1、专题07 科普与信息技术【美文阅读1】导读：妈妈总是告诉我们如果我们在暗处看书会弄坏眼睛。这种说法有科学依据吗？Some facts about vision scienceMom always told us wed go blind if we read in the dark. Does science back her up? Jim Sheedy, a doctor of vision science and director of the Vision Performance Institute at Oregons Pacific University, sets his sig
2、hts on the truth.Dark MatterTurns out, our parents were wrong. “There is no reason to believe nor evidence to support that any long-term damage to the eyes or change in the physiology to the eyes can be caused by reading in the dark,” Dr. Sheedy says.That is not to say that nocturnal page-turning wo
3、nt lead to discomfort or fatigue.The lack of light will cause the pupils to dilate, resulting in a smaller depth of fieldthe distance between the nearest and farthest object that the eye considers to be in focus. Dr. Sheedy says the added effort to change focus and the effort to change the angle of
4、the lines of sight between the two eyes will likely make your eyes feel tired and your body spent. But, of course, thats often the object of reading under the covers.Seeing ClearlyDr. Sheedy says he assures his students that there isnt enough evidence to argue that what you do with your eyes leads t
5、o myopia. The predominant determinant of myopia is genetics. No link to long-term damage has ever been conclusively shown, says Dr. Sheedy. Its an old tale, a ploy used by moms to get kids to go to sleep when they wanted them to, he says.Electronic AgeReading on a tablet device wont damage your eyes
6、, Dr. Sheedy says. His team has studied various fonts, computer displays and pixel resolutions, and found the difference in effect on the eye between reading e-ink and the printed word to be negligible.He adds that pixel density and screen resolution have reached the point at which the eye doesnt kn
7、ow which it is seeing. So if reading a printed book in dim light is fine, so is reading a Kindle or iPad.Moving from Dark to LightThe eyes adapt quickly when going to the lightemerging from a tunnel into the sun, saybut going to the dark requires the regeneration of photo pigments, and that takes so
8、me time to reach full dark-adaptation, says Dr. Sheedy.Adjusting to the dim light next to your bed should only take seconds. But when going from bright light to maximum darkness, studies have shown, eye sensitivity continues to change for up to 25 minutes, he says.Ever wonder why a pirate wears patc
9、hes? Its not because he was wounded in a sword fight, says Dr. Sheedy. Seamen must constantly move between the pitch black of below decks and the bright sunshine above.视觉科学的一些事实妈妈总是告诉我们如果我们在暗处看书会弄坏眼睛。这种说法有科学依据吗？俄勒冈太平洋大学视觉功能学院所长、视觉科学医生吉姆希迪为我们揭示真相。暗处阅读原来，我们的父母是错的。希迪博士说：“我们没有理由认为，也没有证据证明，在暗处阅读会造成眼睛的长期损
10、害，或引起眼睛的生理变化。”但这并不意味着在夜间昏暗光线下看书不会引起不适和疲劳。光线不足会引起瞳孔扩张，导致景深变小，即眼睛能聚焦的最近和最远的物体之间的距离变小。希迪博士说，费力地去变焦(通通过眼睛的调节系统)和费力去地改变两眼之间的视角(通过眼睛的收缩系统)可能会使你的眼睛和身体感到疲倦。当然，这通常是在被窝里看书的后果。看清楚希迪博士说他告诉他的学生现在还没有足够的证据能说明用眼习惯会导致近视。“近视的主要决定因素是遗传。”他说并没有确凿的证据证明长期损害跟近视之间存在关联。希迪博士说：“这只是一个古老的传说，是妈妈们希望孩子们去睡觉时常用的一个说辞。”电子时代希迪博士说，在平板设备上
11、阅读文字不会伤害眼睛。他的团队对各种字体、电脑显示器和像素分辨率进行了研究，发现阅读电子读物和印刷文字对眼睛影响的差异是可以忽略不计的。他补充说，像素密度和屏幕分辨率已经发展到了让眼睛分辨不出电子读物和印刷文字之间差异的程度。如果在昏暗的光线下阅读印刷书籍没什么问题的话，在Kindle或iPad上阅读也不会有问题。从暗处到亮处希迪博士说，从暗处到亮处时眼睛适应起来非常快，比如从隧道里出来重见天日时，但从亮处到暗处时“需要新生成光色素，因此需要一些时间来完全适应黑暗”。他说，你对自己床边暗光灯的光线的适应只需要几秒钟的时间。但有研究表明，如果从亮如白昼转到漆黑一片，眼睛的感光度要持续变化长达25
