1、盖斯定律的综合应用(建议用时:40分钟)1(2021山东济南高二月考)已知:CH4 在一定条件下可发生一系列反应,如图所示。下列说法不正确的是()AH1H5BH3H2H5CH1H2H3H4 DH40B甲烷和氧气反应生成液态水和气态水过程中,反应放出的热量生成液态水放热多,焓变为负值,则反应的焓变H1H5,A正确;分析变化过程可知,盖斯定律得到H2H3H5,B错误;转化关系可知,焓变只与反应体系的始态和终态物质的能量有关,与变化过程无关,H1H2H3H4,C正确;液态水转化为气态水的过程是吸热过程H40,D正确。2已知在298 K时下述反应的有关数据:C(s)O2(g)=CO(g)H1110.5
2、 kJmol1;C(s)O2(g)=CO2(g)H2393.5 kJmol1,则C(s)CO2(g)=2CO(g)的H为()A283.5 kJmol1 B172.5 kJmol1C172.5 kJmol1 D504 kJmol1B2C(s)O2(g)=2CO(g)H1221 kJmol1;CO2(g)=C(s)O2(g)H2393.5 kJmol1,利用盖斯定律,可得C(s)CO2(g)=2CO(g)H221 kJmol1393.5 kJmol1172.5 kJmol1。3用CH4催化还原NOx,可以消除氮氧化物的污染。例如:CH4(g)4NO2(g)=4NO(g)CO2(g)2H2O(g)H
3、574 kJmol1CH4(g)4NO(g)=2N2(g)CO2(g)2H2O(g)H1 160 kJmol1下列说法不正确的是()A若用标准状况下4.48 LCH4还原NO2生成N2和水蒸气,放出的热量为173.4 kJB由反应可推知:CH4(g)4NO2(g)=4NO(g)CO2(g)2H2O(l)H574 kJmol1C生成相同物质的量的CO2,反应转移的电子数相同D反应中当4.48 LCH4反应完全时转移的电子总数为1.60 molD根据盖斯定律,()得到如下热化学方程式:CH4(g)2NO2(g)=N2(g)CO2(g)2H2O(g)H867 kJmol1,标准状况下4.48 LCH
4、4的物质的量为0.2 mol,放出的热量为0.2 mol867 kJmol1173.4 kJ;由于液态水生成气态水需要吸收热量,所以生成液态水的反应放出的热量多,放热越多,则H越小,即H574 kJmol1;反应中每1 molCH4反应完全时转移的电子总数为8 mol,因为没有指明气体的温度和压强,4.48 LCH4的物质的量无法求算。4向足量H2SO4溶液中加入100 mL 0.4 molL1Ba(OH)2溶液,放出的热量是5.12 kJ。如果向足量Ba(OH)2溶液中加入100 mL 0.4 molL1盐酸时,放出的热量为2.2 kJ。则Na2SO4溶液与BaCl2溶液反应的热化学方程式为
5、()ABa2(aq)SO(aq)=BaSO4(s)H2.92 kJmol1BBa2(aq)SO(aq)=BaSO4(s)H18 kJmol1CBa2(aq)SO(aq)=BaSO4(s)H73 kJmol1DBa2(aq)SO(aq)=BaSO4(s)H0.72 kJmol1B由题给条件可知:Ba2(aq)2OH(aq)2H(aq)SO(aq)=BaSO4(s)2H2O(l)H128 kJmol1OH(aq)H(aq)=H2O(l)H55 kJmol1根据盖斯定律2可得Ba2(aq)SO(aq)=BaSO4(s)H18 kJmol1。5研究化学反应原理对于生产、生活及环境保护具有重要意义。已知
