1、高三英语语法专项复习 句子结构及成分考点1. 实义动词、助动词与情态动词实义动词和助动词是根据动词在句子中的含义和作用来划分的。实义动词也叫行为动词。实义动词指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词。如：He lives quite near. (live“住”，有明确的意义，单独作谓语，为实义动词)I bought a pen yesterday. （bought “买”，意义明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词）助动词助动词是指那些用来帮助构成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问句、否定句和倒装句和帮助强调的词。这些词本身无词汇意义或意义不完全，不能单独作谓语。帮助构成时态的：The boy is cryi
2、ng.(is 用来构成现在进行时，和crying一起作谓语，是助动词)I have been painting all day. （have been用来帮助构成现在完成进行时，和painting一起作谓语，是助动词。）帮助构成否定句和疑问句的：Does he like English? (does帮助构成一般疑问句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)He doesnt have lunch at home. (does只是帮助构成否定句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)帮助构成被动语态的Trees are planted in spring. (are帮助构成被动语态，没有具体意义，是助动词)The ho
3、use has been pulled down. (has been帮助构成时态和语态，是助动词)帮助构成虚拟语气If he had come yesterday, I wouldnt have made such a mistake.(had, have帮助构成虚拟语气，是助动词，属于谓语的一部分。)帮助构成倒装句的So did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday.(他如此爱他的母亲以至于他母亲生日那一天，他给她买了许多礼物。did只是帮助构成倒装句，没有具体意义，是助动词)帮助构成强调意义
4、的He did come yesterday. (did起强调作用，没有具体意义，是助动词)因此可以看出，常见的助动词为do, be, have，它们为基本助动词。情态动词情态动词同助动词一样，不能单独作谓语，要和实义动词一起作谓语。因此，情态动词也称为情态助动词。情态动词同基本助动词的区别在于，基本助动词本身无意义，而情态动词有自己的意义。如：He can swim across the river.(can的词义为“能够”)You must stay at home. (must词义为“必须”)I might leave tomorrow. （might的词义为“或许”）考点2. 谓语和非
5、谓语在英语中，一个主谓结构中只能有一个谓语，再出现动词时，要变成非谓语形式，非谓语是指：动词不定式，动名词，现在分词和过去分词。改正下列句中的错误1.Get up early is good for our health.2.My favorite sport is play football.3.There is a bird sings in the tree.4.The house was built last year has been sold out.5.The girls are singing over there are my classmates.6.I remember
6、saw him that day.考点3. 复合结构1.He invited us to come to the party. (us是宾语，to come to the party是宾语补足语；宾语和宾语补足语合一起称为复合宾语。宾语和宾语补足语是逻辑上的主谓关系。)2.Its important for us to learn English well. (it是形式主语，真正的主语是for us to learn English well。“us”是“to learn English well”的逻辑主语，二者构成了逻辑上的主谓关系。for somebody to do somethin
7、g是动词不定式的复合结构。)3.Its very kind of you to help me.（of you to help me也是动词不定式的复合结构）4.Toms coming late made our teacher angry.(Tom迟到使我们老师生气。coming是动名词，Toms coming late是动名词的复合结构。Tom是coming late的逻辑主语，二者是逻辑上的主谓关系。)句子成分英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）,除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”和“同位语”的说法。主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主
8、体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。可以作主语的词性或语法结构：1.名词 2.代词 3.数词 4.名词化的形容词（如the rich）5.不定式 6.动名词 7.主语从句等表示。改正下列句中的错误1.He failed the exam is the reason why he dropped out. 2.That why he was late for school was that his mother was ill.3.Beyond the mountains lie a small village.4.Gone is the days when I had to go to
9、school on foot.5.Play basketball is my favorite sport.谓语谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. / He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying over there./ I would stay at home all
10、 day.（2）由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。如：We are students./ Your idea sounds great.表语表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。宾语宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语补足语英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语和宾语补足语构成逻辑上的
11、主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。用线划出下列句中的宾语补足语1.His father named him Dongming. 2.They painted their boat white. 3.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. 4.We saw her entering the room.5.We found everything in the lab in good order.6
12、.We will soon make our city what your city is now.主语补足语对主语的补充。（含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态，宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。）He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.定语定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“的”表示。状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。同位语同位语是在名
13、词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分。如：We students should study hard. (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生）We all are students. (all是we的同位语，都指同样的我们）Its good to us students. (students是us的同位语）简单句的五种基本结构基本句型 一：（主谓）这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词，都不带宾语，但可以带状语，常见的不及物动词有： act, come, go, work, last, fall, cry, disappear, appear, smile, rise, ri
