能分辨出一般人难以觉察的细微区别。sharp
5、 指人头脑精明、敏锐或机警。sharpWe arrived at three(oclock).我们在3点整到达。1、try out 试验，选拔(尤指运动比赛或者角色甄选)The method seems good but it needs to be tried out.这个方法似乎不错，但需要试验一下。try out for 参加选拔Shirley will try out for the lead in the play.雪莉将参加该剧主角的选拔演出。He was out of many graduates.他是从许多毕业生中选拔出来的。selected2、subscribe to 订阅，
6、同意，支持，捐赠Do you subscribe to her pessimistic view of the state of the economy?你是否同意她对经济状况所持的悲观看法？We an animal protection society.我们定期捐款给一个动物保护协会。subscribe to 3、take down 写下，记下 take off 脱下；成功 take up 从事；拿起 take away 使消失；取走 take place 发生 take advantage of 利用 take after 像，学样子 take apart 拆开；粗暴对待；剖析 take
7、back 送还，接回；取消；使回忆起 take for 误认为，以为 take on 披上；呈现，具有；雇用；承担 take over 把从一地带到另一地；接受，接管 用介词或副词填空Now Ill give you some tablets to take _ thepain.The policeman took _ all particulars of theaccident.Take your coat _ and sit down.Now his hair has taken _ a healthy shine.So many young men want to take _ writ
8、ing.away down off on up4、be addicted to 沉溺于；对成瘾He was addicted to gambling.他赌博成瘾。addiction n.瘾；嗜好 addictive adj.使人上瘾的；使人入迷的The parents felt helpless when they found that their son had love stories for long.been addicted to5、let out(1)“放掉，放出”文意，美式英语中有“结束；放学；散场”的含义。There seemed a man in the garden.Let
9、 the dog out.好像有个人在花园里，把狗放出来吧。Let the air out of the balloon and put it into the plastic bag.释放气球中的空气，把它放在塑料袋里。The movie lets out at 10：00 pm.电影在晚上10点钟散场。let out a cry/secret 发出叫喊声/泄露秘密 let alone更不用说；更何况 let sb.alone不要管；不打扰 let down不支持；使失望；放下 let in 漏水；欺骗；让进去 let sb.in for sth.使陷入；使卷入 let on(to sb.)
10、泄密 let sb.off 放过；宽恕 let sb.off sth.允许(某人)不做He accidentally _ that he had been laid off and had to make a living away from home.他无意中透露他下岗了，不得不离家去谋生。let out Many fans are crowding in the concert.The news of the famous singers absence has really _ them _.许多歌迷涌入音乐厅，那位著名歌星缺席的消息真的使他们失望。let;down 6、wear out
11、(使)穿破，用旧，精疲力竭Cheap shoes wear out quickly.便宜的鞋子很快就穿坏了。The long journey wore every of us out.长途跋涉弄得我们每一个人都筋疲力尽。worn out 精疲力竭的；破旧的，不能再用的 be tired out 使精疲力竭，使过分劳累 be exhausted with 因而疲劳 a pair of old worn out walking boots 一双穿破了的旧步行靴_ after a long walk,Mike called and said hecould not come to the party
12、.A.Having worn outB.Being worn outC.To worn outD.Worn outD wear out 常用于被动语态，be worn out 极度疲惫。而wear out 和逻辑主语Mike之间存在被动关系，因此选D。句型it is likely that，意为“很有可能”，that连接的是真正的主语从句。It is likely that interest rates will increase.看来利率会增长。1、If you open up any medicine cupboard or go toany medicine counter in the
13、 world,it is likely that youwill find aspirin and penicillin.只要打开世界上任何一个药柜或走到任何一个医药柜台，你很有可能发现阿司匹林和青霉素。There is a possibility that 有一个可能性There is a he might go back to Seattle.这是一个可能：他可能回西雅图了。possibility that There is a that he has seen this movie.他很可能看过这部影片了。high possibility2、Not only has aspirin pr
14、oved vital for reducingfever and helping stop pain,but there are also otherthings that aspirin can help with.阿司匹林不仅证明了在退高烧、阻止疼痛方面很重要，而且还能有其他的作用。本句是由not onlybut also引导的并列句。notonly放在句首时，前一分句要倒装。Not only did the dog bark at him,but(it)bit him.这只狗不但对他吠叫，而且咬了他。Not only should software keep quiet about it
