1、高考资源网（） 您身边的高考专家Unit 2CloningWhat is CloningHave you ever wished you could have a clone of yourself to do your homework while you went out to play with your friends? Imagine if you could really do that, where would you start?What exactly is cloning?Cloning is a way of making an organism (有机体) that i
2、s an exact genetic (基因的) copy of another. This means that every single bit of DNA is the same between the two!You might not believe it, but there are human clones among us right now. They werent made in a lab, though. Theyre identical (同样的) twins, created naturally. Below, well see how natural ident
3、ical twins relate to modern cloning technologies.How is cloning done?You may have first heard of cloning when Dolly the sheep showed up on the scene in 1996. Cloning technologies have been around for much longer than Dolly, though.How does one go about making an exact genetic copy of an organism? Th
4、ere are a couple of ways to do this: artificial embryo twinning (人工胚胎双生) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (体细胞核移植). How do these processes differ?1Artificial Embryo TwinningArtificial embryo twinning is the relatively lowtech version of cloning. As the name suggests, this technology mimics the natu
5、ral process of creating identical twins.2Somatic Cell Nuclear TransferSomatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), uses an approach different from artificial embryo twinning, but it produces the same result: an exact clone, or a genetic copy, of another. This was the method used to create Dolly the sheep.开
6、启快乐学习之旅大家对于克隆这一话题并不陌生，但是到底什么是克隆，如何才能够进行克隆等细节性问题对于大部分人来说还是很神秘的。阅读本文，找出答案。Section Warming Up & Reading.重点单词1differ vi. 不同；相异different adj. 不同的differently adv. 不同地；相异地difference n. 不同；相异2exact adj. 精确的；准确的exactly adv. 确实如此；正是；确切地3commercial adj. 商业的；贸易的4undertake vt. 着手；从事；承担5procedure n. 程序；步骤；手续proce
7、ss vt. 加工，处理；n. 过程；程序；步骤6cast vt. 扔；投；掷7correction n. 改正；纠正；修正correct adj. 正确的；v. 改正；纠正8object vi. 反对；不赞成objection n. 不赞成；反对；异议9obtain vt. 获得；赢得10attain vt. 获得；到达(水平、年龄、状况等)11moral adj. 道德(上)的；伦理的morally adv. 道德上地；伦理地12forbid vt. 禁止；不准13accumulate vt. & vi. 积累；累积accumulation n. 积累；堆积物；累积量.重点短语1all_t
8、he_time 一直2pay_off 得到好结果；取得成功；偿清3cast_down 使沮丧；使失望4have_a_great_impact_on 对有很大影响5in_favour_of 赞成；支持.重点句式1that引导表语从句The_fact_is_that these are both examples of natural clones.实际上，这些都是自然克隆的例子。2while作连词，表示对比Cloning plants is straightforward while_cloning_animals_is_very_complicated.克隆植物很简单，但是克隆动物就非常复杂了
9、。3that 引导同位语从句The_fact_that_she_seemed_to_develop_normally was very encouraging.看来她是在正常地成长着，这个事实很令人鼓舞。4副词置于句首引起倒装Then_came_the_disturbing_news that Dolly had become seriously ill.接着传来了多莉病重的坏消息。课文预读CLONING：WHERE IS IT LEADING US?Cloning has always been with us and is here to stay. It is a way of maki
10、ng an exact copy of another animal or plant. It happens in plants when gardeners take cuttings from growing plants to make new ones. It also happens in animals when twins identical in sex and appearance are produced from the same original egg. The fact is that these are both examples of natural clon