12、分钟的时间。希迪博士说：“想知道为什么海盗总是戴着眼罩吗？这并不是因为他在剑战中受了伤。”真正的原因是水手必须经常在漆黑的甲板下和明亮的阳光下这两处地方之间变换位置。【重点单词】1. pupil pjupl; -p()l n. 瞳孔2. dilate dalet; d- vi. 扩大；膨胀3. spent spent adj. 精疲力尽的4. myopia map n. 近视5. predominant prdmnnt adj. 主要的6. ploy pl n. 策略7. negligible negldb()l adj. 微不足道的，可以忽略的【重点短语 / 亮点句式】1. back up
13、支持。如：They try their best to back up the educational cause.他们尽全力支持教育事业。2. There is no reason to believe nor evidence to support that any long-term damage to the eyes or change in the physiology to the eyes can be caused by reading in the dark.我们没有理由认为，也没有证据证明，在暗处阅读会造成眼睛的长期损害，或引起眼睛的生理变化。该句子中 that any
14、long-term damage to the eyes or change in the physiology to the eyes can be caused by reading in the dark为宾语从句。如：He told that he would go to the college the next year 他告诉我他下一年上大学。3. result in 导致，引起。如：Stress and tiredness often result in a lack of concentration.紧张和疲劳常使人精神不集中。A minimal error or deviat
15、ion may result in wide divergence.失之毫厘,谬以千里。4. emerge from 出现；从显露出来。如：The rabbit will not emerge from its hole while you are there.你在那儿,兔子是不会出洞的。【练习】1. Restaurants in every corner of Mianyang not only provide job opportunities but_ lots of taxes as well.A. bring in B. bring about C. result in D. res
16、ult from2. How long does it take to go from bright light to maximum darkness?【答案】1. A句意：绵阳各个角落的饭店不仅提供工作机会而且带来许多税收。bring in带来。bring about引起，导致；result in导致，结果是；result from起因于。根据句意选A。2. It takes for up to 25 minutes.【美文阅读2】导读：随着电脑网络的普及应用，网络虚拟世界成为人们生活的一个重要组成部分。有人认为虚拟世界一无是处，但事实并非如此。Virtual worlds are als
17、o useful for childrenA research report says that virtual worlds can be important places where children practice what they will do in real life. The research was done with children using the BBCs Adventure Rock virtual world, aimed at those aged 6-12. It surveyed and interviewed children who were the
18、 first to test the game.The online world is a theme island built for the BBCs children channel by Belgian game maker Larian. Children explore the world alone but they use message boards to share what they find and what they do in the different creative studios in virtual space.At times children were
19、 explorers and they were social climbers eager to connect with other players. Some were power users looking for more information about how the virtual space really worked. The children could try all kinds of things without having to be afraid of the consequences that would follow if they tried them
20、in the real world. They learned many useful social skills and played around with their identity in ways that would be much more difficult in real life.According to the study what children liked about virtual worlds was the chance to create content such as music, cartoons and videos.The publishers of
21、 the report say that virtual worlds can be a powerful, engaging and real interactive alternative to more passive media. They urged creators of virtual spaces for children to get young people involved very early on because they really do have good ideas and they are very good critical friends.虚拟世界对孩子
