1、句子成分和基本句型组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。根据各部分在句子中所起的作用，可以把句子成分分为主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语等。不同句子成分构成不同的句型。本单元语法主要讲述句子成分和8种基本句型。观察例句1A boy meets a girl during a break.2The class was difficult.3He even told us a funny story.4I found most of my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful.归纳用法成分意义位置主语S(subject)句子的主体；谓语陈述
2、、说明的对象，说明动作由“谁”发出位于句首谓语V(verb)表示主语的行为或状态，是英语句子的灵魂、核心主语之后宾语O(object)表示行为或活动的对象、接受者或受影响者动词或介词后直接宾语DO(direct object)表示动作的承受者，一般是物动词后间接宾语IO(indirect object)表示动作是对谁或为谁做的，一般是人动词后表语P(predicative)用来说明主语的身份、性质、状况等系动词后定语(attribute)用来修饰名词或代词，说明其本质或特征名词或代词前宾语补足语OC(object complement)补充说明宾语的动作或状态宾语后状语A(adverbial)
3、说明动作“何时、何地、如何”发生；说明形容词或副词的程度位置灵活即学即练1标出下面句子的成分(用S，V，O，P，A，DO，IO，OC)I will return you the book tomorrow. .I found the film interesting. .She is beautiful and smart. .He offered me a job yesterday. .The English class begins at eight oclock. .二、八种基本句型1主谓结构(SV)：主语谓语(不及物动词)这种句型中的谓语动词为不及物动词(短语)，故后不能直接接宾语，
4、也没有被动语态。主谓结构常用来表示主语的动作或状态。常见的不及物动词(短语)有：rise，matter，begin，come，go，happen，last，appear，work，come true，take place等。Class | begins.开始上课。A Chinese painting exhibition | will take place.一个中国画展将要举办。The boys dream | came true.这个男孩的梦想实现了。2主谓宾结构(SVO)：主语谓语(及物动词)宾语这种句型中的谓语动词必须是及物动词或动词短语，一般有被动语态。用作宾语的有名词、代词、数词、不
5、定式、动名词或从句等。The students | have known | the answer.学生们已经知道了答案。He | said |“Good morning”他说“早上好”。Some very good schools | dont have | a uniform policy.有些好的学校没有校服政策。即学即练2分析句子成分The writing class had just begun. They laughed. 翻译句子我们学校将举办一次运动会。Our school will hold a sports meeting.我的爱好包括旅游和游泳。My hobbies in
6、clude travelling and swimming.3主系表结构(SP)：主语系动词表语这种句型中的谓语动词为系动词，无被动语态，也无进行时态。常见的系动词有be动词，还有感官系动词(sound/look/smell/taste/feel)，变化系动词(become/get/grow/turn/go/fall/run)，持续系动词(remain/keep/hold/stay)，表像系动词(seem/appear/look)等。表语由名词、形容词、介词短语、分词、不定式或从句充当。She | is | an English teacher.她是一名英语老师。The food | smel
7、ls | delicious.这食物闻起来很香。His faces | turned | red.他的脸红了。4主谓宾宾结构(SVIODO)：主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语这种句型中的及物动词后跟双宾语，指人的宾语称为间接宾语，指物的宾语称为直接宾语。通常间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后，也可把间接宾语置于直接宾语后，但间接宾语前需用介词for或to。间接宾语之前用介词to的常见动词有give，tell，teach，write，bring，lend，hand，show，offer，send，pay，order等。间接宾语之前用介词for的常见动词有buy，fetch，save，choose，sing等。I
8、t | gives | her | a sense of duty.这给她责任感。The president | showed | me | her daughters pictures.总统给我看了她女儿的照片。My mother | bought | me | a dictionary.我妈妈给我买了一本字典。即学即练3分析句子成分All of them were amazed. These suggestions are of great help. 翻译句子Youd better buy your friends some small gifts.你最好给你的朋友买一些小礼物。Can
9、you lend me that book?你能借给我那本书吗？5主谓宾宾补结构(SVOOC)：主语谓语宾语宾语补足语该结构中的宾语补足语可以由名词、非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语等充当。该句式常用于三类动词：使役动词keep，make，let，have，leave，get等；感官动词或短语see，watch，notice，observe，find，catch，look at，listen to，hear，feel，smell等；ask，tell，order，request，permit，persuade等。They | usually keep | the door | open.他们通
10、常把门开着。My teacher | had | me | standing all the morning.我的老师让我站了一整个上午。I | often hear | her | sing the German song in her lovely voice.我经常听到她用迷人的声音唱这首德国歌曲。6主谓状(SVA)：主语谓语状语该句型的谓语动词通常为不及物动词；副词或介词短语在句中作状语，修饰或说明谓语动词。The children | stayed | in the room.孩子们待在房间里。He | runs | slowly in the park every day.每天他在
11、公园里慢跑。His parents | have worked | in the company for ten years.他的父母在这家公司工作十年了。即学即练4分析句子成分The exhibition will start on June 21 and last for a week. and .Hopefully，you can take part.， .完成句子We must keep our school clean(我们的学校干净)He asked me to come back(我回来) soon.7主谓宾状(SVOA)：主语谓语宾语状语该句型的谓语动词通常为及物动词；副词或介
12、词短语在句中作状语，修饰或说明谓语动词。The man | raised | his arms | above his head.那个人把手臂举过头顶。The girl | enjoys | reading | in the morning.这个女孩喜欢早上读书。The wind | raised | the fallen leaves | from the ground.大风把落叶从地面上刮了起来。8There be句型There be句型表示某处存在某物或某人。基本结构是：There is/are/was/were.地点状语。谓语动词有时候可用表示存在的其他动词，如live，stand，l
13、ie，seem/appear to be(好像有)，happen to be(碰巧有)，used to be(曾经有)等。There were two boys and a girl under the tree just now.刚才树下有两个男孩和一个女孩。There goes the bell.Lets go into the lecture hall.铃响了，我们进入演讲大厅吧。There happened to be a man walking by.碰巧有个人在此经过。即学即练5完成句子There are too many cars on the road.路上的汽车太多了。The
14、re will be more serious air pollution.空气污染将会更严重。分析句子成分They know us very well. .He refused to help them at last. .单句语法填空1Great changes have taken(take)place in my hometown in the past 10 years.2Her job is to look/looking(look) after the children in the nursery.3He taught us(we)English last year.4Tom
15、told his parents what had happened in the senior high school.5I heard a girl singing (sing) an English song in the next room just now.6Our school made it a rule that students should stand up when classes begin.7He always has a way of making his class interesting(interest)8You can find theres always
16、something exciting(excite) to do in the open air.9Studying(study)the problem makes him clever.10There is(be)a book and two pens on the desk.判断基本句型Once upon a time，there lived three monks in a small temple.And they never agreed with one another.One autumn night there were thousands of stars in the sk
17、y.A monk was sitting on a rock，holding a fishing rod up to catch one of the star.This surprised the other two monks.“What a fool you are！”said the second monk.How can you catch a star with such a short rod？You had better have a longer one！He gave the first monk a longer rod.But the first monk failed again.The third monk saw this and made fun of them.Then he climbed onto the roof of the temple and shouted.“Look！Im much nearer to the stars than you.And Ill soon catch a star！”There be句型 SV SVA SVO SVOA SVIODO SVO SVO