1、专题17 推理判断题解答技巧推理判断题主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。做这类题时，考生应在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。提问整篇文章或某句某段的含蓄意思时，问句中都含有infer, imply, indicate, suggest (推断，暗指)等词。对付这类题时我们不仅要弄懂文章字面的意思，更重要的是要知道文章潜在的含义，和作者所给的提示。同时要对文章的含义和作者的暗示作合理的猜测和推论。这种问题的提问方式通常有
2、：1.From paragraph 4 we can infer that. / What can be inferred from the passage? / From the last paragraph we can infer that .2.We can infer from the text that/ What can we learn from? / We can conclude from thepassage that3.The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that.4.The au
3、thor implies that by the year 2080, .5.To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should.6.The author mentions the fact thatto show.7. This passage would most likely be found in _?8.The authors attitude toward is _?9. The tone of the passage can best be described as _?这些提问方式的答案
4、一般在短文中不可能直接找到，必须根据提问中的某些关键字眼与短文中相应的有关内容加以逻辑推理或演算，从而得出某些作者并未说明却已在字里行间所暗含的意思及观点。具体的说，考生应当注意以下几点：1.首先要注意一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知，遵循“词不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”的原则。千万不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。2.要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。有的推断，考生完全可以根据文章中所阐述的细节，再结合自己所掌握的基础知识、有关背景知识或常识来帮助进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原意
5、的结论。3.要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表及里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，合乎逻辑地推理。不能就事论事，断章取义，以偏概全。4. 要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构，同时还要体会文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展方向，悟出作者的言外之意。5.在解答推理性问题时，一定要注意确定推理依据的位置或范围。应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用scanning的方法，迅速在材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想作推断时，则常常要纵览全篇文章。1
6、. 细节推断题要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件、具体信息等。考生要从文章本身所提供的信息出发，抓住关键的信息词，运用逻辑思维，并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。（2020北京高考真题） Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city str
7、eets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager t
8、o change. Some of todays AI pioneers want to move on from todays world of “weak” or “narrow” AI, to create “strong” or “full” AI, or what is often called artificial general intelligence (AGI). In some respects, todays powerful computing machines already make our brains look weak. A GI could, its adv
9、ocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems. DM, a company focused on the development of AGI, has an ambition to “solve intelligence”. “If were successful,” their mission statement reads, “we believe this will be one of the mo
10、st important and widely beneficial scientific advances ever made.”Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machinethat can far surpass all
11、the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.” Good went on to suggest that “the first ultra-intelligent machine” could be “the last invention that man need ever make.”Fears about the appearance of bad, powerful, man-made intelligent machines have been reinforced (强化) by many works o
12、f fiction Mary Shelleys Frankenstein and the Terminator film series, for example. But if AI does eventually prove to be our downfall, it is unlikely to be at the hands of human-shaped forms like these, with recognisably human motivations such as aggression (敌对行为). Instead, I agree with Oxford Univer
13、sity philosopher Nick Bostrom, who believes that the heaviest risks from A GI do not come from a decision to turn against mankind but rather from a dogged pursuit of set objectives at the expense of everything else.The promise and danger of true A GI are great. But all of todays excited discussion a
14、bout these possibilities presupposes the fact that we will be able to build these systems. And, having spoken to many of the worlds foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see A GI any time soon, if ever.9.What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph
15、I probably mean?A.Enormous in quantity.B.Changeable daily.C.Stable in quality.D.Present everywhere.10.What could AGI do for us, according to its supporters?A.Help to tackle problems.B.Make brains more active.C.Benefit ambitious people.D.Set up powerful databases.11.As for Irving Goods opinion on ult
16、ra-intelligent machines, the author is _.A.supportiveB.disapprovingC.fearfulD.uncertain12.What can be inferred about AGI from the passage?A.It may be only a dream.B.It will come into being soon.C.It will be controlled by humans.D.It may be more dangerous than ever.【答案】9.D 10.A 11.B 12.A【分析】这是一篇议论文。文
17、章主要就通用人工智能(AGI)实现的可能性进行了论述。9.词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句后面的For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another(例如，算法在我们的金融市场上进行大量交易，自动驾驶汽车出现在城市街道上，我们的智能手机正在从一种语
18、言翻译成另一种语言)可知，人工智能在我们生活中用处十分广泛。由此推知，划线词所在句意为“某些形式的人工智能确实正在变得无处不在”，即划线词与D选项“Present everywhere.(在任何地方存在)”意思接近。故选D项。10.细节理解题。根据第二段AGI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems(AGI的倡导者说，AGI可以24小时为我们工作，并利用所有可用的数据，可以
19、提出许多问题的解决方案)可知，AGI(通用人工智能)的倡导者认为，AGI(通用人工智能)可以提出许多问题的解决方案，帮助我们解决问题。因此，A选项“Help to tackle problems(帮助解决问题)”符合题意。故选A项。11.推理判断题。根据第三段Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual cr
20、eation of an “ultra-intelligent machinethat can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.”(自从人工智能的早期，想象力已经超过了可能。1965年，一位富有想象力的数学家欧文古德预言，最终将创造出一台“超智能机器它将远远超过任何一个人的智力活动，无论他有多聪明。”)可知，作者认为Irving Good对“超智能机器”的想象力超出了实现的可能，作者并不赞成他的观点，因此B项“disapproving(不赞成)”符合题意。故选B项。12.推
21、理判断题。根据文章最后一句And, having spoken to many of the worlds foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see A GI any time soon, if ever. (而且，在与世界上许多顶尖的人工智能研究人员交谈后，我相信有充分的理由怀疑我们是否会很快看到AGI)可推断出，通用人工智能（AGI）或许只是一个梦想，A选项“It may be only a dream(它也许仅仅是一个梦想)”符合题意。故选择A项。2. 因果推断题要求
