1、第八讲定语从句和名词性从句一定语从句A组单句语法填空1(2020全国卷)In ancient China lived an artist _ paintings were almost lifelike.解析：考查定语从句。本句主句为倒装句，主语an artist为先行词，后接定语从句，空处与其后名词paintings之间构成所属关系，故用whose。答案：whose2(2020全国卷)Because the moons body blocks direct radio communication with a probe，China first had to put a satellite
2、in orbit above the moon in a spot _ it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.解析：考查定语从句。先行词是spot，后跟定语从句，关系词在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。答案：where3(2020北京卷)Some university students carried out a campaign _they spent their whole day without cell phones.解析：考查定语从句。 分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词为campaign，空格处
3、在从句中作地点状语，故填where。答案：where 4(2019北京卷)The students benefitting most from college are those_ are totally engaged (参与)in academic life，taking full advantage of the colleges chances and resources(资源).解析：考查定语从句的引导词。先行词为those，指大学生们，故用who引导定语从句，who在从句中作主语。关系代词that可以指人，填that也可以。答案：who/that5(2019全国卷)Now Iren
4、e Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield，_she opened with her late husband Les.解析：考查非限制性定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，逗号后是非限制性定语从句，the pet shop是先行词，定语从句中缺少opened的宾语，故用which引导非限制性定语从句。答案：which6(2019全国卷)They were well trained by their masters_ had great experience with caring for th
5、ese animals.解析：考查定语从句引导词。分析句子结构可知，所填词引导定语从句，修饰指人的先行词their masters，且在从句中作主语，故填关系代词who。答案：whoB组单句改错1(2020全国卷)Understanding her good intentions，I eat all the food what is provided by Mom with appreciation.解析：关系代词误用。先行词被all，every，any，much，little(少)，few，no等修饰时，关系代词用that。答案：whatthat2(2020全国卷)Thank you for
6、 your letter，what really made me happy.解析：关系代词误用。在非限制性定语从句中，指代前面的事物，且在从句中作主语，关系代词只能用which。答案：whatwhich3(2019全国卷)One afternoon where I was in primary school，I was walking by the school playground.解析：one afternoon是表示时间的名词，后面的定语从句应用when引导。答案：wherewhen4(2019全国卷)In the cafe，customers will enjoy themselve
7、s in the historical environment what is created for them.解析：先行词是the historical environment，定语从句中缺少主语，故用that或which。what可以引导宾语从句、表语从句等，但不可以引导定语从句。答案：whatthat/which5(2018全国卷)They also had a small pond which they raised fish.解析：本句是含有定语从句的复合句，先行词是pond，关系副词在定语从句中作状语，相当于in which，故which改为where或在其前加in。答案：whi
8、chwhere或which前加in1that，which引导的定语从句(1)which指物，在从句中可以作主语、宾语，也可作定语，作宾语时可以省略。that指人或物均可，在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语，作宾语时可以省略。 She showed the visitors around the museum that/which had been constructed three years before.她带着这些游客参观了那座三年前建造的博物馆。(2)限制性定语从句中，关系代词只用that不用which的情况： 先行词为不定代词anything，nothing，something，every
9、thing，all，some，none，little，few，the one等时。I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone elses fault.我拒绝接受因别人的错误而对我进行的指责。 先行词是形容词最高级或序数词，或先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。 The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.他们在桂林参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。 先行词被the only，the very，the last，the same，any
10、，every，each，few，little，no，some，all等修饰时。 The only part of the meal that I really liked was the dessert.这顿饭只有甜点是我真正爱吃的。 先行词中既有表示人又有表示物的名词时。 They will never forget the things and persons that theyve seen or heard of during their long journey.他们将永远不会忘记在他们的长途旅行中见到或听说过的人和事。 (3)关系词只用which而不用that的情况：关系词引导非限
11、制性定语从句时。The boy was away from home for a week，which worried his parents very much.这个男孩离家一个星期了，这使他父母很担心。当从句中的介词提前，构成“介词关系代词” 结构时。 We live in an age in which more information is available with greater ease than ever before.我们生活在一个信息比以前更容易获得的时代。 2who，whom和whose引导的定语从句(1)who或whom均可指代人，但who在从句中作主语或宾语，who