6、:Cu(s)2H(aq)=Cu2(aq)H2(g)H64.39 kJmol12H2O2(l)=2H2O(l)O2(g)H196.46 kJmol1H2(g)O2(g)=H2O(l)H285.84 kJmol1则H2SO4溶液中Cu与H2O2反应生成Cu2和H2O的H为()A319.68 kJmol1 B259.7 kJmol1C319.68 kJmol1 D259.7 kJmol1CCu(s)2H(aq)=Cu2(aq)H2(g)H64.39 kJmol12H2O2(l)=2H2O(l)O2(g)H196.46 kJmol1H2(g)O2(g)=H2O(l)H285.84 kJmol1依据盖斯
7、定律得到:Cu(s)H2O2(l)2H(aq)=Cu2(aq)2H2O(l)H319.68 kJmol1。6(2020全国卷,节选)天然气的主要成分为CH4,一般还含有C2H6等烃类,是重要的燃料和化工原料。乙烷在一定条件可发生如下反应:C2H6(g)=C2H4(g)H2(g)H1,相关物质的燃烧热数据如表所示:物质C2H6(g)C2H4(g)H2(g)燃烧热H/(kJmol1)1 5601 411286H1_kJmol1。解析根据题表中数据信息可写出热化学方程式()C2H6(g)O2(g)=2CO2(g)3H2O(l)H1 560 kJmol1、()C2H4(g)3O2(g)=2CO2(g)
8、2H2O(l)H1 411 kJmol1、()H2(g)O2(g)=H2O(l)H286 kJmol1,根据盖斯定律,由()()()得C2H6(g)=C2H4(g)H2(g)H1137 kJmol1。答案137 7(1)C、N、S的氧化物常会造成一些环境问题,科研工作者正在研究用各种化学方法来消除这些物质对环境的影响。CO2的重整用CO2和H2为原料可得到CH4燃料。已知: CH4 (g)CO2(g)=2CO(g)2H2(g)H1247 kJmol1CH4 (g)H2O(g)=CO(g)3H2(g)H2205 kJmol1则CO2重整的热化学方程式为_。(2)已知部分物质燃烧的热化学方程式如下
9、:2H2(g)O2(g)=2H2O(g)H484 kJmol12CO(g)O2(g)=2CO2(g)H566 kJmol1CH4(g)2O2(g)=CO2(g)2H2O(g)H802 kJmol1“二次转化”时CH4和O2反应生成CO和H2的热化学方程式为_。(3)NH3是造成水体富营养化的重要因素之一,用次氯酸钠水解生成的次氯酸将水中的NH3转化为氮气除去,其相关反应的热化学方程式如下:反应:NH3(aq)HClO(aq)=NH2Cl(aq)H2O(l)H1a kJmol1;反应:NH2Cl(aq)HClO(aq)=NHCl2(aq) H2O(l)H2b kJmol1;反应:2NHCl2(a
10、q)H2O(l)=N2(g)HClO(aq)3HCl(aq)H3c kJmol1。则2NH3(aq)3HClO(aq)=N2(g)3HCl(aq)3H2O(l)H_kJmol1。(4)已知:2CO(g)SO2(g)S(l)2CO2(g)H137.0 kJmol12H2(g)SO2(g)S(l)2H2O(g)H245.0 kJmol12CO(g)O2(g)=2CO2(g)H3566.0 kJmol12H2(g)O2(g)=2H2O(g)H4484.0 kJmol1写出液态硫(S)燃烧的热化学方程式_。解析(1)由已知:CH4(g)CO2(g)=2CO(g)2H2(g)H1247 kJmol1,C
11、H4(g)H2O(g)=CO(g)3H2(g)H2205 kJmol1,根据盖斯定律,2得CO2重整的热化学方程式为CO2(g)4H2(g)=CH4(g)2H2O(g)HH12H2163 kJmol1。(2)2H2(g)O2(g)=2H2O(g)H484 kJmol1 ,2CO(g)O2(g)=2CO2(g)H566 kJmol1 ,CH4(g)2O2(g)=CO2(g)2H2O(g)H802 kJmol1,将22得,2CH4(g)O2(g)=2CO(g)4H2(g)H70 kJmol1。 (3)反应2反应2反应,得出目标方程式的H(2a2bc) kJmol1。(4)2H2(g)SO2(g)S
