1、Section Grammar主语和动词语法图解典句感知Antarctica is the coldest place on Earth.They call it AntiArktikos, or Antarctica.98% of the surface is covered permanently in the ice cap.To overcome the difficulties in the Antarctic area and do scientific research is possible.Protecting Antarctica from nuclear tests an
2、d radioactive waste is very important to this continent.What the treaty aims to do is to prevent the commercial and military use of the continent.It is difficult to imagine a more inhospitable place.语法领悟(1)句中的黑体部分在句中均作主语。(2)由句可知，不定式、动词ing形式、从句作主语时，谓语动词通常要用单数形式。(3)句中用it作形式主语。一、主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，是句子所要说明
3、的人或事物，表示句子描述的“谁”或“什么”。英语句子的语序一般是主语位于谓语之前，但也有主谓倒装的情况。可以作主语的有名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、v.ing、“the形容词”或“the过去分词”、从句、it(作形式主语)。1名词(词组)作主语当名词(词组)作主语时，名词中心词的可数或不可数、单数或复数决定着主谓一致关系，即决定着谓语动词的单、复数形式。The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is that one can be entirely free from dust.雨季最令人愉快的事是人们可以完全摆脱灰尘。2代词作主语能够作主语的代词
4、有人称代词；名词性物主代词(mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs)；指示代词(this, that, these, those)；疑问代词(who, whom, whose, which, what)；不定代词(one, some, any, each, none, many, much, few, little, a few, a little等)。I have read half of the English novel, and Ill try to finish it before the weekend.这本英文小说我已经读了一半了，我会
5、尽力在这个周末之前把它读完。3数词作主语Thirty percent of the students have finished their homework while others havent.30%的学生已经完成了作业而其他人还没有。4动词不定式作主语To talk with him is a great pleasure.和他谈话是一件非常愉快的事。5v.ing作主语Helping others is a habit, one you can learn even at an early age.帮助别人是一个习惯，一个你甚至在很小的时候就能学会的习惯。特别提醒 ving作主语时，前
6、面可以用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格修饰，表示v.ing的逻辑主语。Toms entering the classroom without permission made the teacher very angry.汤姆未经许可就进入了教室使老师很生气。即学即练 单句语法填空1Understanding (understand) your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.解析：句意：理解你自己的需要和交流风格与学会表达
7、你的喜爱和情感一样重要。本句的“_ (understand) your own needs and styles of communication”与“learning to convey.”是对应的，故填v.ing形式。2Traveling (travel) along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.解析：句意：沿着古老的丝绸之路旅行是一种有趣且有益的经历。根据句子结构可知，此处用v.ing作主语。6“the形容词”作主语The wounded were taken to the hospital i
8、mmediately.伤员被立刻送到了医院。7“the过去分词”作主语The assured is the mother of that boy.被保险人是那个男孩的妈妈。8从句作主语What she said influenced me deeply.她所说的话对我的影响很大。Whether he will come or not doesnt matter.他来与不来无关紧要。特别提醒 不定式、v.ing和从句作主语时，常用形式主语it替代，而将真正的主语部分放在句末。但是what从句一般不用形式主语替代。It is no use telling her not to worry.告诉她不
9、要着急是没用的。It is a pity that she didnt attend your party.她没有来参加你的派对真的是太可惜了。It is important to pay your electricity bill on time, as late payment may affect your credit.按时支付电费很重要，因为拖欠可能会影响到你的信用(记录)。二、动词动词表示人或事物的动作或状态。动词具有数、时态和语态的变化。(一)动词的分类根据动词本身的用法，可以把动词分为实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词。 (二)动词的时态和语态1动词的时态时态是谓语动词所表示的
10、动作或情况在不同时间背景下的形式。动词常用的时态如下表：2.动词的语态用来说明主语和谓语动词之间的关系。英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态主语(动作的执行者)谓语(及物动词)宾语(动作的承受者)被动语态主语(动作的承受者)谓语(be过去分词)by宾语(动作的执行者)His story moved the people present deeply.(被动语态)The people present were deeply moved by his story.在场的人都被他的故事深深地打动了。特别提醒 (1)表示感触、拥有、所属的动词(词组)如have, possess, rese
11、mble, lack, belong to等不能用于被动语态。The islands belong to Spain.这些岛屿隶属西班牙。(2)lock, open, read, sell, teach, translate, wash, write等动词用于说明主语的性质特征而不是强调被执行的动作时习惯上用主动语态。The pens write quite smoothly and sell well.这种钢笔写起来很流畅并且很畅销。单句语法填空1Jack was_working (work) in the lab when the power cut occurred.2In the la
12、st few years, China has_made (make) great achievements in environmental protection.3Ignoring (ignore) the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.4Creating (creat) an atmosphere in which employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.5How we understa
13、nd things has a lot to do with what we feel.6What we expect from you is working hard rather than hardly working.7All we need is (be) a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.8It is unbelievable that Mr Lucas leads a simple life despite his great wealth.9It is widely acknowledged that students should be evaluated in terms of overall quality.10Generally, students inner motivation with high expectations from others is (be) essential to their development.