1、 、如何写出定语从句定语从句就是形容词从句，在漫长的学习岁月中，成功地狙击着中国学生，极大程度削弱了学生的信心与兴趣。定语从句的嵌入式存在，造成阅读的障碍，又喜用支离破碎的省略型出现，益增学习者的困扰。其实定语从句是很简单的。1-1、学习定语从句前的铺垫学习定语从句之前，要明了两个细节：单字形容词与复字形容词的区别；先行词与关系词的互动。1-1-1、单字形容词与复字形容词的区别（位置与翻译）单字形容词：（位置）单字形容词要放在名词(即修饰对象)的“前”面。a new book a, new都是单个字的形容词，都要放在book前面。复字形容词：（位置）复字形容词要放在名词(即修饰对象)的“后”面
2、。a new book on the desk on the desk是复字形容词，要放在book后面。单字形容词：（翻译）翻译时，单字形容词要译在名词“前”面。a new book 一本 新 书译文：“一本/新”在“书”的左方。v所以说，单字形容词是“前置前译”。复字形容词：（翻译）翻译时，复字形容词也要译在名词“前”面。a book on the desk 一本 在桌上的 书译文：“在桌上的”也在“书”的左方。v所以说，复字形容词是“后置前译”。1-1-2、先行词与关系词的互动The book which describes the panda is very interesting.2、
3、先行词/关系词（who, whom, which, that）：1、先行词是定语从句修饰的对象，此处是The book。2、定语从句which describes the panda由多字组成，就是复字形容词，既然修饰先行词，当然要放在先行词后面（此处等于嵌入主句的book/is之间）。3、定语从句要由关系词引出，关系词的选用视先行词而定。本例先行词book是物，关系词选which；若先行词是人，则选who。虽然that可兼用，初学时未全然了解who/which之前，不该使用that。定语从句先行词book关系词whichv如果没有先行词，定语从句就没有存在的前提，因此“定语从句不可能单独出现
4、”，一定要有先行词。v是定语从句修饰先行词，不是关系词修饰先行词，别弄错了。1-2、不同的关系词引出不同的定语从句关系代名词who, which, that关系副词when, where, how, why关系形容词whose由于97%的定语从句都由关系代名词who/which/that引出，所以学习定语从句一定要从关系代名词这一型开始。定语从句有三类，分别由关系代名词(即名词)、关系副词及关系形容词引出。如图：关系代名词who/which/that本身就是名词，名词有两个特性：1、做主语或宾语(间或表语)，因此关系代名词who, which, that在引出的定语从句中，也要担任主语或宾语(
5、间或表语)，二者必得其一。2、名词不可任意增减（相对而言，副词/形容词都可任意增减或删除）。1-3、如何写出（关系代名词引领的）定语从句写定语从句有三个黄金要诀：位置、关系词、名词的增减。1、位置定语从句要修饰哪个名词，就接在那个名词后面。（因为定语从句是复字形容词）2、关系词关系代名词的选用视先行词而定。先行词是人则选who；先行词是物则选which。（v that虽可兼用，但初学者最好先不要用，不等who/which用熟，是没资格用that的。)3、名词的增减名词不可任意增减。既然用了关系代名词，等于添加了一个名词，因此关系代名词后面对应的名词就要删除。（v千万记住这一条，定语从句学垮的，
6、几乎都是堕入这个陷阱！）两独立句：The student knows the answers. He is in my class. 将后句写成定语从句并融入前句。位置：定语从句是复字形容词，要修饰谁，就放到谁后面。The studentknows the answerHe is in my classvHe is in my class论及前句student，所以要置于student之后（此处等于嵌入前句student/knows之间）。关系词：先行词student是人，指导关系代名词选who。The studentknows the answerwho He is in my classv
7、为什么who称关系词呢？就是使主句和定语从句产生关联。v先行词与关系代名词是同一人、同一物。名词的增减：增加了关系代名词who，所以后面对应的名词He要删除。The studentknows the answerwho He is in my classv一定要删除，千万小心！答案：The student who is in my class knows the answers.我班上的那位学生知道这些答案。- who is in my class即为定语从句。v定语从句是“后置前译。”1-3-1、定语从句，关系代名词(简称关代)做主语关代who/which做“主语”，以下如左右栏：（改后句入
8、前句）The girl is Janet who The girl is reading thereThe girl is Janet The girl is reading thereThe girl is Janet. The girl is reading there.The girl who is reading there is Janet. 在那边念书的女孩是珍妮。关代who做主语：The book is very good which The book is on the deskThe book is very good The book is on the deskThe b
9、ook is very good. The book is on the desk.The book which is on the desk is very good. 在桌上的那本书非常好。关代which做主语：以左图为例(右图比照)，who is reading there是定语从句。按句的观念，who是第一个出现的名词（关系代名词就是名词）且后面立即跟出动词is，所以关代是主语。1-3-2、定语从句，关代做宾语以下就关代which/who(m)做“宾语”，分别示范如左右栏：（改后句入前句）The girl is Janet who He met the girl The girl is