22、考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因或根据已有的原因推断可能的结果。考生要准确掌握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义。最关键的是要找准事物间存在的因果关系信息，根据已有信息，进行分析判断推理，从而推出最符合逻辑的原因或判断出最可能导致的结果。（2020海南高考真题）Rainforests are home to a rich variety of medicinal plants, food, birds and animals. Can you believe that a single bush（灌木丛）in the Amazon may have more species of ants
23、than the whole of Britain! About 480 varieties of trees may be found in just one hectare of rainforest. Rainforests are the lungs of the planet-storing vast quantities of carbon dioxide and producing a significant amount of the worlds oxygen. Rainforests have their own perfect system for ensuring th
24、eir own survival; the tall trees make a canopy（树冠层）of branches and leaves which protect themselves, smaller plants, and the forest animals from heavy rain, intense dry heat from the sun and strong winds. Amazingly, the trees grow in such a way that their leaves and branches, although close together,
25、 never actually touch those of another tree. Scientists think this is the plants way to prevent the spread of any tree diseases and make life more difficult for leaf-eating insects like caterpillars. To survive in the forest, animals must climb, jump or fly across the gaps. The ground floor of the f
26、orest is not all tangled leaves and bushes, like in films, but is actually fairly clear. It is where dead leaves turn into food for the trees and other forest life. They are not called rainforests for nothing! Rainforests can generate 75%of their own rain. At least 80 inches of rain a year is normal
27、-and in some areas there may be as much as 430 inches of rain annually. This is real rain-your umbrella may protect you in a shower, but it wont keep you dry if there is a full rainstorm. In just two hours, streams can rise ten to twenty feet. The humidity（湿气）of large rainforests contributes to the
28、formation of rainclouds that may travel to other countries in need of rain.1.What can we learn about rainforests from the first paragraph?A.They produce oxygen.B.They cover a vast area.C.They are well managed.D.They are rich in wildlife.2.Which of the following contributes most to the survival of ra
29、inforests?A.Heavy rainsB.Big trees.C.Small plants.D.Forest animals.3.Why do the leaves and branches of different trees avoid touching each other?A.For more sunlight.B.For more growing space.C.For self-protection.D.For the detection of insects.4.What can be a suitable title for the text?A.Life-Giving
30、 RainforestsB.The Law of the JungleC.Animals in the AmazonD.Weather in Rainforests【答案】1.D 2.B 3.C 4.A【分析】本文是说明文。热带雨林被称为“世界上最大的药房”，因为超过25%的现代药物是由其植物提炼。热带雨林也享有“地球之肺”的美誉，因其植物的光合作用净化地球空气的能力尤为强大。仅亚马逊热带雨林产生的氧气就占全球氧气总量的1/3。1.细节理解题。根据第一段Rainforests are home to a rich variety of medicinal plants, food, birds
31、 and animals.得知，热带雨林蕴藏了丰富多彩的药用植物、食物以及鸟禽猛兽。可知，热带雨林有丰富的野生动物，故选D。2.细节理解题。根据第二段Rainforests have their own perfect system for ensuring their own survival; the tall trees make a canopy（树冠层）of branches and leaves which protect themselves, smaller plants, and the forest animals from heavy rain, intense dry
32、heat from the sun and strong winds.得知，热带雨林有自己完美的生存体系，高大的树木有枝干，树叶的树冠层保护树木本身、小植物、动物们免受大雨和太阳强风带来的干燥热浪的伤害。可知，大树有助于热带雨林生存，故选B。3.推理判断题。根据第三段Scientists think this is the plants way to prevent the spread of any tree diseases and make life more difficult for leaf-eating insects like caterpillars.得知，科学家们认为这是植
33、物阻止任何树木疾病扩散和让比如毛毛虫这种食用树叶的昆虫难以生存。可以判断出不同树木的树叶和树枝避免彼此触碰是为了自我保护，故选C。4.主旨大意题。本文首先讲述了热带雨林蕴藏了丰富多彩的药用植物、食物以及鸟禽猛兽。其次，热带雨林就是地球的肺它吸纳了大量的二氧化碳，并制造了全球氧气的很大部分。然后，雨林可以自我形成所需降雨的75%，而庞大的热带雨林湿气则可以形成雨云，这些雨云则可以飘往那些缺雨水的国家。可以判断出本文最佳标题是“给予生命的热带雨林”，故选A。3. 人物性格、心情处境、态度及观点等推断题高考阅读测试中有些题目考查学生对文章作者的主导思想、被描写人物语气、言谈话语中流露的情绪、性格倾向
34、和作用或文中人物的态度、观点等方面的理解。做这一类题时一定注意：（1）由表及里地准确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点。（2）特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情，态度观点的词语。要特别注意作者在文章中的措辞，尤其是感情色彩的形容词。（3）能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。干扰项特点：1. 是自己的某种看法或观点2. 是社会的一种普遍种倾向3. 是与本文无关或与作者相反的观点或看法等解题技巧：1. 问全文主体事物的(包括主题)，可以根据阐述主题或有关主体事物的相关句中表达感情色彩的形容词、副词或动词确定作者的态度；2
35、. 如果问的是对某一具体事物的态度，则可以定位到具体相关句，然后确定答案。（2020海南高考真题）The end of the school year was in sight and spirits were high. I was back teaching after an absence of 15 years, dealing with the various kinds of forbidden fruit that come out of book bags. Now was the spring of the water pistol. I decided to think u
36、p a method of dealing with forbidden fruit. Please bring that pistol to me, I said. Im going to put it in my Grandmas Box.Whats that? they asked. Its a large wooden chest full of toys for my grandchildren, I replied, You dont have grandchildren, someone said.I dont now. I replied. But someday I will
37、. When I do, my box will be full of wonderful things for them.My imaginary Grandmas Box worked like magic that spring, and later. Sometimes. students would ask me to describe all the things I had in it. Then I would try to remember the different possessions I supposedly had taken awaysince I seldom
38、actually kept them. Usually the offender would appear at the end of the day, and I would return the belonging. The-years went by, and my first grandchild Gordon was born. I shared my joy with that years class. Then someone said, Now you can use your Grandmas Box. From then on instead of coming to as
39、k their possessions back, the students would say, Thats okay. Put it in your Grandmas Box for Gordon.I loved talking about the imaginary box, not only with my students but also with my own children. They enjoyed hearing about all the forbidden fruit I had collected. Then one Christmas I received a s
40、urprise gifta large, beautifully made wooden chest. My son Bruce had made my Grandmas Box a reality.5.What was the authors purpose in having the conversation with the students?A.To collect the water pistol.B.To talk about her grandchildren.C.To recommend some toys.D.To explain her teaching method.6.
