1、满分：120分 时间：120分钟第I 卷（选择题 共85分）第一部分 听力（共两节，满分20分）第一节 （共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分）听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。1. How will the woman get in touch with Sue? A. By telephone B. By e-mail C. By Wechat2. When can the woman get the computer after the c
2、onversation? A. On Friday B. Half an hour later C. On Thursday3. Whats the probable relationship between the two speakers? A. Classmates B. Boss and secretary C. Student and teacher4. What are the they talking about? A. How to use a fridge B. How to use a camera C. How to use a keyboard5. What is th
3、e woman doing? A. Complaining B. Apologizing C. Arguing第二节 （共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分） 听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。6. What does the man care about most? A. Spending less money B. Being comfortable C. Usi
4、ng the least time7. How many times will the man need to change trains? A. One B. Two C. None听第7段材料，回答第8、9题。8. What does the man want to find? A. A job B. A girlfriend C. A servant9. Whats one of the mans possible hobbies? A. Going sightseeing B. Cleaning the house C. Playing musical 听第8段材料，回答第10至12题
5、。10. What is the mans main concern about the TV? A. The picture quality B. The sound quality C. The screen size11. Why does the man mention his friends? A. They all have nice TVs B .They just get a new TV C. Theyre planning a vacation with them12. How much will the speakers probably spend on a TV? A
6、. At least $500 B. No more than $500 C. Less than $300听第9段材料，回答第13至16题。13. How does the woman want to pay? A. In cash B. By credit card C. With her smartphone14. What does the man think of PayPal? A. It is free B. It is popular C. It isnt very fast15. Where is Venmo accepted? A. At many small shops
7、B. At most large stores C. At a lot of restaurants16. What does the woman offer to do for the man? A. Download the app B. Send him an invitation C. Lend him some money听第10段材料，回答第17至20题。17. Whats the passage mainly about? A. A weekly timetable B. A book review C. A weekly review18. What will the stud
8、ents practice on Tuesday morning? A. Listening B. Grammar C. Reading19. How can the students learn about the current affairs? A. By listening to the radio B. By reading newspaper C. By watching TV20. When can students study by themselves in the library? A. every weekday afternoon B. every Friday aft
9、ernoon C. every afternoon第二部分 英语知识运用（共两节，满分35分）第一节 单项填空（共15题；每小题1分，满分15分）请认真阅读下面各题，从题中所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。21. My teacher often says that success in making money is not always a good _ of success in life. A. belief B. element C. criterion D. instance22. Toms comments on this issue are
10、confusing because they appear to _the remarks on the same issue made earlier by him. A. violate B. induce C. clarify D. contradict23. -Was the proposal passed at yesterdays meeting? -Yes, but some members of the committee expressed_. A. association B. reservation C. authority D. corporation24. The n
11、atural environment should be protected because of the important role _ plays in human survival and development. A. which B. the one C. it D. that25. It may be necessary to stop _in the learning process and go back to the difficult points in the lessons. A. at intervals B. at random C. at ease D. at
12、length26. -What a pity! George _well quit the trip to Hangzhou. -Let me phone him for the final decision. A. can B. must C .shall D. may27. Backward somewhat technologically _ we are for the moment, we have confidence in our ability to catch up in time. A. although B. if C. as D. once28. -Why cant y
13、ou give me another chance? -_, but I dont think you are good at management. A. No offence B. No worries C. No need D. No wonder29. -Do you have any idea why Jenny left the firm? -Probably , she _ for a pay rise, but was turned down. A. has held out B. holds out C. held out D. has been holding out30.
