1、高三英语学案课题：M9 U4Grammar句子成分；简单句、并列句和复合句一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如： Since the 1990s, country music has become more and more popul
2、ar.（名词）We often speak English in class.（代词）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）It is necess
3、ary to master a foreign language.（it作形语，真主语为不定式）（三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份
4、、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）Is it yours?（代词）The weather has turned cold.（形容词）The speech is exciting.（分词）Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）His job is to teach English.（不定式）His h
5、obby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）Time is up. The class is over.（副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代
6、词）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语
7、+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.（六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：His father named him Dongming.（名词）They painted their boat white.（形容词）Let the fresh air in.（副词）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（
8、不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty w
9、omen teachers is our school.（名词）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）（八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫
10、做状语。可由以下形式表示：Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）He is proud to have passed the examination.（不定式短语）He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）Wait a minute.（名词）Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）状语种类如下：How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）Last nig
11、ht she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）In order to catch up with the others, I must work harde
12、r.（目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）I am taller than he is.（比较状语）二、简单句、并列句和复合句（一）句子种类两种分类法1、按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before.2）疑问句：用来提出问题，表示疑问的句子就叫疑问句。这类句子的形式比较多，中学阶段常见的有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反
13、意疑问句。 一般疑问句：一般疑问句是用来询问某人或某物是否属实，并且要用yes或no来回答的疑问句。这种疑问句朗读时要用声调。其语序一般要用倒装结构。如：-Are you an engineer? -Yes, I am或No, I am not. 特殊疑问句：以疑问代词（who, whom, whose, what, which等）或疑问副词（when, where, why, how等）开头的疑问句就叫特殊疑问句。这种疑问句朗读时用降调。其句式结构分正常语序和倒装语序两种形式。如： What has happened to her? When did he fly to America? 反
14、意疑问句：表示提问者对自己所陈述的事情有怀疑或是没有把握，需要别人加以证实的疑问句，就叫做反意疑问句。其句式结构由两部分组成，即陈述部分再加一个简略问句。如果陈述部分是肯定句，简略问句就用否定形式；反之，简略问句用肯定形式。但不管用哪种形式，前后两部分中的人称、数、时态等都要保持一致，并且陈述部分中的主语不论是用什么词充当，简略问句中的主语一定是一个人称代词。对反意疑问句的回答，其肯定形式都用yes，否定回答用no。如：-You spoke at the meeting yesterday, didnt you? -Yes, I did. 或No, I didnt .3）祈使句：表示请求、命令
15、、禁止、劝告或建议的句子叫祈使句。祈使句的主语往往省略。其常见的句式结构可归纳为四种基本形式：（1）肯定祈使句；（2）否定祈使句；（3）以Lets开头的祈使句；（4）以助动词do开头的祈使句。 肯定祈使句。如：Stop talking! Come here in time! 否定祈使句，即以Dont或Never开头的句子。如： Dont talk in class. Never leave todays work for tomorrow. 以Lets 或let开头的句子。如：Lets go together. Let him go first. 以助动词do开头的祈使句，在句中起加强语气的作
16、用，译成“一定，务必”。如： Do come to see me if you have time.4）感叹句：含有表示情绪色彩的句子叫感叹句。感叹句的结构通常有三种形式： （1）what引导的感叹句，强调句中的名词； （2）how引导的感叹句，强调句中的形容词或副词； （3）由感情色彩的单词或词组构成的感叹句。 What引导的感叹句。What+a/an+adj.+n.+主谓结构！（有时主谓结构可省略）。如： What a hot day（it is）! What good advice the teacher gave us! What high buildings （they are）!