14、ng，live, look, listen, laugh, hurry, talk, sleep, retire, graduate, die, care, agree, jump, fail, wait, succeed, stay, sit, lie, shine, happen, take place, rain, snow, ect. 如: It is raining now. / Weve worked for 5 hours. The meeting lasted half an hour. / Time flies. 基本句型 二：（主系表）常见的系动词状态系动词: 用来表示主语
15、状态，只有be一词，例如： He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。持续系动词:用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：He kept silent at the meeting. 他开会时保持沉默。 This matter remains a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。The food stays fresh in the fridge.食物在冰箱里仍然很新鲜。The house stood empty for years.房子空了数年。He lies awake in bed.他躺在床上，醒着。表“像
16、”系动词: 用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：Something seems wrong. 好像出差了。/ He appears young. 他看起来很年轻。 感官系动词：感官系动词主要有look看起来，feel摸起来;感觉, smell闻起来, sound听起来, taste尝起来：This kind of cloth feels very soft. / This flower smells very sweet. 变化系动词：这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, c
17、ome, run.He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。Eggs go bad easily in spring.鸡蛋夏天容易变坏。What he had dreamt of came true.他的梦想实现了。Still waters run deep.静水流深。终止系动词：表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达证实，变成之意，例如：The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实
18、有假。What he predicted turned out (to be) wrong.他预言的结果是错的。基本句型 三：（主谓宾）此结构是由“主语+及物动词（词组）+宾语”构成。宾语可以是名词、代词、数词，动名词、动词不定式或词组、the +形容词、分词以及从句等。如，She likes English.We planted a lot of trees on the farm yesterday.基本句型 四：（主谓双宾语）有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。如：He gave m
19、e a cup of tea. / Show this house to Mr. Smith.若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+ 代词直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：Bring it to me, please. (不能说 Bring me it, please。)常跟双宾语的及物动词有：（需借助to的）allow, bring, deny, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, sell, send, show, teach, tell，wish, write等（
20、需借助for 的） buy, get, make, order, save, sing,等He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary. = He sent an English-Chinese Dictionary to me.She bought John a book= She bought a book for John.基本句型 五：（主谓宾宾补）此句型的句子的特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。The war made him a soldier./ New metho
21、ds make the job easy. I often find him at work. / The teacher asked the students to close the windows. I saw a cat running across the road.there be 句型此句型是由 there + be + 主语 + 状语 构成，用以表达某地存在有，它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际意义。1.be 与其后的主语在人称和数上一致，有时态和数的变化。现在时 there is / are 过去时 there was /
22、were将来时 there will be/ there is / are going to be.完成时 there has / have been可能有 there might be. 肯定有 there must be / there must have been.过去曾经有 there used to be 似乎有 there seems / seem / seemed to be 碰巧有 there happen / happens / happened to be 2.可用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive,等词代替
23、be动词。此时还表示存在有，但表意要更具体一些。Eg. There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain. There came a shout for help. There exists no air on the moon.There lies a book on the desk. There stands a tree on the hill简单句、并列句和复合句句子按结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。考点1. 简单句只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。前面六种基本句型都是简单句。e.g. He often read
24、s English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.（划线部分为并列谓语 ，只有一个主语，仍为简单句。）考点2. 并列句由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。要注意,逗号是不可以连接句子的，这一点和汉语不同。e.g. You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tort
25、uous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor等连接。 The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John.He not only stole my money, but he also took my watch away.表示选择，常用的连词有or, eitheror, otherwise等。Hurry up, or youll miss the train.表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while
26、, when等。He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。August is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.考点3复合句复合句是有一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子，其中主句是句子的主体，从句不能独立存在，只能作为句子的