11、es.exact/zkt/adj. 精确的；准确的make a copy of (copy)复制of making.作way的定语。cutting/kt/n. 剪枝；剪报；剪纸twin/twn/n. 双胞胎之一；孪生儿之一 adj. 成对的；成双的identical/adentkl/adj. 同一的；一模一样的The fact is that.中，that引导表语从句。克隆：它将把我们引向何方？第1段译文克隆一直与我们同在，而且它还要持续下去。这是一种用来生产与原型完全相同的动植物的方法。当园艺师从生长着的植物上剪下枝条来培植新植物时，就会产生这种现象。这种现象也发生在动物身上，从同一个原生卵
12、子产生性别和相貌相同的双胞胎也是克隆。实际上，这些都是自然克隆现象的例子。Cloning has two major uses. Firstly, gardeners use it all the time to produce commercial quantities of plants. Secondly, it is valuable for research on new plant species and for medical research on animals. Cloning plants is straightforward while cloning animals
13、is very complicated. It is a difficult task to undertake. Many attempts to clone mammals failed. But at last the determination and patience of the scientists paid off in 1996 with a breakthroughthe cloning of Dolly the sheep. The procedure works like this：1Female sheep A provides an egg cell.all the
14、 time 一直commercial/kml/adj. 商业的；贸易的quantities of “大量的”；修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词。straightforward/stretfwd/adj. 简单的；直接的；坦率的while在此表示“而；却”，是并列连词，表示对比关系。complicated/kmplketd/adj. 复杂的；难懂的undertake/ndtek/vt. (undertook; undertaken)着手；从事；承担不定式短语to undertake作定语，修饰task。不定式短语to clone mammals作定语，修饰attempts。Firstly.Secon
15、dly.at last.“首先其次最后”，表示论述顺序。pay off得到好结果；取得成功；偿清breakthrough/brekru/n. 突破第2段译文克隆技术有两个主要用途。第一，园艺师一直用它生产大量的供商用的植物；第二，它在对新植物物种的研究以及对动物的医学研究方面都是有价值的。克隆植物简单，但克隆动物就非常复杂了。这是一项很难完成的任务。克隆哺乳动物的多次尝试都失败了。但是决心和耐心使科学家们最终于1996年收获了突破性的结果克隆羊“多莉”。它的克隆过程如下所示：1母羊A提供一个卵细胞。2将卵细胞中的细胞核取出。3卵细胞准备接受新的细胞核。4母羊B提供一个供克隆的体细胞，该细胞的细
16、胞核包含生产一头新羊所需要的全部基因。5取出该体细胞的细胞核。6用电将母羊B的体细胞核和母羊A的卵细胞结合起来。7细胞分裂并生长成胚胎。8把胚胎置入另外一头母羊C体内，母羊C就是克隆羊的代孕。9这头小羔羊就是由提供细胞核的母羊B所提供的细胞克隆而成的。 第3段译文一方面，整个科学界都在关注着首例成功的克隆动物多莉羊的成长。多莉羊看起来是在正常地成长的事实很令人鼓舞。接着传来了多莉病重的坏消息。研究克隆的科学家们发现多莉得的病更容易发生在年老的羊身上，这让他们很沮丧。多莉总共存活了六年半，这是它的原型羊寿命的一半。可悲的是，同样无法控制的命运也在影响着其他物种，如克隆鼠。所有科学家们都关心的问题
17、是“这是不是所有克隆动物的一个主要困境呢？这种现象会不会永远发生？如果改进他们的研究程序，问题会不会得到解决呢？” 第4段译文另一方面，多莉的出现引起了一阵强烈的反对，对媒体和公众的想象力也产生了极大的影响。它引起了争议。它突然打开了人们的眼界，使人们看到了有可能利用克隆技术来治疗重病，甚至还有可能克隆出人类。第5段译文尽管目前供克隆研究的人类卵细胞和胚胎很难获得，报纸上报道说，有些邪恶的头目希望把自己克隆出来以实现他们的野心。宗教领袖也提出了道德方面的问题。各国政府变得惶恐不安而且更加谨慎。有些政府开始改革他们的法律制度，明令禁止进行克隆人类的研究，但是其他国家，如中国和英国，则仍然在继续收
18、集克隆技术有可能提供大量医疗救助的证据。然而，科学家们仍对克隆技术有助于人类还是有害于人类，以及克隆技术将把我们引向何方感到困惑。课文理解.课文判断正(T)误(F)1Cloning means making a copy of an animal or a plant.(F)2Gardeners can make a lot of money by cloning plants.(T)3Cloning animals is as complicated as cloning plants.(F)4Dolly the sheep was the first successful clone of
19、 a mammal.(T)5Natural clones happen in animals as well as in plants.(T).课文阅读理解1The main idea of the text is that _.Aanimal cloning is very valuable and can benefit the worldBanimal cloning could be misused by bad people so it must be forbiddenCanimal cloning is well developed because Dolly the sheep
20、 was bornDanimal cloning raised arguments and scientists are not sure about its future答案：D2Dolly the sheep _.Alooked exactly like the sheep that provided the egg cellBwas the exact copy of the sheep that provided the nucleusClooked like the sheep that gave birth to itDhad the characteristics of all
21、the three sheep答案：B3It can be inferred from the text that a cloned animal _.Ausually lives as long as the original oneBusually lives longer than the original oneCusually lives shorter than the original oneDis usually as healthy as the original one答案：C4The sheep that donated the somatic cell most pro