12、(l)2H2O(g)H245.0 kJmol1,2H2(g)O2(g)=2H2O(g)H4484.0 kJmo11,根据盖斯定律,得液态硫(S)燃烧的热化学方程式:S(l)O2(g)=SO2(g)H529.0 kJmol1。答案(1)CO2(g)4H2(g)=CH4(g)2H2O(g)H1163 kJmol1(2)2CH4(g)O2(g)=2CO(g)4H2(g)H70 kJmol1 (3)2a2bc(4)S(l)O2(g)=SO2(g)H529.0 kJmol18(1)已知:(g)=(g)H2(g)H1100.3 kJmol1H2(g)I2(g)=2HI(g)H211.0 kJmol1对于反
13、应:(g)I2(g)=(g)2HI(g)H3_kJmol1。(2)已知:2N2O5(g)=2N2O4(g)O2(g)H14.4 kJmol12NO2(g)=N2O4(g)H255.3 kJmol1则反应N2O5(g)=2NO2(g)O2(g)的H_ kJmol1。(3)CH4CO2催化重整反应为CH4(g)CO2(g)=2CO(g)2H2(g)。已知:C(s)2H2(g)=CH4(g)H75 kJmol1C(s)O2(g)=CO2(g)H394 kJmol1C(s)O2(g)=CO(g)H111 kJmol1该催化重整反应的H_kJmol1。(4)SiHCl3在催化剂作用下发生反应:2SiHC
14、l3(g)=SiH2Cl2(g)SiCl4(g)H148 kJmol13SiH2Cl2(g)=SiH4(g)2SiHCl3(g)H230 kJmol1则反应4SiHCl3(g)=SiH4(g)3SiCl4(g)的H_kJmol1。(5)CO2与CH4经催化重整,制得合成气:CH4(g)CO2(g)催化剂,2CO(g)2H2(g)已知上述反应中相关的化学键键能数据如下:化学键CHC=OHH键能/(kJmol1)4137454361 075则该反应的H_。(6)用水吸收NOx的相关热化学方程式如下:2NO2(g)H2O(l)=HNO3(aq)HNO2(aq)H116.1 kJmol13HNO2(a
15、q)=HNO3(aq)2NO(g)H2O(l)H75.9 kJmol1反应3NO2(g)H2O(l)=2HNO3(aq)NO(g)的H_kJmol1。解析(1)反应可得反应,则H3H1H2100.3 kJmol1(11.0 kJmol1)89.3 kJmol1。(2)将已知热化学方程式依次编号为a、b,根据盖斯定律,由ab,得N2O5(g)=2NO2(g)O2(g)HH1H2(4.4 kJmol1)(55.3 kJmol1)53.1 kJmol1。(3)将已知中3个反应依次记为、,根据盖斯定律2得该催化重整反应的H(111)275394 kJmol1247 kJmol1。(4)将已知热化学方程
16、式依次编号为、,根据盖斯定律,由3,可得:4SiHCl3(g)=SiH4(g)3SiCl4(g)H348 kJmol130 kJmol1114 kJmol1。(5)根据H反应物总键能生成物总键能,该反应的H(41347452)kJmol1(1 07524362) kJmol1120 kJmol1。(6)2NO2(g)H2O(l)=HNO3(aq)HNO2(aq)H116.1 kJmol1,3HNO2(aq)=HNO3(aq)2NO(g)H2O(l)H75.9 kJmol1,根据盖斯定律,(3)/2得,3NO2(g)H2O(l)=2HNO3(aq)NO(g)H136.2 kJmol1。答案(1)