41、What do the underlined words the offender in paragraph 8 refer to?A.The students parent.B.The maker of the Grandmas Box.C.The authors grandchild.D.The owner of the forbidden fruit.7.What did the students do after they learned about the birth of Gordon? A.They went to play with the baby.B.They asked
42、to see the Grandmas Box.C.They made a present for Gordon.D.They stopped asking their toys back.8.What can we infer about the author?A.She enjoys telling jokes.B.She is a strict and smart teacher.C.She loves doing woodwork.D.She is a responsible grandmother【答案】5.A 6.D 7.D 8.B【分析】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲叙了作者为收集学
43、生们带到学校的玩具，想出了一个“奶奶的盒子”的办法。到后来，作者的第一个孙子出生，学生们也不再来要求归还他们的财物了，作者也在某一年圣诞节收到了儿子制作的大木箱，将“奶奶的盒子”变成了现实。5.细节理解题。根据第一段中“I was back teaching after an absence of 15 years, dealing with the various kinds of forbidden fruit that come out of book bags. Now was the spring of the water pistol.(在缺席了15年之后，我又回到了教书的地方，处
44、理从书包里掏出的各种各样的“禁果”。现在流行的是水枪)”以及第三段中“Please bring that pistol to me, I said. Im going to put it in my Grandmas Box.(“请把那支水枪给我，”我说。“我要把它放在我奶奶的盒子里。”)”由此可知，作者与学生进行对话的目的是收集水枪。故选A。6.词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“I would return the belonging”结合上文提到作者把学生带到学校的玩具称为“禁果”，且作者的“盒子”里装的就是“禁果”，所以作者等到这些禁果的拥有者在一天结束的时候出现，然后就会归还他们的物品。由此
45、可知，划线词意思为“禁果的拥有者”。故选D。7.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“From then on instead of coming to ask their possessions back, the students would say, Thats okay. Put it in your Grandmas Box for Gordon.(从那时起，学生们不再来要求归还他们的财物，而是说：“没关系。把它放在你“奶奶给戈登的盒子”里)”由此可知，学生们在得知了戈登的出生后，他们不再索要玩具。故选D。8.推理判断题。根据文章中作者要收集学生们从书包里掏出的各种各样的“禁果”，说明作者对
46、待学生很严格；同时作者又想出了“奶奶的盒子”这个的方法来收集学生们的玩具，说明作者很聪明，由此可推知，作者是一个严格而聪明的老师。故选B。4. 篇章结构推断题根据不同文章的内容和写作目的，作者会采取记叙、描写、议论、说明或应用文体。作者也会采用叙述、例证、比较对照等不同的组织结构。不同文体的阅读难度、要求和任务不同，阅读方法也应不同。增强对篇章结构的理解能力有助于提高阅读质量。Have you ever wondered why birds sing? Maybe you thought that they were just happy. After all, you probably si
47、ng or whistle when you are happy.Some scientists believe that birds do sing some of the time just because they are happy. However, they sing most of the time for a very different reason. Their singing is actually a warning to other birds to stay out of their territory.1. How does the writer explain
48、birds singing?A. By comparing birds with human beings.B. By reporting experiment results.C. By describing birds daily life.D. By telling a birds story.【答案】A【解析】由文章第一、二两段可知作者是把鸟儿和人类进行对比。5. 文章结论推断题由具体到一般，对已知的事实进行归纳总结性推断称为结论。（2020江苏高考真题）For those who can stomach it, working out before breakfast may be
49、more beneficial for health than eating first, according to a study of meal timing and physical activity.Athletes and scientists have long known that meal timing affects performance. However, far less has been known about how meal timing and exercise might affect general health.To find out, British s
50、cientists conducted a study. They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy young men, whose lifestyles are, for better and worse, representative of those of most of us. They tested the mens fitness and resting metabolic (新陈代谢的) rates and took samples (样品) of their blood and fat t
51、issue.Then, on two separate morning visits to the scientists lab, each man walked for an hour at an average speed that, in theory, should allow his body to rely mainly on fat for fuel. Before one of these workouts, the men skipped breakfast, meaning that they exercised on a completely empty stomach
52、after a long overnight fast (禁食). On the other occasion, they ate a rich morning meal about two hours before they started walking.Just before and an hour after each workout, the scientists took additional samples of the mens blood and fat tissue.Then they compared the samples. There were considerabl
53、e differences. Most obviously, the men displayed lower blood sugar levels at the start of their workouts when they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten. As a result, they burned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first. On the other hand, they burned slightl
54、y more calories (卡路里), on average, during the workout after breakfast than after fasting.But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the most significant, the researchers found. Multiple genes behaved differently, depending on whether someone had eaten or not before walking.