14、 Martin Luther King, Jr. put it that peace is not merely a distant goal that we seek, but a means _we arrive at that goal. A. that B. where C. by which D. with which31. -Who won the election for mayor? -A man _ to represent every minority group in the city. A. claiming B. claims C. is claimed D. hav
15、ing claimed32. When it comes to sports passion, nothing _the craziness in fans more than football. A. picks out B. makes out C. brings out D. figures out33. Ensuring every child equal rights to education is _the key to the elimination of inequality across the world lies. A. that B. what C. whether D
16、. where34. In my driving lesson, I learned a traffic rule that at no time _ parked in a manner which will block emergency service. A. any vehicle is B. is any vehicle C. can any vehicle be D. any vehicle can be35. -I feel terrible. I didnt do well in the math test. -_. Youre already making progress
17、and will surely learn it well. A. Dont be silly B. Dont take things for granted C. Dont put the cart before the horse D. Dont take it too hard第二节 完形填空（共20小题；每小题1分，满分20分）请认真阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。 In 1970, a cyclone(旋风)hit the southern coast of Bangladesh(孟加拉国). So severe and
18、 deadly were its effects that its 36 listed as the worlds worst-ever reported natural disaster. The 37 had a big impact on two Swedish men from Mission Aviation Fellowship(MAF). They traveled 38 to Bangladesh for the purpose of seeing what they could do to 39 . They journeyed south by boat for sever
19、al days, throughout the countrys vast 40 network to reach the worst-affected area and began to envision(预想)MAF using an aircraft that would 41 direct access to large areas of the country that were almost out of 42 . Throughout the 1980s, MAF Australia, along with other MAF groups, sent staff to 43 a
20、ssistance and their patience and dedication 44 since they built trust in the countries that had been 45 . In 1997, MAF could 46 start a flight program within Bangladesh. At that time, besides transporting doctors to hospitals located in 47 parts of the country, MAF also 48 an on-call emergency medev
21、ac(前线急救直升机)service in Bangladesh. On November 15, 2007, Cyclone Sidr hit southern Bangladesh. MAFs 49 response and emergency procedures were seriously 50 as the office received over 200 phone calls in one day from aid agency personnel in urgent need of 51 to and from the disaster zone. For the next
22、two months, MAF 52 solidly, seven days a week. The float plane became known by 53 locals as “The Sea Angel(天使)”-the only aircraft in the country of its type having such a(n) 54 .In 2009, “The Sea Angel” was sent again for rapid assistance 55 Cyclone Alla struck. Today, in Bangladesh, MAF makes over
23、750 flights and transports around 2,500 passengers annually.36. A. just B. still C. soon D. often37. A. history B. failure C. burden D. event38. A. separately B. occasionally C. immediately D. fortunately39. A. help B. limit C. research D. avoid40. A. air B. bus C. river D. rail41. A. reduce B. prev
24、ent C. change D. enable42. A. focus B. danger C. order D. reach43. A. seek B. provide C. promise D. receive44. A. ran out B. came back C. paid off D. kept on45. A. noticed B. untied C. assisted D. traveled46. A. properly B. secretly C. suddenly D. finally47. A. secure B. crowded C. remote D. coastal
25、48. A. request B. began C. restore D. continue49. A. rapid B. natural C. appropriate D. unexpected50. A. followed B. tested C. forecasted D. established51. A. transport B. message C. funding D. encouragement52. A. accelerated B. flew C. appealed D. searched53. A. reasonable B. grateful C. outgoing D
26、. respectable54. A. destination B. application C. decoration D. reputation55. A. once B. if C. when D. until第三部分 阅读理解（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）请认真阅读下列短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该项涂黑。AWelcome to the North Pole AdventureThe North Pole Adventure is a one-of-a-kind interactive Christmas attraction
27、for the entire family. Unlike other Christmas attractions, it is open from November 25 until Christmas Eve. It is not a guided tour. While elves (小精灵)are throughout the adventure to interact with your children, your kids can spend as much time in each area as they wish. The adventure features a repl
28、ica(复制品)of the North Pole including everything you imagine at Santas North Pole.Santas House Kids will experience what its like at the North Pole and see first-hand what it takes for Santa and his elves to get ready for Christmas each year. The memories your children will take away from Santas House
