1、Section Grammar & Writing动词不定式阅读下列句子并体会黑体部分的用法1Experts hope to learn more about the movement of thunderstorms.2There was nothing to be done.3The storms sometimes continue all day and traffic moves very slowly because the thick dust makes it difficult to see.4When a sandstorm arrives in the city, wea
2、ther experts advise people not to go out.5It is difficult to breathe and the dust makes me ill.6To prevent it coming nearer, the government is planting trees.7My job is to teach English at this school.8I can do nothing but wait at home.9She has no choice but to give in.一、动词不定式1动词不定式的时态和语态语态时态主动被动一般式
3、to doto be done进行式to be doing/完成式to havedoneto have been done(1)不定式的一般式：表示不定式的动作与谓语动词同时(几乎同时)发生或在谓语动词之后发生。He asked me to help him with the task.他让我帮他完成这项任务。(2)不定式的进行式：表示不定式的动作正在进行且与谓语动词同时发生。He is said to be studying abroad but I dont know which country it is.据说他正在国外学习，但我不知道是哪个国家。(3)不定式的完成式：表示不定式的动作发
4、生在谓语动词之前。I am sorry to have brought you so much trouble.对不起，给你添了这么多麻烦。(4)不定式的被动式：当动词不定式的逻辑主语是动词不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，一般使用动词不定式的被动形式。Id like to be told whats going on.我希望被告知正在发生什么。The factory is reported to have been burnt down.据报道这家工厂已经被烧毁了。名师点津不定式用主动形式表示被动意义的常见情况在“主语系动词表语(形容词)( for sb.) to do”结构中，句子的主语与构成
5、不定式的动词有逻辑上的动宾关系，不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。该结构中常用的形容词有easy，hard，difficult，fit 等。The book is difficult to understand.这本书很难懂。This kind of food is not fit to eat.这种食物不适合吃。不定式作定语时，若构成不定式的动词与不定式所修饰的词之间为动宾关系，并且句子的主语是不定式动作的发出者时。He has a large family to support.他有一个大家庭要养。在“too.to.”和“enough.to.”结构中，若构成不定式的动词与句子的主语之间为动宾关
6、系，不定式可以用主动形式表示被动意义。The book is cheap enough to buy.这本书很便宜，可以买。The dish is too spicy to eat.这道菜太辣了，吃不了。在“特殊疑问词to do”结构中，do与特殊疑问词之间为动宾关系时，不定式常用主动形式。I dont know what to do next.我不知道接下来该做什么。2动词不定式的语法功能(1)作主语不定式作主语表示一次具体的动作，谓语动词通常用单数形式。不定式作主语时可位于句首，也可位于句末(it作形式主语)To master a foreign language is necessary
7、. It is necessary to master a foreign language.掌握一门外语很有必要。(2)作表语不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。They are to pay a visit to the teacher together at 10 am. tomorrow.他们约定明天上午10点一起去看这位老师。如果主语是不定式(表示条件)，表语也是不定式(表示结果)。To see is to believe.眼见为实。如果主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, job, plan, problem, purpose, thing, wis
8、h等为中心的名词，或是what引导的主语从句，不定式作表语用来说明主语的内容。Her wish is to become a college student.她的愿望是成为一名大学生。(3)作宾语常用带to的不定式作宾语的动词有afford，agree，ask, decide, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish等。He couldnt afford to buy a car.他买不起车。有些动词后面可以跟不定式作宾语，也可以跟动名词作宾语，但意思不同，如forget，remember
9、，try等；有些动词后面接不定式和动名词作宾语时意思差别不大，如start, begin，hate，like 等。Remember to turn off the lights before you leave the room.在你离开房间之前，记得把灯关了。I remembered turning off the lights when I left the room.我记得我离开房间时关灯了。feel, find, think, believe, consider, make这几个动词后面接不定式作宾语，且宾语后面有形容词/名词作宾补时，常用it作形式宾语，而把不定式放到宾补之后。We
10、think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well.我们都认为学好一门外语对我们来说非常重要。(4)作宾语补足语不定式作宾语补足语，常用于下列动词后：ask, cause, call, help, force, allow, permit, advise, order, get, want, wish, tell等。The teacher advised us to have a rest first.老师建议我们先休息。名师点津在“五看(see, watch, observe, notice, look at)三使
11、(make, let, have)两听(hear, listen to)一感(feel)”等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式不带to，但当以上动词(let, have除外)用于被动语态时需要带to。The boss made his men work all the night.老板让他的工人整夜工作。The person was seen to enter the shop by us.我们看见那个人进了商店。help后跟不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式可带to也可不带to，即help sb.(to) do sth.。(5)作定语不定式作定语，置于被修饰词之后，常表示未发生的动作。The car
12、to be bought is for his sister.要买的这辆车是给他姐姐的。作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面需有相应的介词。The Greens have a comfortable house to live in.格林一家有一幢舒适的房子可以居住。中心词是序数词或被序数词、最高级、only等修饰时，用不定式作定语。She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.她是第一个在奥运会上获得金牌的女性。常用不定式作定语的名词：way,
13、promise, plan, offer, decision, ability, warning等。She said she had no plans to go there.她说她没有去那里的打算。(6)作状语不定式作状语表示目的、原因和结果。原因状语。不定式作原因状语时，通常位于情感类形容词或表示心理活动的形容词/过去分词之后，表示产生某种情感或心理活动的原因。He was very excited to see you again.再次看到你他非常激动。目的状语。不定式作目的状语时可位于句首和句末，且不定式前可加in order/so as，但so as to不能位于句首。She rea