17、89.3 (2)53.1(3)247(4)114(5)120 kJmol1(6)136.29(1)已知反应器中存在如下反应:CH4(g)H2O(g)=CO(g)3H2(g)H1CO(g)H2O(g)=CO2(g)H2(g)H2CH4(g)=C(s)2H2(g)H3为积炭反应,利用H1和H2计算H3时,还需要利用_反应的H。 (2)已知:As(s)H2(g)2O2(g)=H3AsO4(s)H1H2(g)O2(g)=H2O(l)H22As(s)O2(g)=As2O5(s)H3则反应As2O5(s)3H2O(l)=2H3AsO4(s)的H_。(3)已知:TiO2(s)2Cl2(g)=TiCl4(g)
18、O2(g)H1175.4 kJmol12C(s)O2(g)=2CO(g)H2220.9 kJmol1TiO2加碳氯化生成TiCl4(g)和CO(g)的热化学方程式:_。(4)氢气可用于制备H2O2。已知:H2(g)A(l)=B(l)H1O2(g)B(l)=A(l)H2O2(l)H2其中A、B为有机物,两反应均为自发反应,则H2(g)O2(g)=H2O2(l)的H_0(填“”“”或“”)。(5)工业上常用磷精矿Ca5(PO4)3F和硫酸反应制备磷酸。已知25 ,101 kPa时:CaO(s)H2SO4(l)=CaSO4(s)H2O(l)H271 kJmol15CaO(s)3H3PO4(l)HF(
19、g)=Ca5(PO4)3F(s)5H2O(l)H937 kJmol1则Ca5(PO4)3F和硫酸反应生成磷酸的热化学方程式是_。(6)硅与氯两元素的单质反应生成1 mol硅的最高价化合物,恢复至室温,放热687 kJ。已知该化合物的熔、沸点分别为69 和58 。写出该反应的热化学方程式: _。解析(1)可得CH4(g)CO2(g)=2CO(g)2H2(g),设为,用可得C(s)CO2(g)=2CO(g),因此还需利用C(s)CO2(g)=2CO(g)反应的焓变或计算可得CH4(g)2H2O(g)=CO2(g)4H2(g),设为,用可得C(s)2H2O(g)=CO2(g)2H2(g)。(2)将已
20、知热化学方程式依次编号为、,根据盖斯定律,由23可得:As2O5(s)3H2O(l)=2H3AsO4(s)H2H13H2H3。(3)根据盖斯定律,将已知的两个热化学方程式相加即可得到所求热化学方程式。(4)题中的两个反应都是熵减的反应,由于两个反应均能自发进行,所以两个反应都是放热反应,即H10、H20。根据盖斯定律,将题中两个热化学方程式叠加得:H2(g)O2(g)=H2O2(l)HH1H20。(5)CaO(s)H2SO4(l)=CaSO4(s)H2O(l)H271 kJmol1,5CaO(s)3H3PO4(l)HF(g)=Ca5(PO4)3F(s)5H2O(l)H937 kJmol1,根据
21、盖斯定律,由5得,Ca5(PO4)3F(s)5H2SO4(l)=5CaSO4(s)3H3PO4(l)HF(g)H271 kJmol15(937 kJmol1)418 kJmol1。(6)生成物是四氯化硅,书写热化学方程式的关键是判断常温下四氯化硅的状态。根据其熔点和沸点数据,可推断出四氯化硅在常温下呈液态。据此可写出反应的热化学方程式。答案(1)C(s)2H2O(g)=CO2(g)2H2(g)或C(s)CO2(g)=2CO(g)(2)2H13H2H3(3)TiO2(s)2Cl2(g)2C(s)=TiCl4(g)2CO(g)H45.5 kJmol1(4)(5)Ca5(PO4)3F(s)5H2SO4(l)=5CaSO4(s)3H3PO4(l)HF(g)H418 kJmol1(6)Si(s)2Cl2(g)=SiCl4(l)H687 kJmol1