22、也有用根据一份研究报告，虚拟世界也是很重要的地方。孩子们可以在其中练习他们在现实生活中的所作所为。该研究是以儿童为实验对象，使用BBC的冒险摇滚虚拟世界系统，旨在研究6岁至12岁的儿童。该项研究中所调查和采访的孩子都是第一次参加测试游戏。网络世界是一个由比利时的游戏厂商Larian为BBC的儿童频道创建的主题岛。儿童独自探索世界，但他们使用留言板来分享他们的发现以及在虚拟空间中各创意工作室的所作所为。有时候孩子们是探险家，他们想法进入上流社会，渴望与其他玩家取得联系。一些高级用户寻找更多有关如何在虚拟空间起作用的信息。孩子们可以尝试各种事物，而不必害怕他们在现实世界中他们尝试这样做可能出现的结
23、果。他们学到了很多有用的社会技能以及用他们喜欢的身份玩耍，而这种方式在现实生活中要困难得多。根据研究中孩子所喜欢的虚拟世界，这就提供了创造出如音乐，漫画和视频等内容的机会。根据出版商的报告，虚拟世界对于那些被动的媒体来说,它是一个强大而吸引人的,它具有相互性。他们呼吁为儿童创造虚拟空间，让年轻人早早地参与其中，因为他们真的有好的想法,并且他们是很好的诤友。重点单词：1. identity adentt n. 身份2. engaging nged; en- adj. 迷人的3. interactive ntrktv adj. 交互式的；相互作用的重点短语 / 亮点句式：1. It surveye
24、d and interviewed children who were the first to test the game.该项研究中所调查和采访的孩子都是第一次参加测试游戏。该句子中who were the first to test the game为定语从句修饰children。在定语从句中be the first to do sth.为固定结构，表示第一次做某事。如：He is always the first to come to school. 他总是第一个到校的人。2. be eager to 渴望。如：The company is eager to gain a footho
25、ld in Europe.这家公司急于在欧洲取得一席之地。3. be afraid of 害怕。如：Theres nothing to be afraid of. The sky wont fall down.没有什么好怕的，天不会塌下来。4. They urged creators of virtual spaces for children to get young people involved very early on because they really do have good ideas and they are very good critical friends.他们呼吁
26、为儿童创造虚拟空间，让年轻人早早地参与其中，因为他们真的有好的想法,并且他们是很好的诤友。该句子中They urged creators of virtual spaces for children to get young people involved very early on 为句子主句，其中urge sb. to do sth.为固定搭配，表示催促某人做某事；because they really do have good ideas and they are very good critical friends为原因状语从句；在该从句中包含强调句they really do hav
27、e good ideas。如：I do like this book. 我确实喜欢这本书。练习：1. William Beebe，one of the first men_ the depth of the sea in a bathysphere，got interested in oceanography because of one book.A. exploring B. having exploring C. to be exploringD. to explore2. Why do children like the virtual space when learning soci
28、al skills?答案：1. D the first man to do sth.为固定结构，表示第一次做某事的人。2. Because they neednt be afraid of the consequences. 【话题解读】“科普与信息技术”是高中新课程标准话题之一。该话题包括各领域计算机网络知识、新闻媒体等方面。互联网与信息传媒技术已经影响渗透到我们生活的方方面面，例如智能手机、WiFi、微信、QQ、APP等。 “科普与信息技术”话题是历年高考英语的必考话题，分值所占比重也比较高。例如：20182020年高考试题均有所涉及；且2017年浙江卷七选五、2016年全国卷七选五，20
29、16年全国卷阅读理解D篇；2015年全国卷的阅读理解B篇和七选五；2012年江苏卷完形填空；2009年江苏卷书面表达等，都与这个话题有关。【相关词汇】.写作必记单词1.acquire v.获得2.advance v.进展；进步； n.进展；进步；前进advanced adj.先进的，高级的3.advantage n.优点4.challenge n.挑战5.convenient adj.便利的，方便的convenience n.方便，便利6.debate n.& v.争论7.explore vt.探索exploration n.检测；探险8.expose vt.揭露9.matter vi.有关系
30、；要紧10.predict v.预言；预先；预报prediction n.预测，预告predictor n.预言家11.disturb vt.打扰；扰乱；使心神不宁12.provide vt.提供13.replace v.取代14.support vt.& n.支持，赞助supporter n.支持者；拥护者.阅读识记单词15.cover vt.采访；报道；遮掩；盖上16.breakthrough n.重大进展，突破17.broadcast n.广播节目；vt.广播18.connect vt.连接，把联系起来19.convenience n.方便20.download v.下载21.exper
31、iment n.实验22.feature n.特写；花絮23.globe n.地球仪；地球24.hopeful adj.有希望的；有前途的25.instant adj.立即的；即时的26.intelligent adj.智能的intelligence n.智力；理解力27.mobile adj.移动的28.process n.& vt.过程；加工，处理29.spread v.传播；蔓延；流传30.scientific adj.科学的science n.科学scientist n.科学家31.signal n.信号32.update vt.更新；使现代化33.system n.系统；体系34.t
32、echnology n.技术35.worldwide adj.遍及全球的，世界范围的【高频短语】1.be addicted to沉迷于2.by this means以这种方式3.catch on了解；理解；流行e out出版；发行；结果是5.have access to使用；接通；可以利用6.have an effect on/upon对有影响7.keep in touch with与保持联系8.keep pace with跟上9.land on the moon登月10.log in/on登录；进入11.shut down/off关掉12.with the development of随着的