14、ds China Daily every day to improve her English.为了提高英语，她每天读中国日报。He ran very fast in order to/ so as to catch the bus.他跑得非常快以便能赶上这班公共汽车。In order to pass the exam, he studied very hard.为了通过考试，他学习非常努力。结果状语。不定式作结果状语时表示谓语动作的结果。What have I said to make you so excited?我说了什么使你这么激动？名师点津下列结构的不定式可构成结果状语：too.to
15、 do.; enough to do.; only to do.。I hurried to the station，only to find the train had left.我匆匆赶到车站，结果发现火车已经开走了。The boy is old enough to go to school.那个小男孩足够大可以上学了。He is too weak to do the work.他身体太弱了不能做这项工作。二、but动词不定式1but用于cant but, cant help but, cant choose but等短语后，意为“不得不，只能”，不定式不带to。We cant but fa
16、ce the reality.我们只能面对现实。I couldnt choose but speak the truth.我不能不说真话。Whenever I think of the story, I still cant help but laugh at myself.每当我想起那个故事，我仍不得不嘲笑自己。2当but(表示“除之外”)前有实义动词do的某种形式时，其后的不定式通常不带to。其他情况不定式通常都要带to。I have no choice but to accept the fact.除了接受这一事实，我别无选择。There was nothing to do but se
17、nd for a doctor.除了派人去请医生，没有什么可以做的。.单句语法填空1When the streets are full of melting snow, you cant help but (get) your shoes wet.2Thinking of the increasingly bad situation, he couldnt but (feel) worried.3The bank is reported in the local newspaper to (rob) in broad daylight yesterday.4Finding he had no
18、key, he had no choice but (wait) till his mother came back.5Im sorry I cant help water the flowers, because Im busy preparing for the singing competition (hold) tomorrow.【答案】1.get2.feel3.have been robbed4.to wait5.to be held.单句改错1As there was no bus, he couldnt but to walk home. 2He pretended to rea
19、d when the teacher approached him. 3Only this man was strong enough lift the heavy stone. 4The question being discussed next year has something important to do with our daily life. 5The mother did what she could rescue her son, although she herself was in danger. 【答案】1.去掉to2.readbe reading3.lift前加to
20、4.beingto be5.rescue前加 to环境保护类议论文1环境保护话题作文一般按照“三段式”来写：介绍现象(提出问题)提出相关应对措施呼吁人们增强环保意识，自觉保护环境。2环境保护类作文的时态根据具体情况可以选择一般现在时或一般过去时。3段与段之间要使用承上启下的句子或短语，增加文章的连贯性。亮点句式1Environmental problems are becoming more and more serious all over the world.2With the development of industry and agriculture, cars make noise
21、s and give off poisonous gas.3Pollution has been making more and more water unable for drinking.4The earth is our home and we have the duty to take care of it for ourselves and for our later generations.5Measures have been taken to deal with these problems by the government.6I hope the problem will
22、be solved in the near future and our home will become better and better.7Only in this way can we create a stronger, healthier and more beautiful world.8We should solve the problems that we are faced with.9It is time for us to take measures as it is each citizens responsibility to save our mother ear
23、th.写作任务假设你是新华中学的学生李华，请根据以下提示，针对从你的家乡遭受沙尘暴袭击的情况，向某英语报社投稿，呼吁大家植树造林，保护环境。1过去家乡树木成林；2如今人们毁林种地建房；3气候变化，土地荒漠化；4植树造林，人人有责。注意：1.词数：100词左右； 2开头和结尾已经给出，但不计入总词数。Dear Editor，Im a student at a middle school of Shanxi. Im looking forward to hearing from you.Yours，Li Hua审题谋篇体裁夹叙夹议话题环保类时态一般过去时和一般现在时人称第三人称遣词造句.词汇1表达
24、我的意见 2过去 3由于，因为 4为了 5砍伐 6侵袭 7爱护 8改善 【答案】1.express my views2.used to3because of/as a result of4.in order to/so as to5cut down6.strike7.take care of/look after carefully8.improve.句式1However, because climate changes, it rains little now.(用because of 改写句子)However, because of climate changes, it rains li
25、ttle now.2As time went on, the forests were seriously destroyed.(用with宾语宾补结构改写句子)With time going on, the forests were seriously destroyed.3Sandstorms struck us now and then, and we suffered from them a lot.(将并列句改成非限制性定语从句)Sandstorms struck us now and then, from which people suffered a lot.妙笔成篇 【参考范文
26、】Dear Editor，Im a student at a middle school of Shanxi.Im writing to express my views concerning the environment in my hometown.My hometown used to be a beautiful place.Thick forests and green grass could be seen everywhere.However, because of climate changes, it rains little now.In order to build h
27、ouses and grow more crops, people there cut down more and more trees.With time going on, the forests were seriously destroyed.As a result, sandstorms struck us now and then, from which people suffered a lot.To prevent the process of desertification, I hope all the people take good care of the forests and plant more trees instead of cutting them down.Then our living conditions will soon be improved.Im looking forward to hearing from you.Yours，Li Hua