17、How引导的感叹句。How+adj./adv.+主谓结构！如： How interesting the book is! How hard they are working!2、按句子的结构可分三种：1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g. He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or
18、等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。 You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。e.g. The visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.I have to hurry to deposit this money before
19、 the bank closes.He was an old man who wore thick glasses. 4) 并列复合句(compound complex sentences)， 即含有复合句的并列句。 e.g. The ad said that the coat was on sale for $20, but it was actually $22.I asked a man who has a wife and three children who did the cooking in his house and he replied that whoever came h
20、ome from work first did it.（二）简单句的五种基本句型1. 主语 谓语本结构是由“主语+不及物动词（词组）”构成, 常用来表示主语的动作。如，She came. / My head aches. / The sun rises.该句型的主语可有修饰语-定语，如，The red sun rises.谓语可有修饰语-状语，如，The red sun rises in the east.2. 主语 谓语 宾语 此结构是由“主语+及物动词（词组）+宾语”构成。宾语可以是名词、代词、数词，动名词、动词不定式或词组、the +形容词、分词以及从句等。如，She likes Eng
21、lish.The young should take good care of the old.3. 主语 连系动词 表语本结构主要用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。连系动词有：（1）表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound等；（2）表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand等；（3）表示状态变化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow等。She is happy. / He fell off his bike a
22、nd got hurt. / His advice proved (to be) right.4. 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语常跟双宾语的及物动词有：（to）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise,return, send, show, teach, tell,write, 等；（for）buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order,sing, save, spare。He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary. = He sen
23、t an English-Chinese Dictionary to me.She gave John a book= She bought a book for me.5. 主语 谓语（及物动词） 宾语 宾语补足语此结构中的宾语与宾语补足语之间存在有内在逻辑上的主谓关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不完整。可以用做宾补的有名词，形容词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。She makes her mother angry.The teacher asked me to read the passage.6. There be 句型此句型是由 there + be + 主语 + 状语 构成，用以表达某地
24、存在有，它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际意义。Be 与其后的主语在人称和数上一致，有时态和情态变化。如， 现在有 there is / are 过去有 there was / were 将来有 there will be/ there is / are going to be. 现在已经有 there has / have been 可能有 there might be. 肯定有 there must be / there must have been. 过去一直有 there used to be 似乎有 there seems / se
25、em / seemed to be 碰巧有 there happen / happens / happened to be 此句型有时可用 live/stand/come/go/lie/ remain/exist/arrive等词代替be动词。Eg. There is going to be a meeting tomorrow. There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain. There came a shout for help. There must have been a village here.There lies a boo
26、k on the desk. （三）并列句的分类1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等连接。e.g. The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John.2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, eitheror, otherwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or youll miss the train.3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。 He was a little man with
27、thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。 August is the time for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.（四）高考考点探讨1、简单句的五大句型是最基本的句型。虽然近几年单纯考查这种基础句型的题不多，但是在阅读中有时需借助于划分句子成分去理解，在书面表达中，没有最基本的遣词造句的能力是不可能用地道的英语句子
28、来表达清楚的。2、祈使句、反意疑问句和感叹句是高考命题的热点之一。有时把祈使句与反意疑问句结合于一体来考查。一个题目，几个考点，是近几年命题的发展趋势。3、高考对简单句、并列句和各种复合句的考查常表现在对连词的选择和使用上。如：and, but, or, while，以及其它连接名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的连接词、关联词。4、各种主从复合句的考查常常与动词的时态联系在一起，以宾语从句与状语从句最为明显，时间从句与条件从句中，如果主句是将来时，从句则用一般式表将来，这一点在高考中经常考查。如：We will go outing if it doesnt rain tomorrow。（五）复习
