1、Section Grammar & Writing非限制性定语从句和定语从句的省略阅读下列句子并体会黑体部分的用法1She heard a terrible noise，which brought her heart into mouth.2The weather turned out to be very good，which was more than we could expect.3A person with his head in the clouds is a dreamer, whose mind is not in the real world.4Qingdao is a be
2、autiful city, where Ill pay a sixday visit.5They have a son and two daughters，all of whom live in the city.6He lived in London for two months，during which time he learned some English.7David，as you know, is an amateur photographer.8He spoke to the girl (who was) from Paris.9We said goodbye to Mr.Gre
3、en, (who was) still busy at his office.非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句用来对先行词作补充说明。没有它，主句也能独立存在；非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不密切，它与先行词之间常用逗号隔开。需注意的是，that不能引导非限制性定语从句。1关系代词引导的非限制性定语从句(1)which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。The new observatory, which lies on the top of the mountain, costs them nearly ten thousand dollars.那座位于山顶上的新天文台，花了他们近一万美元。(2)
4、 who指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。My father, who is an excellent violinist, is leaving for Canada for performances.我的爸爸是一位出色的小提琴手，正准备去加拿大演出。(3) whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，一般不能省略。His mother，whom he loved dearly, died in 1991.他非常爱他的母亲，她死于1991 年。(4) whose既可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作定语，先行词是人时，whose n相当于the n.of whom。先行词是物时，whose n.，相当于th
5、e n. of which。Mr.King, whose legs were badly hurt, was quickly taken to hospital.金先生的腿受了重伤，他很快就被送去医院了。(5)as既可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中可以作主语或宾语。As we know, smoking is harmful to peoples health.众所周知，吸烟对人的健康有害。名师点津as/which引导非限制性定语从句时的区别：(1) as引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词一般为整个主句；而which引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词既可以是整个主句又可以是主句的一部分。She is a
6、lways working hard, as everyone can see.正如大家所看到的那样，她一直工作很努力。The book，which I bought yesterday, is very instructive.我昨天买的那本书，很有教育意义。(2) as引导的非限制性定语从句的位置比较灵活，可以位于句首、句中和句末，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于先行词之后。As everyone can see，she is honest.她的诚实是大家有目共睹的。She is honest，which everyone can see.她的诚实是大家有目共睹的。(3)as引导
7、非限制性定语从句时常被译为“正如”，多用于固定搭配中：as is often the case(这是常有的事)，as was expected(不出所料)，as often happens(正如经常发生的那样)，as is known to all(众所周知)，as has been said before(如上所述)，as is mentioned above(正如上面所提到的)等。而which 常被译为“这一点，那”，并且主句和从句常存在逻辑上的因果关系。A fiveyearold boy can speak two foreign languages, which/as surprise
8、s all the people present.一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语，这令在场的所有人感到惊讶。Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher very angry.汤姆上学总是迟到，这让他的老师很生气。As can be seen from his face, he is quite pleased.从他的表情可以看出来，他非常高兴。2关系副词引导的非限制性定语从句当先行词指时间或地点时，用when, where引导非限制性定语从句，在定语从句中作状语。why不引导非限制性定语从句，但可用for which代替。We wil
9、l put off the outing until next week, when we wont be so busy.我们将把郊游推迟到下个星期，那时我们就不会那么忙了。Many children go to a day care centre, where they can learn games.很多孩子上日间托儿所，在那儿他们可以学习游戏。3“名词/代词介词关系代词”结构此类结构常见的有some/several/a few/a little/many/more/most/the largest .of which/whom等形式。Here are the questions, so
10、me of which I thought are difficult for you.问题都在这儿，其中一些我认为对你来说太难。He has many friends, three of whom are from foreign countries.他有很多朋友，其中三个来自外国。定语从句的省略1省略作宾语、表语的关系代词在限制性定语从句中，当关系代词在从句中作宾语或表语时，关系代词可以省略。The boy (that/who/whom) we saw last night was Li Ming.我们昨晚见到的那个男孩是李明。Who is the man(that/who/whom) y
11、ou were talking to?刚才和你讲话的人是谁？名师点津(1)当关系代词whom和which直接位于介词之后时，whom/which不能省略。(2)非限制性定语从句中的关系代词和关系副词在任何情况下都不能省略。2将定语从句变为非谓语动词形式有时定语从句的关系代词和谓语的一部分可以省略，剩下不定式(短语)、现在分词(短语)或过去分词(短语)作后置定语。(1)定语从句转换成动词不定式(短语)There are still many problems that must be solved.There are still many problems to be solved.还有许多问题