55、Many of these genes produce proteins (蛋白质) that can improve blood sugar regulation and insulin (胰岛素) levels throughout the body and so are associated with improved metabolic health. These genes were much more active when the men had fasted before exercise than when they had breakfasted.The implicati
56、on of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise to skip eating first.13.The underlined expression “stomach it” in Paragraph 1 most probably means “_”.A.digest the meal easilyB.manage without breakfastC.decide wisely what to eatD.eat whatever is offered1
57、4.Why were the 10 people chosen for the experiment?A.Their lifestyles were typical of ordinary people.B.Their lack of exercise led to overweight.C.They could walk at an average speed.D.They had slow metabolic rates.15.What happened to those who ate breakfast before exercise?A.They successfully lost
58、weight.B.They consumed a bit more calories.C.They burned more fat on average.D.They displayed higher insulin levels.16.What could be learned from the research?A.A workout after breakfast improves gene performances.B.Too much workout often slows metabolic rates.C.Lifestyle is not as important as morn
59、ing exercise.D.Physical exercise before breakfast is better for health.【答案】13.B 14.A 15.B 16.D【分析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了一项研究，结果表明对于那些能忍受的人来说，不吃早餐锻炼可能对健康更有益。13.词句猜测题。根据下文working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first可知，早餐前锻炼可能比先吃饭再锻炼对健康更有益，因此推断这里说的是那些不吃早饭先锻炼的人，因此推断划线词与B项“不吃早饭能
60、应付”意思相近。故选B。14.细节理解题。根据第三段的They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy young men, whose lifestyles are far better and worse, representative of those of most of us.可知，他们首先找到了10个超重的，不活跃但健康的年轻人，他们的生活方式可以说更好，也可以说更糟，代表了我们大多数人。因此可知，实验时选择的10个人的生活方式代表了普通人。故选A。15.细节理解题。根据第六段的As a result
61、, they burned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first. On the other hand. they burned slightly more calories(卡路里), on average, during the workout after breakfast than after fasting.可知，结果，他们空腹散步时燃烧的脂肪比他们首先吃东西时所燃烧的脂肪要多。 另一方面。平均而言，他们在早餐后锻炼时燃烧的卡路里略多于禁食后。因此可知，锻炼前吃早饭消耗更多一点
62、的热量。故选B。16.推理判断题。根据最后一段The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise to skip eating first.可知，这些结果的暗示，为了从运动中获得最大的健康益处，先不吃东西可能更明智。因此推断早饭前的体育锻炼对健康更有益。故选D。 I. 阅读理解阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。1A team of engineers at Harvard University has
63、 been inspired by Nature to create the first robotic fly. The mechanical fly has become a platform for a series of new high-tech systems. Designed to do what a fly does naturally, the tiny machine is the size of a fat housefly. Its mini wings allow it to stay in the air and perform controlled flight
64、 tasks.Its extremely important for us to think about this as a whole system and not just the sum of a bunch of individual components, said Robert Wood, the Harvard engineering professor who has been working on the robotic fly project for over a decade. A few years ago, his team started piecing toget
65、her the components. The added difficulty with a project like this is that actually none of those components are off the shelf and so we have to develop them all on our own, he said.They engineered a series of systems to start and drive the robotic fly. The seemingly simple system which just moves th
66、e wings has a number of interdependencies on the individual components, each of which individually has to perform well, but then has to be matched well to everything its connected to, said Wood. The flight device was built into a set of power, computation, sensing and control systems. Wood says the
67、success of the project proves that the flying robot with these tiny components can be built and manufactured.While this first robotic fly is linked to a small, off-board power source, the goal is eventually to equip it with a built-in power source, so that it might someday perform data-gathering wor
68、k at rescue sites, in farmers fields or on the battlefield. Basically it should be able to take off, land and fly around,he said.Wood says the design offers a new way to study flight mechanics and control at insect-scale. Yet, the power, sensing and computation technologies on board could have much
69、broader applications. You can start thinking about using them to answer open scientific questions, you know, to study biology in ways that would be difficult with the animals, but using these robots instead, he said. So there are a lot of technologies and open interesting scientific questions that a
70、re really what drives us in our daily life.1.What was the challenge the team of engineers met with while making the robotic fly?A.The wings of the fly were too small.B.The components couldnt dependent on each other.C.They had no ready-made components.D.They could not piece the components together.2.