29、 will be ones they will remember for a life time.Post Office All kids will be assisted by Santas elves in writing a letter to Santa and then depositing it in Santas magical mailbox. A few days before Christmas, they will receive letters at their own homes from Santa.Elf University Elf University is
30、the place where elves go to school. Its also the place where kids enjoy making Christmas presents, coloring Christmas pictures, and even filling out applications to become elves one day.Admission: Buy your tickets online to avoid waiting in line. If the tickets sell out when you buy them online, the
31、re will still be tickets available at the ticket office.56. The North Pole Adventure_. A. arranges elves to entertain kids in some areas B. is modeled on other Christmas attractions C. provides visitors with tour guide service D. is open to visitors for nearly one month57. What can we learn from the
32、 passage? A. Elf University offers kids opportunities for becoming elves B. Kids who visited Post Office would receive letters on Christmas Eve C. Kids can have fun in Santas House by dressing up like Santa D. Tickets to the adventure can be bought online if they sell out at the ticket officeBThe hi
33、ghest beef prices in almost three decades have arrived just before the start of the hot season, causing a great shock to both consumers and restaurant owners- and relief isnt likely anytime soon. A decreasing number of cattle and growing export demand from countries such as China and Japan have caus
34、ed the average price of fresh beef to climb to $5.28 a pound in February, up almost a quarter from January and the highest price since 1987.Everything thats produced is being consumed, said Kevin Good, an analyst at CattleFax, a Colorado-based information group. Prices will likely stay high for a co
35、uple of years as cattle producers start to rebuild their cattle among big questions about whether the Southwest and parts of the Midwest will see enough rain to water the grass.I quit buying steaks a while ago when the price went up, said 59-year-old Len Markham, who works at Texas Tech. She says sh
36、e limits red meat purchases to hamburger, choosing chicken, pork and fish instead.Restaurant owners, too, must deal with the high prices. Mark Hutchens, owner of the 50 Yard Line Steakhouse in Lubbock, raised his menu prices for beef items by about 5 percent in November. Since then, the owner of the
37、 small eating house has tried to make cuts elsewhere to avoid passing it on to customers. It really puts more pressure on the small guys, he said of non-chain restaurants. I just think you have to stay competitive and keep your costs low.“White-tablecloth restaurants have adjusted the size of their
38、steaks, making them thinner”, says Jim Robb, director of the Colorado-based Livestock Marketing Information Center. “And fast-food restaurants are cutting costs by reducing the number of menu items and are offering other meat options, including turkey burgers, Robb said. Chain restaurants also try t
39、o buy beef as much as they can, which essentially gives them a discount”, Iowa State University assistant economics professor Lee Schulz said.The high prices are welcome news for at least one group: ranchers(大农场经营者), especially those in Texas who for years have struggled amid drought（干旱） and high fe
40、ed prices. But even as ranchers breathe a sigh of relief, some worry lasting high prices will cause consumers to permanently change their buying habits - switching to chicken or pork. Pete Bonds, a 62-year-old Texas rancher and president of the Texas and Southwestern Cattle Raisers Association, said
41、 thats a big concern. “But such fears may be unfounded, Robb said. “Three years ago, economists thought consumers would start finding substitutions for beef as the drought spread. Were surprised we havent seen more of that, he said.South Dakota rancher Chuck OConnor thinks that consumers wont abando
42、n beef for good. Im sure some are maybe going to cut back some, but to say that people arent going to buy it anymore, I dont think thats going to happen, he said, adding, I hope not.58. The price of beef has increased because_. A. there is a growing demand of fresh beef among Americans B. cattle pro