12、需要解决。(2)定语从句转换成现在分词(短语)当关系代词为定语从句的主语，定语从句中的谓语动词又是主动形式的行为动词时，定语从句一般可以转换成现在分词(短语)，但要注意主句和从句的时态要保持一致。The people who live in the village have moved to other areas.The people living in the village have moved to other areas.住在村子里的人们已经搬到其他地方了。(3)定语从句转换成过去分词(短语)当关系代词为定语从句的主语，且定语从句的谓语动词用的是被动语态时，定语从句一般可以转换成过去
13、分词(短语)。过去分词(短语)表示被动、完成的意义，其动作发生在主句的谓语动词之前。The house which was damaged in the fire will be rebuilt soon.The house damaged in the fire will be rebuilt soon.在火灾中损坏的房子很快将被重建。.单句语法填空1A few days after the interview, I received a letter (offer) me admission to the university.2She and her husband are now wo
14、rking on a new novel (publish) next year.3I have listened to the lecture (give) by that famous professor.4John, for money is no problem, still leads a simple life.5 is known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great writer.【答案】1.offering2.to be published3.given4.whom5.As.单句改错1There are many studen
15、ts play basketball on the playground. 2The question to be discussing tomorrow is whether workers salary should be increased. 3Which weve seen, oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth. 4Mr.Smith, from who I have learned a lot, is a famous scientist. 5What can I do to rescue the girl trapping in the b
16、ig fire? 【答案】1.playplaying2.discussingdiscussed3WhichAs4.whowhom5.trappingtrapped描述今昔对比的电子邮件描写今昔对比时要根据过去的情况和现在的事实组织材料。这类书面表达的一般写作格式为：(1)开头提出主题句(提出什么事情发生了变化)(2)对过去情况的描述(用过去时态，主要是一般过去时)(3)对现在情况的描述(用现在时态，主要是一般现在时)(4)总结句写作时应注意以下事项：1内容安排：电子邮件的内容应力求简明扼要，先点明写信的目的，然后说明具体的事情，最后署上写信人的名字。2正文部分内容要按照试题的要求来写，表达要有
17、条理，语言要准确。可适当增加细节，以使行文流畅。亮点句式1开头语表示高兴：I was so glad/pleased/happy to receive your letter dated May 1st.表示感谢：Thank you for your wonderful gift/ interesting letter.表示关心与询问：How are you( getting on) these days?表示抱歉：I am sorry that I did not write to you soon but I have been very busy these days.表示遗憾：I am
18、 sorry to learn that you did not do well in the examination.2结束语I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.Look forward to your reply.Please give my kind regards to your family.Best wishes.3其他高级句式(1)Our school /hometown, as you may know, is not what it used to be.(2)Great changes have taken place
19、 in my hometown in the last five years.(3)Two new buildings have been built and are in use.(4)Now，a large number of trees have been planted, which hold the soil and water.(5)I believe that the life of the peasants will get better and better.写作任务假如你是李华， 2017年春节回家过年的时候发现离开了五年的家乡变化很大。请你给朋友Linda写一封电子邮件，
20、告诉她这里的变化。内容包括：1建起许多高楼，城市更加漂亮了；2私家车拥有量增加，人们生活水平提高了。3可以品尝世界各地的美食，如美国、意大利、韩国等美食；4与人联系更加方便，如发电子邮件。注意：词数：100左右。参考词汇：立交桥：overpass；私家车：private car审题谋篇体裁电子邮件话题今昔对比时态一般现在时人称第一人称为主，第三人称为辅遣词造句.词汇1建起 2变化很大 3对某人来说做某事很方便 4玩得开心 5令我高兴的是 6与某人保持联系 7在我有空的时候 8带领某人参观某处 【答案】1.set up2.change a lot3.it is convenient for sb
21、.to do sth.4.enjoyoneself 5to my delight/ enjoyment6.keep in touch with sb. 7in my spare time8.show sb.around someplace.句式1More high buildings have appeared.They are modern and beautiful.(用定语从句改写句子)More high buildings have appeared, which are modern and beautiful.2Many overpasses have been set up.It
22、 is very convenient for people to travel.(用状语从句改写句子)Many overpasses have been set up, so it is very convenient for people to travel.3I can keep in touch with you more easier than before.(用形式主语it改写句子)It is easier for me to keep in touch with you than before. 妙笔成篇 【参考范文】Dear Linda，I really think that
23、my hometown has changed a lot in the past five years.First, more high buildings have appeared, which are modern and beautiful.Second, many overpasses have been set up, so it is very convenient for people to travel.Third, many families have had private cars.The peoples life here has become rich and c
24、olorful.People can enjoy themselves travelling on holidays.To my delight，I can taste delicious food of different countries such as the food of America, Italy and South Korea here.And now it is easier for me to keep in touch with you than before, because I can email you in my spare time.I hope you can come and Ill show you around.Yours，Li Hua