71、Paragraphs 3 and 4 tell us that the robotic fly _.A.consists of a flight device and a control systemB.can just fly in limited areas at the present timeC.can collect information from many sourcesD.has been put into wide application3.What can we learn from the last paragraph?A.The robotic fly is desig
72、ned to study insects.B.Animals are not allowed in biological experiments.C.There used to be few ways to study how insects fly.D.The design of the robotic fly will inspire more technologies.4.Which of the following might be the best tile of the passage?A.Father of Robotic FlyB.Inspiration from Engine
73、ering ScienceC.Robotic Fly Imitates Real Life InsectD.Harvard Breaks Through in Insect Study【答案】1.C2.B3.D4.C【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是哈佛大学从自然界的昆虫那里得到了灵感，设计开发了第一款机器苍蝇。文章介绍了该项研究存在的困难，研究将要发展的方向和该研究会带来的好处。1.细节理解题。根据第二段中“The added difficulty with a project like this is that actually none of those components are
74、off the shelf and so we have to develop them all on our own(像这样的项目的另一个困难是，实际上这些元件都不是现成的，所以我们必须自己开发它们)”可知，在制造机器苍蝇时，工程师团队遇到的挑战是他们没有现成的元件。故选C。2.推理判断题。根据第四段中“While this first robotic fly is linked to a small, off-board power source, the goal is eventually to equip it with a built-in power source, so tha
75、t it might someday perform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farmers fields or on the battlefield(虽然第一个机器苍蝇要与一个小型的舷外电源相连才能飞行，但最终的目标是为它配备一个内置电源，以便将来某一天它能在救援地点、农民的田地或战场上执行数据收集工作)”可推知，机器人苍蝇目前只能在有限的区域内飞行。故选B。3.推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Wood says the design offers a new way to study flight mechanics and contro
76、l at insect-scale. Yet, the power, sensing and computation technologies on board could have much broader applications.( Wood说，这一设计提供了一种在昆虫尺度上研究飞行力学和控制的新方法。然而，机上的能量、传感和计算技术可能有更广泛的应用)”可推知，机器人飞行的设计将激发更多的技术。故选D。4.主旨大意题。由第一段中“A team of engineers at Harvard University has been inspired by Nature to create
77、 the first robotic fly.(哈佛大学的一组工程师受到大自然的启发，创造了第一个机器苍蝇)”结合文章主要介绍的是哈佛大学从自然界的昆虫那里得到了灵感，设计开发了第一款机器苍蝇，包括研究存在的困难，发展的方向和即将带来的好处。故C选项“机器苍蝇模仿现实生活中的昆虫”最符合文章标题。故选C。2People may set an alarm on the phone or clock that sounds like this: beep beep beep. That hard, unpleasant sound may be making it harder to shake
78、off the sleepy feeling in the morning known as grogginess. So, is there a better way to wake up? A recent study says yes. The answer is music .The study, carried out by researchers in Australia, involved 50 people. The researchers found that people who wake up to musical alarms reported feeling more
79、 awake and alert. Stuart McFarlane, a lead writer of the study stated, We are very surprised by these findings as one might expect a harsh beeping sound to be more successful” at waking up a person.Sleep inertia is another term for grogginess. It means a person has a heavy feeling when waking up, an
80、d has trouble getting moving again after sleeping. McFarlane said people need to better understand sleep inertias harmful effects on human performance later in the day.Not everyone will experience the full effect. But for those who do, care should be taken when performing duties that require a top p
81、erformance within this period, he said. This includes dangerous tasks like driving or riding our bikes shortly after waking up. The same is true for people who work in dangerous situations shortly after they wake, including firefighters and pilots.So, what makes musical alarms better for waking up?
82、The researchers think the music may be more successful in reducing sleep inertia because it has several tones, compared to the single tone of a beeping alarm. McFarlane said that the changes over time between the music tones may help increase a persons attention when waking from sleep.And is there a
83、 kind of music that is best to wake up to? There may be, McFarlane said. We could suggest alarm sounds that are tune full and easy to hum or sing along with. The current sounds I have been using include “ Close to me by the Cure and Borderline by Madonna.No matter how you wake up, experts say, the a
84、mount of sleep you get also matters - a lot.5.Which of the following might be the best title for the text?A.What is grogginess?B.Why are musical alarms better?C.Which music is the best?D.How can we overcome grogginess?6.The paragraph following this passage is likely to focus on _.A.examples of good
85、musical alarmsB.more findings of the application of musicC.explanations about why music is more helpfulD.suggestions on how to sleep well and feel fresh each morning7.In which section of a magazine may you find the passage?A.HealthB.FictionC.TechnologyD.Entertainment【答案】5.B6.D7.A【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述的是音
86、乐闹铃更适合叫醒人，而且更可能成功的减少睡眠惯性，并陈述了其原因。5.主旨大意题。第一段最后两句“So, is there a better way to wake up? A recent study says yes. The answer is music”（有没有更好的方法醒来呢？最近的一项研究表明是的，答案是音乐。）可知，作者提出了本文的中心：音乐闹铃更适合叫醒人；第二至四段通过研究解释醒来后常有的“睡眠情性”（侧面表明要用好的方法叫醒人用音乐闹铃）,第五至七段解释了用音乐闹铃的原因，整篇文章都在讲为什么音乐闹铃更好，所以B项“为什么音乐闹铃更好”可以作为本文最佳标题。故选B项。6.
