1、Section Grammar复习同位语(词、短语、从句)思维导图 语法精讲一、同位语1定义同位语是句子成分的一种。它位于名词、代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况。它可以由名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式及从句等来充当。2表现形式(1)名词、代词或数词充当同位语I have the honor to introduce Johns sister, Jane to you.我很荣幸地向你介绍简，约翰的妹妹。(名词Jane作同位语)I sympathize with you; I myself have had a similar unhappy experience.我很同情你，我自己也有过类似的不
2、幸遭遇。(反身代词myself作同位语)She is the oldest among them six.她是她们六人中年龄最大的。(数词six作同位语)(2)动名词(短语)和不定式(短语)充当同位语He enjoys the exercise, swimming in winter.他喜爱冬泳这项运动。(动名词短语swimming in winter作同位语)Is this your purpose, to avoid being punished?逃避惩罚，这就是你的目的？(不定式短语to avoid being punished作同位语)(3)由such as, that is, of,
3、 or等引导的同位语Some subjects, such as maths and physics, are very difficult to learn.某些学科，例如数学和物理，是很难学的。二、同位语从句1定义在复合句中用作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句是名词性从句的一种。它一般放在fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information, belief, thought, doubt, promise, question等抽象名词的后面，对前面的名词作进一步的解释，说明前面名词的具体含义。2同位语从句的连接词主要有that, wh
4、ether, why, who, where, how, when等。其中that, whether不作成分，that无实际意义，whether意为“是否”；其他连接词具有实义，同时在同位语从句中作一定成分。引导同位语从句的连接词一般都不能省略。3同位语从句连接词的选用(1)若同位语从句意义完整，应用that引导同位语从句。The news that he was punished soon spread on the Internet.他被惩罚的消息很快在因特网上传开了。(2)若同位语从句意义不完整，需增加“是否”的含义，应用whether引导同位语从句。Well discuss the p
5、roblem whether the sports meeting will be held on time.我们将讨论运动会是否会如期举行的问题。(3)需增加“什么时候”“什么地点”“什么方式”“什么”含义，应用when, where, how, what引导同位语从句。The question who should do the work is being discussed at the meeting.谁应该做这项工作的问题正在会议上被讨论。They have no idea when I will go back.他们不知道我什么时候回去。名师点津(1)名词suggestion, o
6、rder, demand, command, request等后的同位语从句要使用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用“(should)do”。Our teacher gave us some advice how we (should) use the computer.老师给了我们一些如何使用电脑的建议。(2)名词doubt(怀疑)后的同位语从句用whether引导；no doubt (毫无疑问)后的同位语从句用that引导。We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time.我们怀疑他们能否按时完成任务。There is no d
7、oubt that my friend Tom will keep his promise.毫无疑问我的朋友汤姆会守信的。三、同位语从句和定语从句的区别同位语从句定语从句功能不同说明名词表示的具体内容说明名词的性质、特征、来源等that不作成分，起连接作用，不可省略作主语、宾语或表语，起连接作用；并且作从句的宾语时可省略，指物时可用which代替whether/how不作成分，起连接作用，“是否”“如何”不引导定语从句wh类连接词作成分，起连接作用，有自己的含义，但与先行词之间无关作成分，起连接作用，没有自己的含义，但是代替先行词在从句中作成分试比较下面两句话：Jim got to know
8、the news that the whole village was in great danger.吉姆得知整个村子都处在极度危险中的消息。(that引导同位语从句，解释说明the news的内容。)Do you know the news (that/which) Jim told me?你知道吉姆告诉我的那个消息吗？(that/which引导定语从句，且在从句中作宾语)名师点津判断方法我们可以在名词与从句之间加一个系动词be，使之构成一个新句子，如果句子通顺且符合逻辑，则为同位语从句，反之，则为定语从句。The news that she told me is that Tom wil
9、l go abroad next year.(that she told me是定语从句)她告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。(不可以说：The news was that she told me.)The news that Tom would go abroad was told by her.(that Tom would go abroad是同位语从句)汤姆将出国的消息是她说的。(可以说：The news was that Tom would go abroad.).单句语法填空1The Great Wall leaves visitors a puzzle how ancient Chi
10、nese people managed to build it.2The manager put forward a suggestion that we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.3Well reach the sales targets in a month that/which we set at the beginning of the year.4Is there any possibility that you could pick me up at the airport?No problem.5
11、There is still doubt whether the experiment will be a success.6Do you have any idea what we shall/will learn in the next class.7I have no idea where my glasses are. I cant find them anywhere.8The question whether we need more time to do the work has not been discussed.9We accepted his suggestion tha
12、t the whole class (should)be_divided (divide) into three groups.10Information has been put forward that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.单句改错1She had some doubt that she could pass the college entrance examination.thatwhether2The idea you can do this work well without
13、thinking is quite wrong.idea后加that3His promise which he would give away half of the years income to the disabled turned out a lie.whichthat4There is no doubt whether teachers play an important role in childrens growth.whetherthat5She didnt accept my suggestion that she will meet her son the next wee
14、k.willshould或去掉will6The question if it is right or wrong depends on the result.ifwhether7The thought came to him when maybe the enemy had fled the city.whenthat8The order soon came all citizens should leave the village.came后加that.把下面的句子改为含有同位语从句的复合句1We are a bit worried because great Auks and Quagga
15、s have been extinct.The_fact_worries_us_a_bit_that_great_Auks_and_Quaggas_have_been_extinct.2Do you know what we can do with these waste materials?Do_you_have_any_idea_what_we_can_do_with_these_waste_materials?3They are arguing about whether we can clone human beings.They_are_having_an_argument_whet
16、her_we_can_clone_human_beings.4Everyone should believe that nature should never be destroyed.Everyone_should_have_the_belief_that_nature_should_never_be_destroyed.5She has promised to make experiments on cloning bison.She_has_made_a_promise_that_she_will_make_experiments_on_cloning_bison.补全句子1I cant
17、 believe it. I cant accept the truth that_they_have_left_me.我不敢相信，我不能接受他们已经离开我的事实。2It shows a common phenomenon nowadays that_children_are_the_focus_of_families,_shouldering the hope of their parents.它展示了当今一个普遍现象：孩子是家庭的中心，肩负着父母的希望。3From what has been discussed above, we may draw the conclusion that_
18、you_must_have_selfconfidence if you want to achieve your goal.通过上面的讨论，我们可以得出结论：如果你想实现目标，你一定要自信。4When the news came that_the_war_broke_out,_he decided to serve in the army.当战争爆发的消息传来时，他决定去参军。5Helping others is a habit, one_you_can_learn_even_at_an_early_age.帮助他人是一种习惯，一种你可以从小学习的习惯。6The order that all_
19、the_soldiers_should_set_off_at_once was given by the general.所有士兵立刻动身出发的命令是由将军下达的。7I have no idea which_one_I_should_choose.我不知道我应该选择哪一个。8The coach raised the question where_they_would_get_the_money_needed.教练提出这个问题他们到哪里得到所需要的钱。9Thats Mr Smith, headmaster_of_our_school.那是史密斯先生，我们学校的校长。10The problem w
20、hether_we_should_continue_to_do_the_experiment has been solved.我们是否继续做这个实验的问题已经被解决。11There_is_no_doubt_that he has told lies.毫无疑问他撒了谎。12We_were_surprised_by_the_fact that he used to be a thief.我们很吃惊他过去是个小偷。13This is our only request that_this_should_be_settled as soon as possible.这是我们唯一的要求这件事情应该被尽快解决。14You have no idea how_anxious_I_was at that moment!你不知道那一刻我是多么担心！