12、m在从句中作宾语； 两者在引导限制性定语从句时可用that替换。 作主语时，who/that不可省略； 作宾语时，whom/who/that可以省略。 Ive become good friends with Li Hua who/whom/that I met in the English speech contest last year.我与在英语演讲比赛中结识的李华成了好朋友。 I have many friends to whom Im going to send post cards.我有很多打算寄贺卡给他们的朋友。(2)whose表所属关系，一般指人，也可指物，在从句中作定语。 指
13、物时相当于of which；指人时相当于of whom。 The school shop，whose customers are mainly students，is closed for the holidays.这家校内商店的主要顾客是学生，放假时商店关门。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。Tom is the only one of the engineers who has come up with the solution.汤姆是想出解决方法的唯一工程师。 3as引导的定语从句(1)as可以引导限制性定语从句，常用于“so/such/the sa
14、me先行词as.”结构中。Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.像在我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。which引导定语从句代指前面整句话内容时只能位于主句之后。(2017全国卷书面表达)Therefore，this time I will introduce Tang Poetry to you，which is of great help in learning Chinese.因此，这次我将向你介绍唐诗，这将有助于你学习汉语。(2)as也可以引导非限制性定语从句，定语从句说明整个句子，可放在主句之前、之中
15、或之后。常用的这种类似插入语的句式有：as the saying goes，as is said above，as is mentioned above，as often happens，as is often the case，as is reported in the newspaper等。She has been absent for the meeting again，as is expected.她又缺席会议了，这在预料之中。(单句语法填空/ 单句改错)1(2021烟台市高考诊断性测试)Then，inspired by his baseball coach，T.Williquette
16、，and those _ were active in charity，he decided to take action and help.解析：考查定语从句。此处表示那些在慈善活动中积极的人。先行词指人，所以关系词用who或者that都可以。答案：who/that2(2021潍坊市高考模拟)Last year Chinas total ticket sales fell a bit short of the North American box office，_ is a healthy showing for China.解析：考查定语从句。空处引导非限制性定语从句，关系词指代前面的整个
17、主句，因此需要填关系代词which。答案：which3(2021昆明市“三诊一模”)Up till now，the website has been continuously updated，_ gives lovers of the ancient language from all over the world free access to browsing (浏览)in their free time.解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导一个定语从句，且在从句中作主语，指代前面整个主句，所以填which。答案：which4(2020太原市高三年级模拟)Anyone _is ca
18、ught providing food for San Franciscos pigeons could face a heavy fine.解析：考查关系词。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，且在从句中作主语，修饰代词Anyone，所以填who。答案：who5(2021成都市高中毕业班第三次诊断)If all goes as planned，Laos will be the first stop on one route of the Pan Asia Railway Network，_ aim is to connect China with all of Southeast Asia.
19、解析：考查关系代词。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是“the Pan Asia Railway Network”，关系词在从句中作定语，此处表示“它的目的”，故填whose。答案：whose6(2021贵阳市高三适应性考试)Each tactic，_ is usually expressed in four Chinese characters，is written on one page and accompanied by a Russian translation on another page.解析：考查关系词。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作
20、主语，修饰表示物的先行词Each tactic，所以填which。答案：which7(2021南充市统考)The song I sang was Country Road，that is a very famous piece of American country music.解析：考查非限制性定语从句引导词。先行词是Country Road，后是一个非限制性定语从句，逗号隔开，应该由which引导，that不能引导非限制性定语从句，故把that 改为 which。答案：thatwhich8(2021衡水中学联考)Hearing my story，the head teacher，that
21、was giving his lecture，praised me before all the students.解析：考查定语从句。句意：听到我的经历，正在讲课的班主任，在所有的学生面前表扬了我。此句是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是 the head teacher，在从句中作主语，因此that改为who 。答案：thatwho1where引导的定语从句where表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，相当于“介词in/at/on.which”。A bank is the place where they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask
22、for it back when it begins to rain.银行是在天晴之时借伞给你，到了下雨时就催你还回去的地方。当先行词为situation，case，stage，point，activity，atmosphere等抽象名词，且引导词在定语从句中表示事情发生的情况、阶段等时，常用关系副词where引导。They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。 2when引导的定语从句when表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，相当于“介词in/at/on/during