43、ducers have succeeded in raising a new type of cattle C. there is a lack of rain and the export of beef is increasing D. ranchers have found ways to deal with high feed prices59. Which method is NOT used by restaurant owners to deal with the high beef prices? A. They have made the steaks smaller tha
44、n before B. They have increased the prices of beef-related dishes C. They have made hamburgers with many other kinds of meat D. They have sought discount by purchasing large amounts of beef60. Jim Robb gives an example in the sixth paragraph in order to_. A. tell people that it is a tough job to loo
45、k for substitutions for beef B. show his fear that chicken or pork may be an alternative to beef C. explain that customers wont change their buying habits completely D. indicate that ranchers may be least affected by the high beef pricesCYour New Years plan to move more is one of the toughest to sti
46、ck to, and a group of scientists working with obese(过度肥胖的)mice think theyre starting to understand whyRather than our sedentary(久坐的)lives causing weight gain, says Alexxai Kraviz, the National Institutes of Health neuroscientist who led the study, changes in brain chemistry after we start gaining we
47、ight affect our capacity to move.“Obses mice can move just fine,” days Kravitz, who published the work with his team in Cell Metabolism “They just dont.”What Kravitzs team found is that the activity of a particular dopamine(多巴胺)receptor linked to movement goes down as mice gain weight on a high-fat
48、diet. So the nice slow down and they move less. And when the researchers restored the activity of that dopamine receptorDR2the mice started moving more, even though they were still obese. The team also saw that lean mice missing the DR2 receptor acted like obese mice. This is the target, says Kravit
49、zrestoring that dopamine receptor function. “Manbe 20 or 30 years down the road, we could do that in people,” he says.And there is one more thing: The scientists fed normal mice and the mice lacking DR2 the same high-fat diet. Both sets of mice gained weight at the same rate.Kravitz says this is imp
50、ortant because mice lacking DR2 move less from the get-go, whereas a normal mouse takes a little time to start seeing that dopamine receptor-related loss of exercise. The ability to exercise seems to be disconnected from weight gain, he says.“Exercise is a healthy thing to do, but its impact on weig
51、ht loss has been exaggerated,” he says. “We have to be realistic about the size of the effect of exercise on weight, as opposed to health benefits.”Still, before you abandon your New Years exercise plan, keep in mind that this study was done using a high-fat diet, and not the normal calorie restrict
52、ion that people maintain when they diet.Thats a big drawback to the work, says Vicki Vieira-Potter, a University of Missouri physiologist not involved in the study“They feed the mice with high-fat diet, it damages the receptor, and that decreases activity. Those who plan to lost weight should rememb
53、er high-fat diet is a nice way to cause obesity in the lab, but its not the same as the normal situation of obesity,” she sys.Sine also says that a lot of the weight gain in the mice came after they stopped moving around, which indicates that the loss of movement did impact obesity.61. Alexxai Kravi
54、tz is likely to agree that_. A. high-fat food leads to the lack of DR2 B. less movement results from weight gain C. the lack of DR2 results in less movement D. weight gain leads to the inactivity of DR2.62. What can we infer from the research mentioned in the passage? A. High-fat diet is bound to ca
55、use obesity. B. The research team aim to deal with human obesity C. High-fat diet has little influence on the rate of weight gain D. Obese mices ability to move is affected by the inactivity of DR263. The underlined word “exaggerated” in Paragraph 7 can be replaced by “_” A. underestimated B. exclud
56、ed C. overlooked D. overemphasized64. According to Vicki Vicki-Vieira-Potter, _. A. besides diet, other factors behind obesity shouldnt be ignored in daily life B. the total loss of movement can do harm to the function of DR2 C. Alexxai Kravitzs team misread the results of the research D. obesity is
57、 mainly caused by high-fat diet people take.D When Charles Lee handed me the small red notebook in 1974, he changed my life. “While you are traveling, you should keep notes of things you see and do,” he explained. I was 20 years old, a junior in college, spending a term at the University of London.