87、推理判断题。由最后一段的“No matter how you wake up, experts say, the amount of sleep you get also matters-a lot.”（专家说，无论你怎么醒来，你得到的睡眠量也很重要很重要。）可知，此处提到了睡眠的重要性。由此推知，文章接下来会写关于如何睡得好和每天早上感觉神清气爽的建议。故选D项。7.推理判断题。本文主要讲音乐闹铃更适合叫醒人，而且可能更成功地减少睡眠惯性，并叙述了其原因，可知，本文是关于睡眠主题的文章。由此推知，读者会在杂志的健康版块看到这篇文章，故选A项。3The other day, my friend
88、 Jane was invited to a 40th birthday party. The time printed on the invitation was 7:30pm. Jane went off with her husband, expecting a merry evening of wine, food, and song.By 9:45, everybody was having great fun, but no food had appeared. Jane and David were restless. Other guests began whispering
89、that they, too, were starving. But no one wanted to leave, just in case some food was about to appear. By 11:00, there was still no food, and everyone was completely off their heads. Jane and David left hungry and angry.Their experience suggests that the words in the printed invitations need to be m
90、ade clearer. Everyone reads and understands the invitations differently. Most of us would agree that 6:30 -8:30pm means drinks only, go out to dinner afterwards; 8:00pm or 8:30pm means possible dinner, but 9:30pm and any time thereafter means no food, eat beforehand, roll up late.But this is not alw
91、ays the case. If asked to a students party at 6:30pm, it is normal for guests not to appear before midnight, if at all, and no one cares. Being the first to arrive - looking eager - is social death. When my mother is asked to a party for 6:30, she likes to be there, if not on time, then no later tha
92、n seven. My age group (late thirties) falls somewhere between the two, but because we still think were young, were probably closer to student-time than grown-up time.The accepted custom at present is confusing, sometimes annoying, and it often means you may go home hungry, but it does lend every par
93、ty that precious element (成分) of surprise.8.The underlined words “off their heads” probably mean_.A.tiredB.crazyC.curiousD.hopeless9.Jane and Davids story is used to show that_.A.party-goers usually get hungry at partiesB.party invitations can be confusingC.people should ask for food at partiesD.bir
94、thday parties for middle-aged people are dull10.According to the writer, people in their late thirties_.A.are likely to arrive late for a partyB.care little about the party timeC.havent really grown up yetD.like surprises at parties【答案】8.B9.B10.A【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了了解和遵循社交习俗的重要性。8.词义猜测题。根据文章第二段划线词前半
95、句“By 11:00, there was still no food,( 到11点的时候，仍然没有食物，)”和后句“Jane and David left hungry and angry.( 简和大卫离开时又饿又生气。)”可知，参加晚会的人都没有吃晚饭，每个人都完全饿疯了。所以“off their heads”为“疯的”之意。故选B。9.细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Their experience suggests that the words in the printed invitations need to be made clearer.(他们的经历表明，印刷邀请函上的文字需要写得
96、更清楚。)”和最后一段“The accepted custom at present is confusing(目前公认的习俗是混乱的)”可知，简和大卫的故事是用来说明了聚会邀请令人困惑。故选B。10.推理判断题。根据文章第四段“If asked to a students party at 6:30pm, it is normal for guests not to appear before midnight, if at all, and no one cares. (如果被邀请参加下午6:30的学生聚会，客人在午夜之前不出现是正常的，就算真的有的话，没有人会在意。)”和“When my
97、 mother is asked to a party for 6:30, she likes to be there, if not on time, then no later than seven. My age group (late thirties) falls somewhere between the two, but because we still think were young, were probably closer to student-time than grown-up time.(当我妈妈被邀请参加一个六点半的聚会时，她喜欢准时到那里，如果不能准时，那么也不
98、迟于七点。我的年龄群(接近40岁)介于两者之间，但因为我们仍然认为自己年轻，比起成年人，我们可能更接近学生时代。)”可知，作者认为自己的年龄处于学生与父母之间，可以推断这个年龄群(接近40岁)的人参加聚会很可能会迟到。故选A4 Dr. Faisal Zawawi, an Otolaryngologist and member of the McGill Auditory Sciences Laboratory, notes that when a person is exposed to loud noises it can cause short-term hearing loss but
99、that under normal circumstances the body typically is able to repair the loss of hearing within 72 hours. However, Zawawi warns that if symptoms are not reversed (倒转) in the first 72 hours the damage could become permanent. Due to findings in previous studies about it, Zawawi says that the team of r
100、esearchers has suspected that something may stop this repair process. Therefore, the team set out to determine if caffeine could be a contributing cause to hearing loss. According to the Medical Daily, the researchers tested what they suspected on female guinea pigs(FGP) (豚鼠).To perform the test, 24
101、 female guinea pigs were split into three equal groups with each group exposed in different levels to caffeine, and loud noises. The researchers found that the guinea pigs subjected to only sound had their full hearing recovered by day eight. However, the guinea pigs that were subjected to both caff
102、eine and loud noise never fully regained their hearing. Therefore，the researchers concluded that caffeine is a likely contributing cause to permanent hearing loss.“This research confirms that while a cup of coffee may seem appealing after a long night at a loud concert, drinking caffeine produces mo
103、re of a risk than benefit when it comes to a persons hearing. Although further research is required to understand the effect on humans, the results are promising, says Zawawi. If the research proves successful, the removal of caffeine from your diet following noise exposure could prevent permanent h