22、bably lived _ years.A3B6C9 D13答案：D5Which of the following is NOT an advantage of cloning?ACloning can be used for medical purposes.BLarge quantities of food can be produced by cloning.CCloning can help keep animals from becoming extinct.DFamous persons who have passed away can be cloned.答案：D.课文难句分析1
23、Although at present human egg cells and embryos needed for cloning research are difficult to obtain, newspapers wrote of evil leaders hoping to clone themselves to attain their ambitions.句式分析此句为复合句。although引导让步状语从句；过去分词短语needed for cloning research作后置定语，修饰human egg cells and embryos; hoping to clone
24、 themselves to attain their ambitions是现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰evil leaders。自主翻译尽管目前供克隆研究的人类卵细胞和胚胎很难获得，报纸上报道说，有些邪恶的头目希望把自己克隆出来以实现他们的野心。2Some began to reform their legal systems and forbade research into human cloning, but other countries like China and the UK, continued to accumulate evidence of the abundant m
25、edical aid that cloning could provide.句式分析此句为but连接的并列句，第二个分句是一个复合句，其中that引导定语从句。自主翻译有些政府开始改革司法制度，明令禁止进行克隆人类的研究，但是其他国家，如中国和英国，则仍然在继续收集克隆技术有可能提供丰富的医疗救助的证据。1 differ vi. (differed； differed)不同，相异(常与from， in， with等介词搭配(教材P10)Think about how they differ.想一想它们如何不同。(1)differ from (be different from)与不同diffe
26、r in (be different in) 在方面不同(2)different adj. 不同的，有差别的(3)differently adv. 不同地(4)difference n. 区别，差异tell the difference between A and B 指出A与B的不同make a difference 有影响；很重要make no difference 没影响，没关系即学即用(1)Humans differ from other mammals in their ability to speak.人与其他哺乳动物的不同之处在于人能说话。(2)Leaves of differe
27、nt trees differ in size and shape.不同树木的树叶在大小和形状上有所差别。(3)I knew I wanted to make a difference in the world somehow, but I had no idea how to do that.虽然我知道不管怎样我想在这个世界上有所成就，但是我不知道怎样才能做到。(4)Though the boy differs from his mother in character, they get along very well with each other.尽管这个小男孩在性格方面不同于他的母亲，
28、但他们仍然相处得很好。(5)In our daily life, everyone fails every now and then. It is how you react that_makes_a_difference.在我们的日常生活中，每个人时不时地都会失败，但你如何回应却影响深远。(6)It made_no_difference_to me whether you told me about it or not.你告不告诉我都不重要。2 undertake vt. (undertook； undertaken)着手；从事；承担；同意，答应，保证(后接to do)(教材P11)It i
29、s a difficult task to undertake.这是一项很难完成的任务。undertake sth.着手/从事/承担某事undertake to do sth. 保证/答应做某事undertake that. 保证undertake responsibility/a task/a project 承担责任/任务/工程即学即用(1)The project (which/that was) undertaken by the young engineer on his own turned out to be very successful.由那位年轻工程师单独承担的项目最终获得了
30、巨大的成功。(2)I can undertake that you will enjoy the trip.我保证你会喜欢这次旅行的。(3)He undertook to finish the job by Friday.他答应在星期五前完成那项工作。(4)To join the club, you have to undertake_to_buy at least six books a year.要加入该俱乐部，你必须承诺每年至少买6本书。(5)China is the only nuclear state to undertake_not_to_be the first to use n
31、uclear weapons.中国是唯一拥有核武器并承诺不首先使用核武器的国家。3 (教材P12)On the other hand, Dollys appearance raised a storm of objections and had a great impact on the media and public imagination.另一方面，多莉的出现引起了强烈反对，对媒体和公众的想象力也产生了极大的影响。(1)raise/voice an objection to.对提出异议There is no objection to. 对没有异议have an objection to.