29、时需注意的要点1. 在否定句中注意no 与not 的用法no+名词相当于not a (any) + 名词。例如:（1）He made no mistakes in the maths test.（2）He did not make mistakes in the maths test.2. 在表示推测的反意疑问句中,注意三种可能(1) 对现在状况推测, 附加问句用be的相应形式。例如:He must be in the library, isnt he?(2) 对过去发生的状况进行推测, 有表示过去的时间状语,附加问句用didnt 例如:You must have seen the film
30、yesterday, didnt you?(3) 对过去发生的状况进行推测, 句子没有表示过去的时间状语, 附加问句用havent (hasnt)或didnt 均可 例如:He must have read the book, hasnt he?3. 陈述句为I think (suppose , expect , believe , guess) 后接的宾语从句结构中,附加成分要用 肯定式. 例如:I dont think he will come tomorrow, will he?4. 带否定前缀的词,虽然意义上是否定,但还是肯定句,反意疑问句的附加部分用否定句. 例如:These vis
31、itors are unwelcome here, arent they ?5. 祈使句的反意疑问句,以表示客气,陈述部分用肯定,反意部分也用肯定. 例如: Lets go there, shall we?Have a cup of coffee, will you?6. 感叹句中除了用what !与how!两个常见句型外,陈述句结构,一个词组,甚至一个 词表达惊异,喜悦,赞赏的感情时, 加上感叹号, 也可视为感叹句. 例如:The grass and the rising sun! 多么青葱的草地,多么明媚的晨光!7. 在并列句和复合句中,注意连词的用法。当连词连接两个句子时, 一定注意句子
32、结构的 完整,汉语有“因为所以” , “虽然但是” 结构,但英语中because 不与so 连用, though 不与but 连用。 例如:When it rains, I usually go to the office by bus. Though it was late, we went on working.（六）历届高考试题分析例1、There was a loud scream from the backstage immediately after the concert ended, _? A. wasnt there B. was there C. didnt itD. di
33、d it答案为A。【解析】反意疑问句前面肯定，后面否定。there be的反意部分不作特殊变化。例2、Dont be discouraged._things as they are and you will enjoy the days of your life. A. Taking B. To take C. Take D. Take 答案选C。 【解析】 查“祈使句+and+简单句”句型。表示如果就。例3、Mrs Black doesnt believe her son is able to design a digital camera, _?A. is he B. isnt he C.
34、 doesnt she D. does she答案为D。【解析】因主句是否定句，其主语是Mrs Black，所以它的反意疑问句是does she。在含有宾语从句的句子中，除第一人称外，要根据其主句的主语确定反意疑问句。 例4、_role she played in the film! No wonder she has won an Oscar.A. How interesting B. How an interesting C. What interesting D. What an interesting答案选D。 【解析】 将感叹句转换为陈述句：She played an interes
35、ting role in the film.根据感叹句的构成规则，不难看出正确选项。例5、Brian told you that there wasnt anyone in the room at that time, _?A. was there B. wasnt there C. didnt he D. did he答案为C。【解析】 这是一个反意疑问句。主语是Brian，所以要填didnt he。由于受“当主语是第一人称，谓语动词是think, suppose等动词时，反意疑问句要根据从句的谓语动词来确定”规则的影响，误填了was there。例6、-English has a larg
36、e vocabulary, hasnt it? -Yes. _ more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and communicate. A. Know B. Knowing C. To know D. Known答案为A。【解析】 本句用“祈使句+and+句子”的并列句型，表示含有条件状语从句的复合句的意思，所以祈使句应以不带to的不定式开始。例7、I thought Jim would say some thing about his school report, but he _ it. A. does
37、nt mention B. hadnt mentioned C. didnt mention D. hasnt mentioned答案为C。【解析】 宾语从句中的动作和but引导的分句中的动作发生在同一时间，所以两个并列成分的时态保持一致，都是过去时。例8、-Thanks for the lovely party and the delicious food. -_. A. No thanks B. Never mind C. All right D. My pleasure答案为D。 【解析】本题考查回答感谢的交际用语。“No thanks”不符合英语表达法。“Never mind”是没关系
38、，“All right”是“好吧”的意思，可以排除A、B、C。例9、-Lets go swimming, shall we? -_.A. Its my pleasure B. It doesnt matter C. Yes, lets go D.I agree with you答案为C。【解析】 这是一个反意疑问句，反意疑问句与一般疑问句的答语相似之处就是要用Yes或No作明确回答。当对方用Lets征求意见时，可以回答Yes, lets译文：“我们去游泳，好吗?”“好的，走吧。”Its ones/a pleasure是对“Thank you”的回答；It doesnt matter是对“Sor
39、ry”的回答。I agree with you是同意别人的观点、看法。例10、-I enjoyed the food very much. -Im glad you like it. Please drop in any time you like. -_A. Is it all right? B. Im afraid I wont be free. C. Yes, I will. D. Thats great.答案为C。【解析】 当对方邀请做某事时，可以回答Yes, I will.或Certainly, I will.译文：“我非常喜欢这种食物。”“我很高兴你喜欢它。请什么时候顺便到家来。”“好的，我会来的。”用Is it all right?和I m afraid I wont be free.回答很不客气。Thats great.的意思是“那太好了。”不符合日常说话的习惯。