23、.which” 结构。I am looking forward to the day when my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.我正期盼着那一天的到来，那时我女儿可以读这本书，并且了解我对她的感情。 3why引导的定语从句why表示原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，相当于“介词forwhich”结构。Do you know the reason why/for which he didnt attend the meeting？你知道他没参加会议的原因吗？(1)选择关系代词或关系副词的原则：在选择关系词时，最重
24、要的是分析定语从句中所缺的成分。若从句中缺主语、宾语、定语或表语，必须用关系代词；若从句中不缺主语、宾语、定语或表语，必须用关系副词。 This is the mountain village that/which I visited last year.(关系词在从句中作宾语)I will never forget the day when my father returned from America.(关系词在从句中作状语)(2)当way表示方法、方式作先行词，且后面的定语从句缺方式状语时可以用that或in which引导，也可以省略关系词。如果后面定语从句中缺少宾语，要用that或w
25、hich引导，也可以省略关系词。I dont like the way (that/in which)he speaks to his mother.(单句语法填空/ 单句改错)1(2021郑州市第三次质量检测)All kinds of traditional Chinese herbal medicine can be found too，and there are Chinese tea shops，_ visitors can taste and buy a variety of Chinese tea.解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词为Chinese te
26、a shops，空处在从句中作地点状语，所以填where。答案：where2(2021青岛质量检测)There are many reasons_college and university students often fail to get a full nights of sleep.解析：考查定语从句。句意：大学生经常睡不了整夜的觉有许多原因。本空考查定语从句，后面的从句成分完整且前面的先行词是reasons，故填why。答案：why3(2018江苏卷)Selfdriving is an area_China and the rest of the world are on the s
27、ame starting line.解析：考查定语从句。句意为：无人驾驶是一个中国和世界上其他国家处于同一条起跑线上的领域。设空处引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词an area。将先行词代入定语从句后为China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line in the area.由此可知先行词与表地点的介词in一起在定语从句中作地点状语，所以要用关系副词where。答案：where4(2021锦州八县市一中联考)Nancy enjoyed herself very much last week where she visited
28、 her friends in Sydney.解析：先行词last week是表示时间的名词，因此用表时间的关系副词when来引导定语从句。答案：wherewhen5(2021咸阳模拟)The Song of China has set up a stage which some people can achieve their dreams.解析：先行词stage意为“舞台”，关系词在从句中作地点状语，因此用关系副词where。答案：whichwhere6Cheer up! Everyone may have periods in their lives that everything se
29、ems tough.解析：先行词为period，关系词在从句中作状语，因此用关系副词when。答案：thatwhen1介词和关系代词的确定介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词whose名词”结构。一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：(1)先行词的意义；(2)从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配；(3)句子的意思。Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted.皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事业。Recentl
30、y I bought an ancient vase，the price of which(whose price)was very reasonable.最近我买了个古代的花瓶，它的价钱很合理。2“of关系代词”引导的定语从句在some，any，few，little，none，all，both，neither，many，most，each等代词或数词的前、后表示整体与部分的关系可以用of which/whom。He had a lot of friends，none of whom would offer help to him when he was in trouble.他有许多朋友，但
31、当他遇到麻烦时没有人会给他提供帮助。3“介词where”引导的定语从句有时“介词where”可以引导定语从句，此时要和“介词which”引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。His head soon appeared out of the window，from where he saw nothing but trees.他的头很快从窗口探了出来，从那里除了树木他什么也看不到。(from where相当于from out of the window，而不是from the window)(单句语法填空)1(2020江苏卷)Many lessons are now available online
32、，from _ students can choose for free.解析：考查定语从句。句意：现在许多课程都可以在网上找到，学生们可以从中选择免费课程。分析该句结构可知，介词from和空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词Many lessons，故用which。答案：which2Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears，none of_has been proved.解析：句意为：关于人类为什么哭的时候会流泪，科学家已经提出了很多理论，没有一个得到了证明。先行词是theories，指物，定语从句
33、用“代词介词关系代词which”引导。故答案为which。答案：which3He wrote many childrens books，nearly half of_were published in the 1990s.解析：此题的先行词是childrens books，指物，因此关系词用which。此处是“代词介词which”型的非限制性定语从句。答案：which4Many young people，most of _were welleducated，headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.解析：句意为：很多年轻人都去了偏远地区追求自己的梦想，他们中大部分都受过良好的教育。先行词为young people，指人，将先行词代入定语从句后为：Most of the young people were welleducated，由此可见先行词在定语从句中作介词of的宾语，故答案为whom。答案：whom