33、发展13.改变某人的生活 change ones life14.提高人类的生活质量 improve the quality of human life15.赶上世界先进水平 catch up with the advanced world levels16.有很大影响，有很大差别 make a great difference17.使得生命有可能发展了 make it possible for life to develop18.能使用 have access to/be accessible to19.使某人能做某事 enable sb to do sth.20.在某方面起重要的作用 pla
34、y an important role in21. 代替 take the place of22. 与 有关联 be related/linked to23. 得益于；从受益 benefit from24. 实现，成为现实 come true25. 随着科技的迅速发展 with the rapid development of science and Technology【话题佳句】佳句一：1. I think a stricter administration will be of considerable help in making better use of Internet. 我想，
35、更加严格的管理对于更好应用网络会大有帮助。2.Telecommunications have been involved in nearly every aspect of modern life and are fast changing the way we live.电信已经进入了现代生活中几乎每一个方面，并且正迅速地改变我们的生活方式。3. When a new product comes into being, it must be tested out before it is put into use.当有新产品问世时，在投入使用之前，一定要进行检验。4. Search engi
36、nes have become one of the most important tools for WWW. 搜索引擎已经成为互联网上最重要的工具之一。5.It is widely acknowledged that computer and other machines have become an indispensable part of our society, which make our life and work more comfortable and less laborious. 人们普遍认为计算机和其他机器已经成为我们社会必不可少的一部分。它们使我们的生活更舒适，减少
37、了大量劳动。佳句二：1. In todays society, the computer plays an important role. 在当今社会，电脑扮演一个重要角色。2.An advantage of using the solar energy is that it wont cause any pollution. 使用太阳能的优点是它不会导致污染。3.On one hand, using mobile phones will distract users attention, thus increasing the chance of terrible accidents. On
38、 the other hand, talking loudly on the phone in public places is far from being polite.一方面，使用手机会分散注意力，因此增加发生交通事故的可能性，另一方面，在公共场大声地打电话也不礼貌。4.Compared with traditional letters, e-mail ahs many advantages, such as being fast and costing nothing.和传统信件相比，电子 邮件有很多优点，如速度快，不花钱。5.Therefore, I think we should
39、take full advantage of net information to broaden our horizons.因此，我认为，我们应该充分利用网络资源来开阔我们的视野。【连句成篇】1.随着科技的迅速发展，各种各样的高科技产品吸引了全世界人们的注意。（非限制定语从句）2.通过这些产品，人们可以更方便地使用网络。网络在人们的生活中起重要的作用3.越来越多的人受益于网络，网络改变了人们的生活。（非限制定语从句）4.人们可以在网上浏览信息，下载信息。（Not only倒装句）5.网络使人们不出门就能聊天、购物、工作、学习等等成为现实。（强调句）With the rapid develop
40、ment ofscience and technology, a variety of high-tech products have drawn the attention of people all over the world，with whichit is moreconvenientfor people to use network. As we all know, network plays an important role in peopleslife. An increasing number of people benefit from network,whichhas g
41、reatly changed our life.Not only can peoplesurf the internet,but also we candownload information from the Internet.It isnetworkthatmakes it become reality for people to chat, shop, work, study and do other things without going out of our homes. I阅读理解阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。AMany science fic
42、tion stories tell about explorers arriving in a new world. The explorers then use some kind of high-tech device to test for breathable air or signs of life. But here on Earth, science fiction is becoming reality through a new sampling technology called environmental DNA, or eDNA for short. Scientist
43、s can use it to identify rare species or estimate fish populations with just a little air or water.Environmental DNA can be used in two ways. One is to identify the creatures that live in a certain place. The other is to confirm the presence or lack of a specific creature.Caren Goldberg is one of th