15、sproblems,but it should also have the intelligence,confidence,and authority to fix its problems on its own.软件不仅应该对自己的事情保持安静，而且应该是聪明、自信并自主地解决自己的问题。1.A 考查形容词的辨析。sharp 明显的，急剧的；slight 轻微的，稍稍的；natural 自然的，天生的；modest 谦虚的，不过分的。因此选A。句意：现在的孩子们在创造力上有很大的提高，因为他们被极力地鼓励去发挥他们的天赋。1.Nowadays,there is a _ increase in
16、 childrenscreativity,for they are greatly encouraged to developtheir talents.(2011福建)A.sharpB.slightC.naturalD.modest2.A 考查连词。whenever 无论何时；however 然而；whichever 任何一个；wherever 无论哪里。关系副词在后句中充当状语，根据语境可知是指时间，选A。句意：请打电话给我的秘书安排今天下午的会议，或者在你任何方便的时候也行。2.Please call my secretary to arrange a meeting thisafter
17、noon,or _ it is convenient to you.(2011江西)A.wheneverB.howeverC.whicheverD.wherever状语从句()一、让步状语从句(三大方面)1引导让步状语从句的从属连词 主要的有although,though,even though,even if等。Although he is poor,hes still happy.虽然他很穷，他仍然很快乐。I will try it,though I may fail.即使我可能失败，我也要试一下。Well go even if it rains.即使下雨我们也要去。注意：(1)用when
18、 和while引导让步状语从句。不要认为when和while只引导时间状语从句，其实它们也可引导让步状语从句，意思是“尽管”或“虽然”。She stopped when she ought to have continued.尽管她应该继续下去，她却停住了。While I understand what you say,I cant agree with you.虽然我理解你的意思，但我还是不同意。(2)用whetheror引导让步状语从句：Ill do it whether you like it or not.不管你是否喜欢，我都要做。Whether we help him or not,
19、he will fail.不论我们帮助他与否，他都将失败。(3)用 whatever,whoever,however,whenever,wherever 等引导让步状语从句：He does whatever she asks him to do.她要他做什么，他就做什么。Come whenever you like.你爱什么时候来就什么时候来。2whatever,however 等ever词用法说明 这些词的用法应注意以下几点：(1)它们均可引导让步状语从句，意为“无论”Whatever you say,I believe you.无论你说什么，我都相信你。Whoever telephones
20、,tell them Im out.不管是谁打电话，都说我出去了。Whenever you come,you are welcome.你什么时候来，我们都欢迎。Wherever he goes,Ill go.不管他去哪里，我也去。(2)它们引导让步状语从句时，通常可换成no matterNo matter what you say,I believe you.无论你说什么，我都相信你。No matter when you come,you are welcome.你什么时候来，我们都欢迎。No matter how much he eats,he never gets fat.无论他吃多少，他
21、都不发胖。(3)注意however用于以下两类句型结构：however主语谓语However you travel,itll take you at least three days.不管你怎么走，至少要3天。However you come,be sure to come early.不管你怎么来，一定要早来。however形容词或副词主语谓语However cold it is,she always goes swimming.不管天多冷，她都会去游泳。有时该结构中的主语和谓语可以有所省略：He was of some help,however small.他总能帮些忙，不管多小的忙。I
22、refuse,however favorable the condition.不管条件多好，我都不接受。(4)有时从句谓语可用情态动词Ill find him,wherever he is(may be).无论他在哪里，我都要找到他。Keep calm,whatever happens(may happen).无论发生什么事都要保持冷静。(5)whenever有时可引导时间状语从句，wherever 有时可引导地点状语从句Whenever we see him we speak to him.每次见到他，我们都和他说话。They teach wherever their pupils are
23、working.学生在哪里工作，教师就在哪里上课。3让步状语从句与倒装引导倒装的让步状语从句通常用as和though，但是不能用although。Poor though I am,I can afford it.我虽穷，但这东西还是买得起的。Much as I like Paris,I couldnt live there.尽管我喜欢巴黎，但我不能住在那里。注意：as可以在以上这样的倒装结构中引出让步状语，但若不倒装，则不能用as，而与之相反，although在不倒装的结构中可引导让步状语，但在倒装的结构中却不可以用。二、原因状语从句(四大点)1引导原因状语从句的从属连词主要的有because
24、,as,since,seeing(that),now(that),considering(that)等。The woolly shrank because it was washed badly.毛衣因洗得不得法而缩水。I cant get to sleep because of the noise outside.由于外面声音嘈杂我睡不着。Seeing that its raining,wed better stay indoors.既然外边在下雨，我们最好待在室内。Now that you are here,youd better stay.你既然来了，最好还是留下吧(既来之，则安之)。2
25、关于notbecause结构该结构中的否定词有时否定主句，有时否定从句，一般要根据句子的意思作出正确或合乎逻辑的理解。若not否定主句，最好在because之前用逗号，否则会引起歧义，如下句在没有特定上下文时就有两种解释：I didnt go because I was afraid.我没有去是因为怕。/我不是因为怕才去。不过若because之前有just修饰，一般认为not 是否定从句的。You shouldnt get angry just because some people speakill of you.你不要因为有人说你坏话而生气。3because 习惯上不与 so 连用汉语习惯