58、Charles was a retired traveling salesman. I was staying with him in his cottage in Kendal, located in the Lake District of northern England. It was a one-week homestay the university arranged for us before classes began. I took his advice. I wrote in the notebook every day during the homestay. Back
59、in London, I recorded weekend trips to Wales, Yorkshire, France, and Spain. I commented on my classes, professors, and classmates. I contrasted my life at a small college in the US with my wandering through the streets of London, my introduction to life in a big city, and my initial travels outside
60、the US. I tracked ideas I had about my life and my future. When I wrote in the notebook, I struggled with a sense of my audience and purpose. Who would read this? Were these writings just for me, or did I want others to read them? Was I recording events and ideas just as a prompt(提示)to memory, or wa
61、s there some larger purpose for this daily exercise? I knew I was recording events, thoughts, words that were important to my life. I imagined a future me sitting down to read the pages. I wondered what it would feel like to read those words later. I wondered where I would be and what my life would
62、be like. I filled the notebook Charles gave me. I bought a new one and filled it. Then another and another. I continued writing in notebooks for four decades. By that time, they filled two boxes in my garage. I had reread some of the journals. Specific volumes had provided me with the background I n
63、eeded for dozens of articles for magazines. But I had never read them all. Recently, I decided to bring my collection of notebooks into my office and replay my life. As I opened the first box, I suddenly became nervous would I like the former me described on those pages? There was a risk in opening
64、that first notebook. I did it anyway. Charles had been right. I remembered the big events and the central happenings, but on each page were many details I hadnt retained(保留). The pages revealed highlights from college classes and stories about roommates and friends. I read anxious comments Id writte
65、n as Id launched my teaching career, learned to write lesson plants, assigned grades for student work, and solved discipline problems. I reflected on my coming marriage, then the wedding, and eventually the proud moments when I held each of my three girls as a father. I recounted more trips-returnin
66、g to Europe, teaching in South America, going on safari(游猎)in Africa, and exploring Greenland. I relived memories of trails hit, rivers crossed, and mountains climbed. The writings in those journals framed my life. I hadnt written every day. I often skipped a few days or even weeks, but I always pic
67、ked up the writing when it felt important. Journals wet with my when I traveled , and I often wrote in them at school when my own students were writing. It took several long evenings to read through the notebooks, taking me on tour spanning(持续)42 years. As I read I could recall sitting on a bench in
68、 Trafalgar Square in London or in our apartment in Peru to write to the future me. It was then that I realized: I am now the person I was writing to throughout those years.65. What can we learn about Charles Lee? A. He was an Englishman the author came across B. He gave the author a notebook as birt
69、hday present C. The author gained valuable experience of life from him D. The author once lived in his house as a college graduate66. One reason why the author kept writing journals was that he wanted to _. A. let others read what he wrote in the future B. live up to Charles Lees expectation for him
70、 C. know what his life would be like in the future D. leave something special to his three daughters67. How did the author feel when he opened the first box filled with his journals? A. Curious B. Worried C. Surprised D. Disappointed68. By mentioning the highlights in Paragraph 10, the author intend
71、s to tell us _. A. the regrets he had about his life B. the benefits of keeping journals C. the big events that happened to him D. the themes of his articles for magazines69. We can learn from the passage that the author _. A. rarely wrote journals at school B. keeps a daily journal of his life C. e
72、ven wrote journals when traveling D. had kept writing journals for five decades70. What would be the best title for the passage? A. Rereading my journals B. My interesting experience of life C. A red notebook D. A gift to my future self第II卷（非选择题 共35分）第四部分 任务型阅读（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章
73、后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填1个单词。请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。 What is eco-fashion? Eco-fashion is about making clothes that take into account the environment, the health of consumers and the working conditions of people in the fashion industry. It is a complex phenomenon and the common use of the fashionable
74、 termsecological and ethical. Ecological fashion usually refers to textile (织物) and clothing production processes and the environmental issues surrounding them；ethical fashion generally relates to the working conditions involved in the producing processes.What are the problems with fashion? A closer
75、 look at the fashion industry points out many problems that are common practices in the creation of our fashions from the field to the factory. Firstly, the production of textiles pollutes the environment heavily. Cotton-planting uses pesticides; sheep-farming and wool-cleaning contribute to global