104、earing loss as the body will be more able to repair itself naturally.11.What caused the team to do the research?A.Caffeine loving people suffering hearing loss.B.The results about hearing loss found before.C.The finding that FGPs are sensitive to noise.D.The fact that many people drink coffee.12.Wha
105、t is Zawawis view about temporary hearing loss?A.Drinking coffee daily results in it.B.The continuous noise exposure surely causes it.C.The temporary hearing loss will become permanent after 3 days.D.Generally people can recover from it in 3 days.13.What can we learn about hearing from the text?A.Co
106、ffee can lead to quick hearing loss.B.Loud noise causes people to lose it forever.C.Coffee can stop it from recovering.D.Hearing loss after noise exposure is normal.14.How does Zawawi assess the research?A.Its controversial.B.Its unnecessary to carry it on.C.Its not predictable.D.Its almost successf
107、ul.【答案】11.B12.D13.C14.D【分析】本文是说明文。Zawawi博士指出在正常情况下，暂时性听力损伤，72小时内可以修复。如果症状在最初的72小时内不被逆转，将会是永久性的损伤。研究人员通过实验表明，咖啡因可能是导致听力无法恢复的原因。11.细节理解题。根据第一段“ under normal circumstances the body typically is able to repair the loss of hearing within 72 hours.（在正常情况下，身体通常能够在72小时内修复听力损失。）”和“Due to findings in previous
108、 studies about it, Zawawi says that the team of researchers has suspected that something may stop this repair process （Zawawi说，根据之前的研究发现，研究小组怀疑可能有什么东西阻止了这种修复过程）”可知，根据以前的研究结果，研究小组怀疑某种东西可能会阻止这种修复过程。于是研究小组决定进行研究。故选B。12.细节理解题。根据第一段“when a person is exposed to loud noises it can cause short-term hearing
109、loss but that under normal circumstances the body typically is able to repair the loss of hearing within 72 hours”可知，当一个人暴露在巨大的噪音中，可能会导致短期的听力损失，但在正常情况下，身体通常能够在72小时内修复听力损失。由此可知，Zawawi 认为在正常情况下，暂时性听力受损在3天内可以恢复。 故选D。13.细节理解题。根据第三段“the researchers concluded that caffeine is a likely contributing cause t
110、o permanent hearing loss”可知，研究人员得出结论：咖啡因可能导致永久性听力损伤，使听力无法恢复。故选C。14.推理判断题。根据第三段“Although further research is required to understand the effect on humans, the results are promising”可知，虽然还需要进一步的研究来了解其对人类的影响，但研究结果是有希望的。由此可知，Zawawi认为该项研究几乎是成功的。故选D。5If you find yourself hitting the snooze button(闹钟延时按钮) e
111、very morning, dont blame yourself. Your work schedule could be to blame.Research now shows that, for many of us, our work schedules dont go with our natural body clocksand experts are urging employers to take notice. Sleep is a “strategic resource” that most companies are ignoring. When work schedul
112、es are aligned with peoples natural sleep patterns, they produce higher quality and more innovative work because they are more focused, less stressed and generally healthier. The opposite is also truewhen employees are not getting enough sleep they are more likely to make major mistakes and suffer f
113、rom workplace injuries.But its not just about the amount of sleep you get. Its important that every organism, from primitive bacteria to human beings, has a biologically determined internal body clock. This determines whether you are a night owl(夜猫子), an early bird or somewhere in the middle. We don
114、t have any choice. “Its like feet,” said Till Roenneberg, a professor of chronobiology(生物钟学). “Some people are born with big feet and some with small feet, but most people are somewhere in the middle.”Many companies start the workday at 8 a.m. or 9 a.m., putting their work schedules in disagreement
115、with their employees body clock. This mismatch, along with the pressure to be productive and be available to respond to email or take calls at all hours of the day and night, means that many people suffer from what is called “social jet lag” . In other words, their bodies are always in the wrong tim
116、e zone. He estimates that more than 70% of people get up earlier than they should. “There is an old saying that sleep is for the weak,” said Olson. But now, “I do feel like there is a shift happening where people realize it doesnt help to have shortened sleep. Sleep is a topic that companies want to
117、 hear about.”15.The underlined word “aligned” in Paragraph 2 means “_”.A.matchedB.cooperatedC.conflictedD.shortened16.What does Till Roenneberg s remark really mean?A.The amount of sleep you get counts much.B.An early bird does better than a night owl.C.We are born to have a body clock.D.Most people
118、 have neither too big nor too small feet.17.Whats the main reason why people suffer from “social jet lag”?A.Because they dont have enough sleep.B.Because they have the great pressure to be productive.C.Because they fail to get along well with others.D.Because their body clock is inconsistent with th
119、e work schedule.18.What is the best title for the passage?A.Body clock and good work habitsB.Late for work? Maybe not your faultC.How to improve your work efficiencyD.Urgent need to change your body clock【答案】15.A16.C17.D18.B【分析】文章是一篇说明文。短文介绍了早晨人们总是无法起床，这是因为你的生物钟和工作时间产生了不一致，当二者一致的时候有利于工作生活，不一致的时候就会带来
120、很多问题。15.词义猜测题。根据本句“they produce higher quality and more innovative work because they are more focused, less stressed and generally healthier. 可知，他们的工作质量会更高、更有创意，因为他们更专注，压力更小，总体上更健康。）所以只有工作安排和自然的睡眠模式一致的时候才会产生积极的影响，故aligned意为“相配”，故选A。16.推理判断题。根据第三段最后两句“ “Its like feet,” said Till Roenneberg, a profess