26、上说“因为所以”，但英语习惯上却不能将so与because连用：因为下雨，所以我们待在家里。正：Because it was raining,we stayed at home./Itwas raining,so we stayed at home.误：Because it was raining,so we stayed at home.4because 从句与 because of 短语的转换because引导的原因状语从句有时可与because of 短语转换。He cant come because he is ill./He cant come becauseof his illne
27、ss.他因病不能来。I said nothing about it because his wife was there./Isaid nothing about it because of his wifes being there.因为他妻子在那儿，我对此事只字未提。三、结果状语从句(五个方面)1引导结果状语从句的从属连词主要的有so that,sothat，suchthat等。He studied hard so that he passed the exam.他学习用功，所以考试通过了。注意：sothat和suchthat中的that有时(尤其在口语中)可省略：I am so busy
28、 I have no time to write a letter.我很忙，连写信的时间都没有。There was such a lot of rain(that)we couldnt go out.雨那么大，我们没法出去。2sothat与 suchthat的用法比较从用法上看，so后应接形容词或副词，而such后接名词(参见以上例句)。但有时“so形容词”后还可接一个名词，且这个名词总是带不定冠词的单数可数名词(不能是复数名词或不可数名词)。正：He is so clever a child that we all like him.这小孩很聪明，我们都喜欢他。正：They are such
29、 clever children that we all like them.这些孩子很聪明，我们都很喜欢。误：They are so clever children that we all like them.此时的sothat结构可与suchthat结构转换：Its such an interesting film that we all want to see it.这电影很有趣，我们都想看。Its so interesting a film that we all want to see it.这电影很有趣，我们都想看。注意：在much,many,little,few这4个词前总是用s
30、o而不用such。He had so many falls that he was black and blue all over.他摔了许多跤，结果全身都是伤。He earns so little money that he can hardly feed his family.他赚的钱很少几乎不能养家糊口。3结果状语从句与不定式短语的转换由so that和sothat引导的结果状语从句有时可与表结果的so as to和soas to引出的不定式短语转换。He arrived late so that he missed the train.He arrived late so as to
31、miss the train.他到得很迟，结果未赶上火车。4so that引导目的状语和结果状语的区别(1)含义上的区别：引导目的状语从句时表示的是一种意欲或可能性，引导结果状语从句时表示的是一种事实。(2)形式上的区别：引导目的状语从句之前不用逗号(说话时也不停顿)，而结果状语从句之前则通常有逗号(说话时常有停顿)；有时引导结果状语从句时其前也可以没有逗号，此时可看从句中是否有 can/could,may/might,will/would 以及should等情态动词，如果没有，则多半是结果状语从句。I am going to the lecture early so that Ill get
32、 a good seat.我想早点去听演讲，以便找个好座位。(so that 引导目的状语从句)I went to the lecture early so that I got a good seat.我去听演讲去得很早，所以找了个好座位。(so that 引导结果状语从句)另外，so that引导目的状语从句时有时可放在主句之前，而引导状语结果从句时却不能。正：So that he could buy a new car,he saved a lot ofmoney.他节省了一大笔钱，以便能买辆新车。(引导目的状语从句)误：So that I could hardly stand,I wa
33、s tired.(引导结果状语从句不能置于句首，可改为I was tiredso that I could hardly stand.我很累，几乎站不稳了。)5sothat和suchthat有时不引导结果状语从句sothat和suchthat可以引导结果状语从句，但并不是说它们引导的从句就一定是结果状语从句。请看以下句子：Im so happy that you could visit us.我很高兴你能来看望我们。(其中的so用于加强语气，相当于very)Its such a great pleasure that you are here.你在这里是非常令人高兴的事。(其中的that引导的
34、是主语从句，句首的it为形式主语)四、目的状语从句(三个方面)1引导目的状语从句的从属连词主要的有 in order that,so that,in case,for fear等。Speak clearly so that they may understand you.讲清楚些，以便他们能理解你。Shut the window for fear that it may rain.把窗子关上以防下雨。注意：so that引导目的状语从句时有时可省略so而只用that，有时也可只用so。Bring it closer that I might see it better.拿近些，使我能看得清楚些
35、。Ill show you so you can see how its done.我将做给你看，以便你知道应怎样干。2目的状语从句与状语短语的转换为了简洁起见，当目的状语从句的主语与主句的主语相同时，目的状语从句有时可用表目的的不定式短语替换。He got up early so that he could catch the early bus.He got up early so as to catch the early bus.他起床很早以便赶上早班车。He came in quietly in order that he shouldnt wakehis wife.He came