76、warming; synthetics-making (人造纤维生产) brings about waste which does harm to our environment. Secondly, every stage of clothing production has a significant effect on the environment. They all use a great deal of energy, and some also involve chemicals which evidently do harm to the surroundings. In ad
77、dition to this, there is a lot of waste produced in the process, especially in the form of polluted water. Thirdly, growing consumption levels and our shopping habits further worsen the bad effects. We are now buying clothes in increasing quantities without realizing the scale on which it affects na
78、tural environment, and we are also quick to throw away clothes that have been worn only a couple of times.Then, how to solve the problems? Other industries that design products are ahead of the fashion industry when it comes to choosing sustainable materials, designing for minimum waste, choosing en
79、ergy efficient manufacturing and creating products for longevity. The fashion industry has been slow to adopt these changes and part of the problem is the very nature of fashion. To a large degree, it is the fashion producers that really have the power and the responsibility to shape our future. The
80、re are numerous ways in which these producers can reduce their ecological footprint, from switching to green energy and reducing energy use, through selecting sustainable materials and choosing local suppliers，to recycle and minimize waste. On the other hand, as consumers we can all make contributio
81、ns by selecting environmentally friendly clothing and reducing clothing consumption.There is some concern that eco-friendly fashions are just a trend that we will eventually grow tired of but we can make sure that doesnt happen. Now many people are beginning to shop for organic food products because
82、 the benefits of eating food free of chemicals are straightforward and immediate. They relate directly to our personal health. In fact, choosing eco-fashion can also contribute to our personal health, though it is mostly done by way of keeping the health of the planet.Why choose eco-fashion?_71 of f
83、ashionEcologicalTextile & clothing production processes;Issues related to 72 EthicalWorking 73 involvedProblems with fashionTextile 74 Cotton-planting: use of pesticides;Sheep-farming & wool-cleaning: global warming;Synthetics-making: 75 wasteClothing productionProducing a lot of waste;Using chemica
84、ls;_76 a great deal of energyConsumption levels & shopping habitsNew clothes: bought in increasing quantitiesOld clothes: 77 away quickly_78 toproblemsFashion producersWays to recycle and 79 waste:Switching to green energy;Reducing energy use;Selecting sustainable materials;Choosing local suppliers_
85、80 _Selecting environmentally friendly clothingReducing clothing consumptionChoosing eco-fashion can contribute to our personal health.第五部分 书面表达（共1小题，满分25分）阅读下面表格的短文，然后按照要求用英语写一篇 150词左右的短文。When in London by tube with mainly English passengers, we tend to sit together in total silence. However, when
86、I traveled in China, people sitting next to me often asked me about my age, salary, and even marriage. They were also willing to introduce themselves as much possible.On the first day I arrived in China, a Chinese professor invited me to dinner accompanied by his colleagues. After dinner, the profes
87、sor paid for the meal alone, although the others also offered to pay for it. In Britain, we are accustomed to going “Dutch” while eating in a restaurant. One day, at a friends birthday party, I met with a foreign friend and offered my hand, meanwhile he bowed to me. We were both at a loss for a mome
88、nt, but soon he seemed to be conscious of something and shook my hand naturally.【写作内容】1用约30个词概述上述信息的主要内容；2列举1至2个中外文化差异的事例；3谈谈我们该如何正确对待文化差异的问题（不少于两点）。【写作要求】1写作过程中不能直接引用原文语句；2作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称；3不必写标题。【评分标准】 内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。_江苏省如东中学2017届高三年级阶段考试英语参考答案听力：1-20CBCBA AABAA ABCCA BACAA单选：21-35 CDBCA DCAC
89、C ACDCD完形填空：36-55BDCAC DDBCC DCBAB ABBDC阅读理解：56-67DA 58-60CAC 61-64CBDA 65-70CCBBCD任务型阅读：71. Aspects 72. environment 73. conditions 74. production 75. harmful76. Consuming/using 77. thrown 78. Solutions 79. minimize 80. Consumers书在表达：One possible version: Cultural differences do exist in every corne
90、r of the world, where the same behavior often carries totally different meanings when we socialize with people. The three experiences above are typical examples. Its not uncommon to witness peoples living habits, values along with customs, which vary widely throughout the world, have led to cultural
91、 misunderstandings. Take greetings as a case in point, Chinese people tend to say Have you eaten yet?, while in western countries, topics are always related to occupations, families, weather and so on. Whats more, when receiving praise from others, foreigners usually show their gratitude with a smil
92、e. However, Chinese never fail to pretend to be humble, with a Just so-so in response, which is also a convincing proof of cultural differences. When we are caught in a dilemma to communicate with foreigners, its high time that we hold an open mind to embrace different cultures, where, in turn, a critical eye is also needed. We ought to select the good essence of foreign cultures rather than blindly copy them. In short, its everyone efforts towards the fusion(融合) of cultures that minimize the gap between people.