1、第一节技法点拨近3年全国卷考向分布表分析近3年的全国卷高考试题，我们不难发现，完形填空的文章体裁主要是记叙文，有时是说明文或议论文。内容主要是传播知识，传递正能量，可读性较强。题型分为句内层次、句组层次、语篇层次等三个层次，以句内层次和句组层次题为主，语篇层次题为辅，较难的语篇层次题仅有3道左右。这就要求考生在做完形填空题时，心中始终有这三个层次，认真甄别每道题是属于哪种层次，然后再确定用何种方法来解题，从而做到万无一失。一、解题步骤1通读全文，把握主旨。 在速读全文的过程中要重视首句、首段的信息，注意找出文章的关键词、中心词，画出某些代表人物和情节的词句，理清“情节线”和“情感线”，形成对整
2、篇文章概貌的理解。2上下求索，先易后难。 完形填空设题通常分为句内、句组和语篇三个层次，做题时先易后难，遇到没有把握的题目时，可暂时跳过空格，顺着原来的思路推进，等到大部分空格选出答案后，借助已补全的信息，回头扫除“最牛钉子户”。3复读全文，微调答案。 做完题后，把填好的短文通读一遍，看看有没有明显的语法错误和逻辑冲突，必要时加以改正。二、解题策略完形填空题的解答实际上就是通过已知信息去破解未知信息。这需要考生从完形填空文章所包含的庞杂的已知信息体系中分析、查找、排查无关的已知信息，定位和查找出与每处具体的填空相关联的已知信息，再根据这些信息最终得出正确答案。下面我们将介绍句内、句组和语篇三种
3、层次题的常用解题技巧，看看应如何利用已知信息来确定未知信息。(一)句内层次题1利用习惯搭配及固定结构解题完形填空中经常会考查一些习惯搭配和固定结构，这时考生就需要运用习惯搭配及固定结构来解题。例题 (2018全国).，we had to write a paper on how we plan to 51 what we would learn in class to our future professions.51A.add Bexpose Capply Dcompare分析：本题可以利用固定搭配解题。apply.to把运用到中。故选C。2利用生活常识和文化背景解题完形填空文章中往往渗透着
4、诸如文化科学、历史地理、风俗民情等方面的知识。考生在做题时，若能积极地调动自己的文化背景知识和生活常识，巧妙地加以运用，特别是注意中西文化的差异，将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程，节省宝贵的时间，顺利地沿作者的思路阅读下去。例题(2016全国)51.Approaching the vehicle，they saw that a woman was trying to get out of the broken window.They told her to stay 52 until the emergency personnel arrived,53.but she thought the
5、car was going to 54.explode.52A.quiet Bstill Caway Dcalm分析：本题可以利用生活常识和文化背景解题。根据生活常识，当时处境危险，救护人员来之前不能动(stay still)，以免伤势加重。quiet “静静的”，常表示一个人的性情稳定或外表安静；still静止的，不动的；away离开；calm平静的，镇静的。故选B。3利用对应成分分析法解题完形填空文章的上下文之间以及句子内部之间往往有着一定的逻辑关系，它使句子的各个成分之间形成一定的对应关系。考生可以根据这种逻辑关系找出与未知填空相对应的已知成分，将它作为线索，通过它推断出未知填空的答案。
6、例题(2017全国)Before the school year 47.ended，I gave the kids a special 48.gift，T-shirts with the words “Verbs Are Your 49.Friends” on them.I had advised the kids that while verbs(动词) may seem dull，most of the 50 things they do throughout their lives will be verbs.50A.simple Bunique Cfun Dclever分析：本题可以利
7、用对应成分分析法解题。从上述分析可看出，while是从属连词，连接让步状语从句，意为“虽然”。故50空填的词应为dull“单调的”的反义词，故C项fun“有趣的”正确。故选C。4利用逻辑关系解题此方法是通过分析未知填空前后文已知信息之间的逻辑关系来确定答案，主要应用于完形填空的两类题型：一是考查连接词和起连接词作用的短语；二是考查上下文的逻辑关系。例题(2018全国)The instructors called for an ambulance. 55 ，after a brief stay in hospital，Ben was well enough to be allowed to 56
8、.leave and later the family met up for dinner.55A.Fortunately BFranklyCSadly DSuddenly分析：本题可以利用逻辑关系解题。根据后面的句子“after a brief stay in hospital，Ben was well enough to be allowed to 56.leave and later the family met up for dinner.”可知，他伤得并不严重，所以是幸运的。故选A。5利用语境暗示分析法解题上下文语境具体体现为：全文的中心主线和主题、作者的态度倾向和评价、上下文语篇衔
9、接、句际和段际关系。在句内层次中，我们通常可以通过上下文语境，即根据已知信息，推导出正确答案。例题Several years ago I 37 a letter from seventeen-year-old Kerry，who described herself as a world-class fault-finder，almost always 38.bothered by things.37A.received BansweredCexpected Drejected分析：本题可以利用语境暗示分析法解题。根据下文语境“who described herself as.”可知，作者“收到
10、”了一封信，信中一个十七岁的女孩凯里描述了自己是一个世界级的吹毛求疵的人。故选A。(二)句组层次题1利用语义复现解题复现是一种语义衔接手段，它通过原词、同义词或近义词、反义词、上义词、下义词、同源词或同根词等重复出现来表达某一概念，使整篇文章上下连贯、有机地衔接在一起。因此，考生可根据文章的具体情况，理解文章的结构和语境，利用文章中的语义复现现象来选择正确的答案。例题(2016全国)I turned around and saw a 56.pleasant woman with a big smile on her face waving to wish me a safe trip.I wa
11、s 57.speechless！Why had I thought she was cold? Rani was，well，so 58 .58A.calm BniceCproud Dclever分析：本题可以利用语义复现解题。本题为反义词复现，上文中的cold(冷漠的)和选项中的nice(友好的，和蔼的)互为反义词。最后两句句意为：我之前怎么会认为她冷漠的呢？哦，拉妮是这么友好。故选B。2利用作者态度或感情色彩关联解题在高考完形填空文章中，我们一定要在快速阅读文章的过程中，仔细找出能够反映作者态度和感情色彩的重要词汇，它们往往是名词、形容词、副词或动词等。这些词汇通常是我们做题时重要的参照线索