32、 反对have no objection to (doing) sth. 不反对(做)某事(2)object v. 反对object to sb./sth. 反对某人/某事object to (doing) sth.反对/抗议(做)某事object that. 反对(3)objective adj. 如实的，客观的，无偏见的温馨提示(1)object to中的to为介词，后接名词、代词或动名词。(2)object表示“反对”，为不及物动词，接宾语需加介词to；oppose表示“反对”，为及物动词，接宾语不需加介词to。be opposed to.表示“反对，和相反”。即学即用(1)I no l
33、onger have any objection to your going to see her.我不再反对你去见她。(2)As you know, I feel a strong objection to getting up early.如你所知，我极不愿意早起。(3)Provided that there is no objection, we shall hold the meeting here.如果没有异议，我们就在这里开会。(4)He strongly objects_to_being_treated like a child.他强烈反对被人当孩子一样对待。(5)At the
34、meeting Smith raised_some_objections to my plan which I was able to settle with no trouble.在那次会议上，史密斯对我的计划提出一些异议，对此我毫不费力就解决了。(6)一句多译就我个人而言，我反对停车收费。As far as Im concerned, I have_an_objection_to charging for parking.(objection)From my point of view, I object_to charging for parking.(object)From where
35、 I stand, I am_opposed_to charging for parking.(opposed)Personally speaking, I am_against charging for parking.(against)4 (教材P12)Although at present human egg cells and embryos needed for cloning research are difficult to obtain, newspapers wrote of evil leaders hoping to clone themselves to attain
36、their ambitions.尽管目前供克隆研究的人类卵细胞和胚胎很难获得，报纸报道说，有些邪恶头目希望把自己克隆出来以实现他们的野心。obtain sth.取得某物；(经买、借、拿等)获得，得到某物obtain knowledge/ones degree 获得知识/学位obtain sb. sth./obtain sth. for sb. 给某人带来食物即学即用(1)The perfect body has always been difficult to obtain.完美的身材总是很难获得。(2)Further information can be obtained from our
37、head office.更多的信息可从我们的总部获得。(3)While graduating, she obtained_her_doctors_degree.她毕业时获得了博士学位。(4)I think I know where I can obtain_that_rare_book_for_you.我想我知道在哪儿能给你弄到那本稀有的书。5 forbid vt. (forbade, forbad; forbidden)禁止；不准(教材P12)Some began to reform their legal systems and forbade research into human cl
38、oning.一些(政府)开始改革他们的法律体系来禁止对克隆人的研究(1)forbid sb. to do sth.forbid sb. (from) doing sth.禁止某人做某事forbid sb. sth. 禁止某人得到某物forbid doing sth. 禁止做某事(2)forbidden adj. 被禁止的；禁止的Its forbidden to do sth. 禁止做某事forbidden fruit/zones 禁果/禁区the Forbidden City 紫禁城Parking forbidden！No parking! 禁止停车！温馨提示forbid后面不能直接跟动词不定
39、式作宾语，而是跟动名词作宾语，但是可以跟不定式作宾语补足语，类似的动词还有allow, permit, advise等。即学即用(1)Please note that food and fruit are forbidden in the library, but you are allowed to have drinks and sweets with you.请注意：在图书馆吃食物和水果是被禁止的，但你可以喝饮料、吃糖果。(2)As far as I can remember, this place used to forbid parking cars and bikes.在我的记忆中
40、，这个地方曾经禁止停放汽车和自行车。(3)The students are forbidden to stay out after 11 pm.晚上11点后学生禁止外出。(4)Smoking is harmful to health. It should_be_forbidden in public places.吸烟有害健康，公共场所应该禁止吸烟。(5)一句多译她的父亲不允许他们这桩婚事。Her father forbade_their_marriage. (forbid sth.)Her father forbade_them_to_marry. (forbid sb. to do sth
41、.)They were forbidden_to_marry by her father. (forbid sb. to do)1 (教材P11)But at last the determination and patience of the scientists paid off in 1996 with a breakthroughthe cloning of Dolly the sheep.但是决心和耐心使科学家们最终于1996年收获了突破性的结果克隆羊“多莉”。pay.back还(钱)pay sb. sth. for. 付钱给某人作为的费用pay for 支付；为吃苦头pay a v
42、isit to 拜访pay attention to 注意即学即用I was very interested in English and worked hard at it. Finally all my efforts paid off.我对英语非常感兴趣而且努力学习它，最终我所有的努力都得到了回报。It took the couple ten years to pay_off all the debts.这对夫妇花了十年的时间还清了所有债务。If you dont work hard now, youll pay_for it later when you fail your exams
43、.你现在不好好学习，到考试不及格时就会为此而付出代价。名师点津pay off当“(努力、辛苦)取得好结果，取得成功”讲时，为不及物动词短语，无被动语态，且一般用表示事物的名词作主语；表示“偿清，付清工资后解雇”时，是及物动词短语，可用被动语态，一般人作主语。2 (教材P12)Is it in favour of cloning or against it?它是赞成克隆行为还是反对克隆行为？in/out of favour (with sb.)受/不受(某人的)欢迎in sb.s favour 对某人有利do sb. a favour 帮某人忙owe sb. a favour 欠某人人情即学即用
44、Im all in favour of people doing whatever they want as long as they dont bother anyone else.我完全支持人们做他们想做的事情，只要他们不妨碍别人。The exchange rate is not in_our_favour at the moment.目前汇率对我们不利。Could you do_me_a_favour and keep an eye on my luggage?你能帮我照看一下我的行李吗？Of course Ill help you move house; I owe_you_a_fav
45、our anyway.我当然会帮你搬家，说来我还欠你人情呢。名师点津与in favour of结构相同的介词短语常见的还有：in place of 代替in praise of 赞扬in need of 需要 in case of 假使，如果in search of 寻找 in charge of 负责in possession of 拥有 in memory of 为纪念in terms of 就而言in honour of 为纪念，为向表示敬意1 Then came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill.接着传来了多