121、or of chronobiology(生物钟学). “Some people are born with big feet and some with small feet, but most people are somewhere in the middle.”（ “它就像脚一样，”时间生物学教授蒂尔罗内伯格(Till Roenneberg)说。“有些人生来脚大，有些人生来脚小，但大多数人都是介于两者之间。”）可知，这位生物钟教授认为人的生物钟和人的脚一样的，都是生来就拥有的。故选C。17.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Many companies start the workday at
122、8 a.m. or 9 a.m., putting their work schedules in disagreement with their employees body clock. This mismatch, along with the pressure to be productive and be available to respond to email or take calls at all hours of the day and night, means that many people suffer from what is called “social jet
123、lag” .（许多公司从早上8点或9点开始工作，这与员工的生物钟不一致。这种不匹配，再加上日夜不停地工作、回复邮件或接电话的压力，意味着许多人都遭受着所谓的“社会时差”。）”可知，由于生物钟与工作时间不一致，人们遭受着“社会时差”的困扰。故选D。18.主旨大意题。根据第一段“If you find yourself hitting the snooze button(闹钟延时按钮) every morning, dont blame yourself. Your work schedule could be to blame.（如果你发现自己每天早上都在按闹钟延时按钮，不要责怪自己。你的工作日
124、程可能是罪魁祸首。）以及结合短文介绍了早晨人们总是无法起床，这是因为你的生物钟和工作时间产生了不一致，当二者一致的时候有利于工作生活，不一致的时候就会带来很多问题。故B选项“上班迟到了吗?也许不是你的错”。故选B。6While the start of a new school year is always exciting, this year was even more so for some primary school students in Auckland, New Zealand. They became the worlds first kids to be “taught”
125、by a digital(数码的) teacher, Siri. Before you start imagining a human-like robot walking around the classroom, Siri is just an avatar(化身) that turns up on the students desktop, tablet, or smart phone screen when called.Thanks to a web cam(网络摄像头) and microphone, the avatar not only answer the questions
126、 the kids may have, but also picks up non-verbal signals(无声信号). For example, if a student smiles at Siri, he will smile back. This two-way interaction not only helps draw the students attention, but also allows the programs developers to monitor their engagement(参与) and make changes if needed.Vector
127、s Chief Digital Officer, Nikhil Ravishankar believes that Siri-like avatars could be a new way to attract the attention of the next generation. He says, “Using a digital human is a very popular method to send new information to people, and I have a lot of hope in this technology as a way to offer ri
128、ch and educational experience in the futures.” Greg Cross, the Chief Business Officer for Soul Machines, states that kids who have grown up in this digital time adapt(适应) to new technology quickly, and he hopes to develop the idea of digital humans in the area of education further.The program, in pl
129、ace since August 2018, has been a great success so far. However, no matter how popular it becomes, Siri is unlikely to replace human educators any time soon. For one, the avatars knowledge base is severely limited. But more importantly, even the smartest digital avatars could never predict(预测) and r
130、eact to all the unexpected situations that educators have to deal with on a daily basis. However, it could come in handy as a “personal teacher”, providing kids with one-on-one help on certain subjects or even topics.19.What is mentioned about Will in the first paragraph?A.He is a human-like robot t
131、eacher.B.He is the first robot teacher in the world.C.He is a digital teacher teaching in the school.D.He will walk across the classroom to you when called.20.In what way does the digital teacher help the students?A.By taking part in discussion.B.By changing teaching methods.C.By communicating with
132、students.D.By monitoring students behavior.21.What is the benefit of this two-way interaction?A.It can smile back.B.It can use microphone.C.It can change if necessary.D.It can talk any topic for free.22.What can be inferred about the digital teacher from the last paragraph?A.It has entered many home
133、s as kids private teacher.B.It will teach in class in place of human educators.C.Its good at dealing with unexpected situations.D.It remains to be improved.【答案】19.C20.C21.C22.D【分析】本文是一篇说明文，新西兰奥克兰的一所学校用数字老师教课，文章介绍了数字老师的特点和优势。但它不可能取代人类教育工作者，仍然需要进一步的改进。19.细节理解题。根据第一段中的“They became the worlds first kids
134、 to be “taught” by a digital teacher, Will.（他们成为世界上第一个由数字老师Will“教”的孩子）”可知，Will是在奥克兰一所学校教书的数字老师，故选C。20.细节理解题。根据第二段中的“the avatar not only responds to questions the kids may have ,but also picks up non-verbal signals.”可知，Will不仅可以回答学生们的问题，还可以接收非语言信号，再根据“This two-way communication not only helps draw the
135、 students attention, but also allows the programs developers to monitor their involvement(参与) and make changes if needed.”可知，这种双向的交流不仅有助于吸引学生注意力还能够让程序研发人员掌握他们的参与情况并做出更改，由此可知，数字老师是通过与学生交流来帮助他们的，故选C。21.细节理解题。根据第二段“This two-way interaction not only helps draw the students attention, but also allows the
136、 programs developers to monitor their engagement(参与) and make changes if needed.（这种双向互动不仅有助于吸引学生的注意力，还允许项目开发人员监控他们的参与情况，并在必要时做出改变。）”可知，这种双向互动可以在必要时做出改变。故选C。22.推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“For one, the avatars knowledge base is severely limited. But more importantly, even the smartest digital avatars could never predict and react to all the unexpected situations that educators have to deal with on a daily basis.（首先，数字老师的知识库非常有限。但更重要的是，即使是最聪明的数字角色也永远无法预测并对教育者每天必须处理的所有意外情况做出反应。）”可知，数字老师在以下两方面还有不足知识库有限以及不能处理教学过程中出现的意外情况，由此可知，数字老师仍有待改进，故选D。