12、，可以帮助我们快速确定某些题目的正确答案。例题(2016全国)But her cold voice really 48.annoyed me.I sometimes wished to 49 another agent.49A.promote BtrainCfind Dknow分析：本题可以利用作者态度或感情色彩关联解题。根据前文中的形容词cold可知，作者对拉妮冷冰冰的语气很是懊恼，有时希望能“找到”另外一个代理人。故选C。3利用逻辑关系解题在句组层次题中，利用逻辑关系解题同样是一种重要的方法。例题(2016全国)Everything they know about you 42.came
13、through this device，sometimes from hundreds of miles away. 43 they feel they can know you 44.just from the sound of your voice.43A.Thus BYet CThen DIndeed分析：本题可以利用逻辑关系解题。前文提到“他们对你的了解全部通过这台装置，有时来自数百英里远的地方”，本空用副词yet表示转折含义：可是他们觉得仅仅通过你的声音他们就能够了解你。故选B。4利用语境暗示分析法解题在句组层次题中，有些题目我们往往也需要通过上下文语境，即根据已知信息，推导出正确答
14、案。例题(2016全国)When I was 13 my only purpose was to become the star on our football team.That meant41.beating out Miller King，who was the best 42 at our school.42A.coach BstudentCteacher Dplayer分析：本题可以利用语境暗示分析法解题。根据上文中的“my only purpose was to become the star on our football team”可知，此空与“球员，选手(player)”有关
15、，而不是教练(coach)、学生(student)或老师(teacher)。故选D。(三)语篇层次题1利用语义复现解题在语篇层次题中，我们同样可以利用语义复现解题。例题 Two years later，Dad started his own 31 ，which wasnt doing so well.After my graduation，Dads business was getting back on track.31A.family BbusinessCtask Djourney分析：本题可以利用语义复现解题。本题为原词复现。下文“Dads business was getting ba
16、ck on track”中的business是本空的原词复现，故选B项。2利用总分结构对照分析法解题完形填空往往采用总分对照结构，这种结构可以为我们提供重要的解题线索。例题In our modern world，when something wears out，we throw it away and buy a new one.The 36.problem is that countries around the world have growing mountains of 37.rubbish because people are throwing out more rubbish th
17、an ever before.How did we 38 a throwaway society？First of all，it is now easier to 39.replace an object than to spend time and money to repair it.40.Thanks to modern manufacturing(制造业) and technology，companies are able to produce products quickly and inexpensively.Products are plentiful and41.cheap.A
18、nother cause is our42.love of disposable(一次性的) products.As 43.busy people，we are always looking for 44.ways to save time and make our lives easier.Companies 45.produce thousands of different kinds of disposable products：paper plates，plastic cups，and cameras，to name a few.Our appetite for new product
19、s also 46.contributes to the problem.We are 47.addicted to buying new things.Advertisements persuade us that 48.newer is better and that we will be happier with the latest products.The result is that we 49.throw away useful possessions to make room for new ones.38A.face Bbecome Cobserve Dchange分析：本题
20、可以利用总分结构对照分析法解题。本题在一个总述句“How did we 38 a throwaway society？”中。之前文章在描述一个现象：人们把旧物品扔掉，造成垃圾堆积如山。从文章结构来看，从本题开始出现了另一个意群，“How did we 38 a throwaway society？”为这个意群的总述句，即我们如何成了一个丢弃的社会呢？因此，仅仅看到本题所在句子包含的信息是不够的，还要看其他地方的相关已知信息，这个关键信息就在分述部分。只要总结分述部分，本题就迎刃而解了。总结一下分述部分，很容易判断出第38题的答案就是B项become。因为，下面的分述句都是在分析形成的原因。3利
21、用逻辑关系解题在语篇层次题中，利用逻辑关系也是一种重要的解题方法。例题Dario and his mother loved their new apartment.The living room was large enough for their piano.That night，the two of them 36.sat side by side at the piano.They played jazz music to celebrate their new home.The loud 37.music filled the room and made them feel very
22、happy.The next morning， 38 ，their happiness disappeared.Someone had left a 39.note under their door during the night.One of their neighbors had written to complain(抱怨) about the sound of the piano.Darios mother asked the building superintendent(管理员) if he knew anything about it.But he said that they were all 40.nice people and he couldnt imagine any of them had done that.Later that morning，Dario suggested that they write a letter to their 41.neighbors and apologize for their playing.38A.therefore BhoweverCotherwise Dinstead分析：本题可以利用逻辑关系解题。通过上述对本题前后文已知信息的分析，发现上下文是明显的转折关系，因此答案可以确定为选项B。