46、莉病重的坏消息。句中then放于句首采用了完全倒装结构；that引导同位语从句修饰名词news。Then came the bad news that the missing plane crashed into the ocean.然后传来了那架失踪的飞机坠入海洋的坏消息。Then_came_the_exciting_news_that the athlete got the first medal in the Olympic Games.然后传来了这位运动员在奥运会中夺得首金的令人振奋的消息。名师点津here, there, away, out等方位副词及now, then等时间副词位于
47、句首，句子谓语动词为be, come, go, lie, run等动词，且句子的主语不是人称代词时，句子完全倒装。Here_is_the_book you want.你要的书在这儿。Away_flew the plane.飞机飞走了。2 Although at present human egg cells and embryos needed for cloning research are difficult to obtain， newspapers wrote of evil leaders hoping to clone themselves to attain their ambi
48、tions.尽管目前供克隆研究的人类卵细胞和胚胎很难获得，报纸上报道说，有些邪恶的头目希望把自己克隆出来以实现他们的野心。从句中使用了“主语beadj.不定式”结构，在该结构中常常用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。使用此结构须具备两个前提条件：(1)常用形容词有：difficult， hard， easy， comfortable， pleasant， interesting， exciting等。(2)不定式和句子的主语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系；若不定式为不及物动词，其后应该加相应的介词。This machine is very easy to operate. Anybody can lea
49、rn to use it in a few minutes.这台机器很容易操作。任何人学习几分钟就会使用。I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good to_breathe (breathe)在夏季我喜欢早点起床。早上的空气呼吸起来很好。The armchair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to sit in.这扶手椅看上去很硬，但坐上去很舒服。.单词拼写1When asked his absence from the meet
50、ing, he gave a straightforward (直接的) answer.2It is advised that the children should receive moral (道德上的) education from an early age.3The majority are not in favor of the vice managers conservative (保守的) views.4Commercial television is an effective medium (媒介) for advertising.5I believe these figure
51、s are the most recent available but I am open to correction (改正)6It is reported that scientists have achieved a great breakthrough in cloning animals.7We are supposed to undertake the responsibility to lead a lowcarbon lifestyle, which is of great significance.8The two sides in the dispute still dif
52、fer with each other over the question of pay.9Both of these books can be easily obtained from the Public Library.10Students are forbidden from referring to their notes in the examination.选词填空in favour of， pay off， object to， cast down， on the other hand， differ from， have a great impact on， to be ex
53、act 1Dont let yourself be cast_down by a small failure in the experiment; try again.2The athletes years of hard training paid_off when she finally won the Olympic gold medal.3Do you think anyone will object_to my parking the car here?4Are you in_favour_of the governments measures to bring down the p
54、rices of the goods?5On the one hand, we should ask for help; on_the_other_hand,_we should try our best to rebuild our houses.6What the teachers have done will have_a_great_impact_on their students in the future.7I think that the desk in the shop differs_from the one I have at home.8He will set off t
55、he day after tomorrow, to_be_exact,_on May 26, Tuesday.补全句子1It is said that he is_hard_to_get_along_with.据说他很难相处。2I drink black coffee while_he_prefers_coffee_with_milk.我喜欢喝黑咖啡，而他更喜欢喝加牛奶的。3Would you like to do_me_a_favour_to_send an email to my grandson?你乐意帮我给我孙子发一封邮件吗？4In the front of the classroom
56、 sits_a_professor.教室的前面坐着一位教授。5Its estimated that this river is four_times_the_depth_of_that_one.据估计，这条河是那条河的四倍深。.句型转换1British English differs from American English in many ways.British English is different from American English in many ways.2We cant undertake that we shall finish the work in a week
57、.We cant undertake to finish the work in a week.3His devotion to the country was rewarded and he was regarded as the good example of the children.His devotion to the country paid off and he was regarded as the good example of the children.4Sometimes, some students object to the idea that English cla
58、ss is taught in English.Sometimes, some students are opposed to the idea that English class is taught in English.5Parents are advised to forbid their children to play computer games for a long time at home.Parents are advised to forbid their children from playing computer games for a long time at home.- 25 - 版权所有高考资源网