10、 Janet He met the girlThe girl is Janet. He met the girl.The girl who he met is Janet. 他遇到的那个女孩是珍妮。关代who：The book is very good which she bought the book The book is very good She bought the bookThe book is very good. She bought the book.The book which she bought is very good. 她买的那本书非常好。关代which：见左图：w
11、hich she bought是定语从句。其中she毫无疑问是主语，bought及物而右边见不到宾语，宾语就是which。只是任何关系词的第一优先任务是做连接词，因此which虽是bought的宾语，却必须移到she bought的左边，语法称之为：关系词引领出定语从句。同理，见右图：who he met是定语从句，who是met的宾语。vvv然而，who做宾语是一般用法，正式演说或书写时，应该用whom，显得严谨。因此，右图的定语从句有两个笔法：The girl who(m) he met is Janet. 1-4、高级笔法“介词关代”理解了“做宾语可用who(m)”后，再来看一个有趣的对
12、照，如以下左右栏：The man is a teacher. I sold my car to the man.The man is a teacher I sold my car to the manThe man is a teacher who I sold my car to the man v定语从句结尾是介词to。The city is far away She lives in the cityThe city is far away which she lives in the city The city is far away. She lives in the city.T
13、he city which she lives in is far away. 她所住的那城市非常远。v定语从句结尾是介词in。The man who I sold my car to is a teacher我卖车给他的那个人是老师。巧妙就在介词to/in上面。书写要尽量避免用介词结尾，于是这就引出了另一个重点：定语从句高级笔法“介词关代”，就是“将介词移到关系代名词之前”，这时只能用which/whom，不可用who，也不可用that。如下：标 准 句：The man who(m)I sold my car to is a teacher. 高级笔法：The man towhom I so
14、ld my car to is a teacher.v介词to移到关系代名词whom之前。因此，请注意以下各句的用法：()The city which she lives in is far away.()The city that she lives in is far away.()The city she lives in is far away.（宾语关代省略）()The city in which she lives is far away.（介移）()The city in that she lives is far away.（介移）()The man who I sold my
15、 car to is a teacher.（口语）()The man whom I sold my car to is a teacher.（书写）()The man that I sold my car to is a teacher.()The man I sold my car to is a teacher.（宾语关代省略）()The man to whom I sold my car is a teacher.（介移）()The man to who I sold my car is a teacher.（介移）()The man to that I sold my car is a
16、 teacher.（介移）v关代作宾语时，可省略。1-5、主动/被动型的定语从句1).The book which Mary wrote is very expensive. 玛莉写的这本书很贵。 = The book which was written by Mary is very expensive. (被)玛莉所写的这本书很贵。2).The cake which Janet baked smells good. 珍妮烤的这个蛋糕闻起来很香。= The cake which was baked by Janet smells good. (被)珍妮所烤的这个蛋糕闻起来很香。定语从句有时以
17、主动或被动出现而表达相同的意思，如下：1-6、关系副词引出的定语从句任何修饰名词的从句，都是定语从句。副词when/where/how/why经常引领从句来修饰名词，这时这四个词就成为了关系词（关系词的用途是引出定语从句）。先已是副词，现又是关系词，所以这四个词称为“关系副词”。由于先行词决定了关系词的选用，因此先行词“时间/场合/方法/原因”分别对应到这四个关系副词when/where/how/why。（以下称关系副词为关副）两独立句：I dont know the reason. He didnt come today. 将后句写成定语从句并融入前句。vHe didnt come toda
18、y论及前句的reason，所以置于reason之后。位置： I dont know the reasonHe didnt come todayv由于reason所以选why。reason和why是一伙的。关系词： I dont know the reasonwhy He didnt come todayvwhy是副词，不存在名词重复的问题。答案： I dont know the reason why He didnt come today.我不知道他今天没来的原因。1-7、关系形容词引出的定语从句关系形容词（以下称关形）只有一个，就是所有格whose的，引出的定语从句相当单纯。两独立句：The
19、 boy is one of my pupils. His bike was stolen. 将后句写成定语从句并融入前句。vHis bike was stolen论及前句的The boy，所以置于boy之后。位置： The boy is one of my pupilsHis bike was stolenv先行词boy决定关系词选用。按句意论及所有格，选whose的。关系词： The boy is one of my pupilswhose His bike was stolenv关系形容词whose没有名词增减的问题，但whose/His语义重复，所以删除后面相对应的赘字His。赘字：