27、一个成分。其中从句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。1.It is wrong. （只有一个主谓结构，是简单句）What he said is wrong.（what he said,是一个主谓结构，he为主语，said为谓语，what是宾语。What he said is wrong. 是另外一个主谓结构。What he said作主语，is wrong系表结构作谓语。因此，本句是复合句。What he said是名词性从句作主语）。2.The boy over there is my brother. （只有一个主谓结构，是简单句）The
28、boy who is wearing a hat is my brother.（The boy is my brother.是一个主谓结构 who is wearing a hat也是一个主谓结构，作了前一个主谓结构中主语the boy的定语。因此本句是复合句。）3.I was doing my homework at six. （只有一个主谓结构，是简单句）I was doing my homework when he came in.（I was doing my homework是一个主谓结构，he came in也是一个主谓结构。后面一个主谓结构作前一个的时间状语。因此是复合句。练习1
29、. 判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：1.We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.2.The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.3.There is a chair in this room, isnt there?4.My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.5.He is in Class One and
30、 I am in Class Two.6.He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.7.Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.8.What he said at the meeting is very important, isnt it?9.The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.10.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.练习2. 利用英语句子结构规律做下列各题：1.Five p
31、eople won the Chinas green figure” award, a title _ to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection.A. is given B. was given C. being given D. given2.All the preparations for the task_, and were ready to start. A. completed B. complete C. had been completed D. have been comple
32、ted3.I was told that there were about 50 foreign students _Chinese in the school, most_ were from Germany.A. study; of whom B. study; of themC. studying; of themD. studying; of whom4.Everywhere you can see people in their holiday dress, _ with smiles.A. their faces are shining B. whose faces shining
33、 C. their faces shining5.Many students _ around, I explained the story into details.A. stood B. standing C. to stand D. were standing6.I have five friends, some of _ are businessmen.A. that B. whom C. they D. them 7.I have five friends, but none of_ are businessmen.A. that B. whom C. they D. them 专题
34、过关测试I.改正下列句子的错误。1.Do exercise everyday is good for your health.2.That what he said isnt true.3.He came late made his teacher angry.4.On the desk is two books.5.Go to a key college is my dream.II连词成句 1.在我看来，早睡早起对我们的健康有好处。（in my opinion, get up early, go to bed early, do a lot of good to, our health.）
35、2.被一所重点大学录取是我的梦想。（be admitted by a key college, my dream）3.他这次考试不及格使他不高兴。（fail the exam, make, upset）4.在那两座高楼之间，矗立着我们教学楼。（between the two tall buildings, stand, teaching building）5.我们现在正在学的知识对我们将来的生活和工作都很有帮助。（what we are learning now, be of great help to, our life and work, in the future）6.尽早把他送到距你家
36、最近的医院。（sendto, nearest to, as soon as possible）7.我们有一个能容下3000学生用餐的餐厅。（dining hall, large enough, hold）8.就我而言，我赞成这个主意。（as far as Im concerned, in favor of）9.在我生日那天，母亲给我买了一件很特别的礼物。（buy, a special gift）参考答案改正下列句中的错误1.That he failed the exam is the reason why he dropped out. 2.Why he was late for school
37、 was that his mother was ill.3.Beyond the mountains lies a small village.4.Gone are the days when I had to go to school on foot.5.Playing basketball is my favorite sport.用线划出下列句中的宾语补足语1.His father named him Dongming. 2.They painted their boat white. 3.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. 4
38、.We saw her entering the room.5.We found everything in the lab in good order.6.We will soon make our city what your city is now.练习1. 判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：1.We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon. 简单句2.The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom. 复合句3.There is a chair in this room, isnt
39、there? 简单句4.My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening. 简单句5.He is in Class One and I am in Class Two. 并列句6.He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child. 复合句7.Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so. 并列句8.What he said at the meeting is very important, isnt it? 复合句9.The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree. 简单句10.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music. 简单句