36、in quietly in order not to wake his wife.他轻轻进来，以免把他妻子吵醒。有时还可与表示目的的介词短语替换：He left an hour early for fear he might miss the train.He left an hour early for fear of missing the train.他提前一小时离开，以免错过火车。3in case引导从句的区别in case既可引导目的状语从句，也可引导条件状语从句，主要视句意而定：In case he comes,let me know.(条件状语从句)如果他来，告诉我一声。Tell
37、 me in case you get into difficulty.(目的状语从句)遇到困难请告诉我。in case引导目的状语从句，从句有时可用“should动词原形”这样的形式：Take your coat in case it rains(should rain)带着雨衣以防下雨。五、条件状语从句1引导条件状语从句的从属连词(1)主要的有if,unless,as(so)long as等。You can leave now if you like.如果你愿意现在就可以走了。As long as it doesnt rain we can go.只要不下雨，我们就可以去。(2)除以上基本
38、的引导条件状语从句的从属连词外，还有 的 动 词 尤 其 是 其 分 词 形 式(如 suppose,supposing,provided,providing等)和介词短语(如in case,on conditionthat等)也可用作连词表示条件。I will come on condition(that)she is invited too.如果邀请她来，那我就来。He may go with us provided(providing)he arrives in time.他若及时到，就可以和我们一起走。suppose和supposing引导条件状语从句时，通常用于主句为疑问句的场合：S
39、uppose the boss saw you，what would he say?如果老板看到你，他会怎样说？Supposing he does not come,shall we go without him?他若不来，是不是不带他去？2条件状语从句的时态当主句为将来时态或具有将来意义时，条件状语从句通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态。六、时间状语从句(两个方面)1引导时间状语从句的从属连词引导时间状语从句的从属连词很多，如较基本的有before,after,when,while,as,since,till,until,as soon as 等。Things were
40、different when I was a child.我小时候情况与现在不同。We must strike while the iron is hot.我们要趁热打铁。Its a long time since I met you last.从上次见到你，已有很长时间了。除以上基本的引导时间状语从句的从属连词外，还有些本来不是从属连词却可用作从属连词的词：(1)表示“一就”的从属连词：the moment,theminute,the second,the instant,immediately,directly,instantly,once,no soonerthan，hardlywhen
41、等。Immediately he came I told him the news.他一来我就把消息告诉了他。The moment I saw him I knew there was no hope.我一看到他就知道没希望了。We had no sooner set out than it began to rain.我们刚出发就下雨了。Once he arrives,we can start.他一来我们就可以开始。(2)涉及time的几个从属连词：every time(每次)，eachtime(每次)，(the)next time(下次)，any time(随时)，thelast time
42、(上次)，the first time(第一次)。Every time I see her Ill think of it.每次我看到她，我就想起这事。He felt nervous each time she spoke to him.每次她和他讲话，他都感到紧张。2与时间状语从句有关的时态问题(1)当主句为将来时态或具有将来意义时，时间状语从句通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态。Turn off the lights before you leave.走前关灯。I will tell him as soon as he arrives.他一来我就告诉他。(2)与sinc
43、e 从句搭配的主句的时态通常是现在完成时态。He has lived here since 1999.自1999年以来，他就一直住在这儿。Where have you been since I last saw you?自我上次见到你之后你到哪里去了？注意：在特定的语言环境中有时也可能用过去完成时或一般现在时：It seems like years since we last met.我们似乎几年未见面了。Yesterday he told me that he hadnt eaten anythingsince Tuesday.他昨天告诉我自星期二以来他一直未吃任何东西。1.It was a
44、 nice meal,_ a little expensive.(2011全国大纲卷)A.though B.whether C.as D.sinceA 许多同学认为此题应该选D，因为since表示原因。其实，此题的正确答案为A。此题考查省略的状语从句。2._ volleyball is her main focus,shes also great at basketball.(2011北京)A.Since B.OnceC.Unless D.WhileD while位于句首，引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管”。3.He was sentenced to death _ what he had sto
45、len from the bank.A.that B.sinceC.because D.because ofD 许多同学们认为此题应选C，因为关于because 和 because of 的用法有如下区别规则：because是连词，其后接句子；而becauseof是介词，其后接名词、代词或动名词。此规则并没错，只是表述不很准确。一般说来，because 作为从属连词，用以引导原因状语从句时，其后应是一个不含有引导词的句子，而不能是 what 引导的从句。另一方面，本题中的 what he had stolenthe thing(s)that he had stolen，也就是说，这个what从句从本质上说，它相当于个一名词(或者更准确地说是一个受定语从句修饰的名词)，所以此题应选 because of。