20、The boy is one of my pupilswhose His bike was stolen答案： The boy whose bike was stolen is one of my pupils自行车被偷的那个男孩是我的一个学生。- whose bike was stole即为定语从句。1-8、论what-从句what-从句永远是名词从句。所有名词从句（除了what-从句之外）都要视其在句中的位置来决定属性，有可能做名词从句定语从句或状语从句。v唯独what-从句永远只做名词从句，因此有必要分离出来单独讨论。what-从句来自于定语从句。定语从句都有先行词(即修饰对象)，可能单
21、数或复数。不论先行词是什么(通常是物)，也不论关系代名词是什么(通常是which/that)，只要二者合一就是what，称为“复合关系代名词”。如下：先行词关代复合关系代名词what：What you told me is incorrect. 你跟我说的不对。复合关系代名词WhatThe answer that you told me is incorrect. 你跟我说的答案不对。关系代名词that先行词The answer定语从句that you told me01).The answer that you told me is incorrect. 你告诉我的答案不正确。= What
22、you told me is incorrect. 你所告诉我的不正确。 02).Please tell me the idea that you have thought of. 请告诉我你所想到的点子。 = Please tell me what you have thought of. 请告诉我你所想到的。 03).He would not give them everything that they wanted. 他不会把他们要的东西都给予他们。 = He would not give them what they wanted. 他不会把他们要的给予他们。 04).She is n
23、ot in the shape that she used to be. 她不再是以前那幅模样。 = She is not what she used to be. 05).He is the kind of person that is called a genius. 他就是那种被称为天才的人。 = He is what is called a genius. 1-9、逆用what-从句01).What is called traditional friendship between two nations is not friendship at all. 两个国家之间所谓的传统友谊，根
24、本不是友谊。 = The relationship that is called traditional friendship between two nations is not friendship at all. 02).What cannot be done by virtue can be done by money. 道德上办不到的事，可用金钱办到。 = The thing that cannot be done by virtue can be done by money. 03).What you do speaks louder than what you say. 你所做的
25、事比你所说的话更让人注意。 = The deeds that you do speaks louder than the words that you say. 04).We rate ability in men by what they finish, not by what they attempt. 衡量人的能力，是看他的成果，不是看梦想。 = We rate ability in men by the works that they finish, not by the dreams that they attempt. 遇到有what的句子，若看不懂时，只要将之拆开为“适当的先行词
26、适当的关代”，然后佐以定语从句概念，即可轻易解出。如下例：练习（关代定语从句）以下各题中，请用“目视口述”方法，将后句转为定语从句并融入前句中。要求：1、说明关代在定语从句中做主语还是宾语（若做宾语，请说明做哪个字的宾语）。01).The big store is interesting. It is near the bank.02).The student is from Peru. You just met the student in the lab.03).All the teachers like the girl. The girl is never late for class
27、.04).The food saved the beggars life. She provided the beggar with the food.05).I read the book. The book describes California.06).The girl brought the book. John likes the girl very much.07).The short story is interesting. You told me the short story yesterday.08).The girl is the youngest in the cl
28、ass. The girls work got the prize.09).The book is not very expensive. John bought the book.10).I apologized to the girl. The girls books were hit fallen on the ground.11).The doctor gave me a book. My father visited the doctor.12).The winter sun brought me a new hope. The suns rays were so warm.13).
29、The book is not very expensive. You are reading the book.14).The man is Mr. Smith. I sold my car to the man.15).The short story is interesting. It is about baseball.16).The car can go two hundred miles an hour. John wants the car.17).The cake smells good. Mary made the cake.18).The new house is on F
30、ifth Street. John lives in the new house.19).Yesterday he delivered a long speech. We were bored with the speech.20).The tall girl is from California. I am acquainted with the tall girl.21).I am going to the shoe store. Helen recommended the shoe store.22).The man is Mr. Smith. I sold my car to Mr.
31、Smith.23).The man is in New York now. The man was here yesterday.24).The book belongs to the tall man. The mans name is on the cover.2、若定语从句是介词结尾，请将之改为高级笔法。01).The big store which is near the bank is interesting. 靠近银行的那间大书局是有趣的。vwhich在定语从句中做主语。02).The student who(m) you just met in the lab is from P
32、eru. 你才在实验室遇到的那位学生来自于秘鲁。vwho(m)在定语从句中做动词met的宾语。03).All the teachers like the girl who is never late for class. 所有老师都喜欢那位从不迟到的女生。vwho在定语从句中做主语。04).The food which she provided the beggar with saved his life. 她提供给这乞丐的食物救了乞丐的命。= The food with which she provided the beggar saved his life.vwhich在定语从句中做介词w
33、ith的宾语。高级笔法。05).I read the book which describes California. 我读了这本描写加州的书。vwhich在定语从句中做主语。解答（关代定语从句）06).The girl who John likes very much brought the book. 约翰特喜欢的那位女生买了这本书。vwho在定语从句中做主语。07).The short story which you told me yesterday is interesting. 你告诉我的那个小故事很有趣。vwhich在定语从句中做动词told的宾语。Tell sb sth 告诉某
34、人某事。08).The girl whose work got the prize is the youngest in the class. 作品得奖的那位女生是全班最年轻的。09).The book which John bought is not very expensive. 约翰买的那本书不很贵。vwhich在定语从句中做动词bought的宾语。10).I apologized to the girl whose books were hit fallen on the ground. 我向那位书本被撞落地的女生道歉了。11).The doctor who my father vis
35、ited gave me a book. 我父亲拜访过的那位医生给了我一本书。vwho在定语从句中做动词visited的宾语。12).The winter sun whose rays were so warm brought me a new hope. 温暖和煦的冬阳带给我了新的希望。13).The book which you are reading is not very expensive. 你现在正在读的书不很贵。vwhich在定语从句中做动词are reading的宾语。14).The man who(m) I sold my car to is Mr. Smith. 我把车卖给
36、他的那个人是史密斯先生。= The man to whom I sold my car is Mr. Smith. vwhom在定语从句中做介词to的宾语。15).The short story which is about baseball is interesting. 那个有关棒球的短篇故事很有趣。16).The car which John wants can go two hundred miles an hour. 约翰想要的那辆车每小时能跑200英里。vwhich在定语从句中做动词wants的宾语。17).The cake which Mary made smells good.
37、 玛丽做的蛋糕闻起来不错。vwhich在定语从句中做动词made的宾语。18).The new house which John lives in is on Fifth Street. 约翰住的那套新房子位于第五街。= The new house in which John lives is on Fifth Street.vwhich在定语从句中做介词in的宾语。19).Yesterday he delivered a long speech which we were bored with. 昨天他发表了一个我们倍感厌烦的演说。= Yesterday he delivered a lon
38、g speech with which we were bored.vwhich在定语从句中做介词with的宾语。20).The tall girl who(m) I am acquainted with is from California. 我熟识的那位高个子女生是加州来的。= The tall girl with whom I am acquainted is from California.vwhom在定语从句中做介词with的宾语。21).I am going to the shoe store which Helen recommended. 我打算去海伦推荐的那家鞋店。vwhom
39、在定语从句中做动词recommended的宾语。22).The man whom I sold my car to is Mr. Smith. 我卖车给他的那个人是史密斯先生。= The man to whom I sold my car is Mr. Smith. vwhom在定语从句中做介词to的宾语。23).The man who was here yesterday is in New York now. 昨天在这里的那个人今天在纽约。vwho在定语从句中做主语。24).The book belongs to the tall man whose name is on the cover. 这本书属于封面写有名字的那个人。