44、e first biologists to take the technology from the testing stage to actually using it. She sees eDNA as a way to get answers more efficiently and with less destruction compared to traditional survey techniques. Until recently, scientists depended on snorkeling ( 潜水), netting or using an electric cur
45、rent to temporarily catch fish.This newer way to identify what lives in the environment is becoming popular around the world. Animal experts in Vietnam are using the eDNA to find the last, wild Yangtze giant softshell turtles. One researcher on the Caribbean island of Trinidad is using the sampling
46、technology to find endangered golden treefrogs. In Madagascar, it is being used to identify amphibian(两栖动物)diseases.Ms Goldberg has used eDNA testing to confirm the local extinction (灭绝) of a leopard frog in the American state of Idaho. She has also been asked to document the spread of the New Zeala
47、nd mudsnail in the state of Washington. The creature has been found in lakes and other waterways across the state.Scientists working with the technology say they do not expect robots to replace field biologists anytime soon. But the old-fashioned field work could soon be more targeted.1.Compared to
48、traditional survey techniques, eDNA is more_.A.complexB.eco-friendlyC.dangerousD.convincing2.By using eDNA, Caren Goldberg has_.A.succeeded in catching many fishesB.found the existence of golden treefrogsC.documented the spread of softshell turtlesD.confirmed the disappearance of the leopard frog in
49、 Idaho3.What can we infer from the last paragraph ?A.Robots will replace scientists soon.B.Some scientists are against using eDNA.C.The old-fashioned field work may disappear.D.Many biologists are unwilling to do the field work.4.What is the best title for the text?A.Science Fiction Becomes Reality
50、for Species SurveysB.Biologists Explore Space with the Help of eDNAC.Scientists Found Methods to Test for Signs of LifeD.New Technologies Are Presented in Science FictionsBPeople are less willing to rely on their knowledge and say they know something when they have access (接近) to the Internet, sugge
51、sting that our connection to the web is affecting how we think.Professor Evan Risko, of the Department of Psychology at the University of Waterloo, led a recent study where the team asked about 100 participants (参与者) a series of general-knowledge questions, such as naming the capital of France. For
52、half of the study, participants had access to the Internet. They had to look up the answer when they responded that they did not know the answer. In the other half of the study, participants did not have access to the Internet.The team found that the people who had access to the web were about 5 per
53、cent more likely to say that they did not know the answer to the question. Furthermore, in some cases, the people with access to the Internet reported feeling as though they knew less compared to the people without access.“With the popularity of the Internet, we are almost frequently connected to la
54、rge amounts of information. And when that data is within reach, people seem less likely to rely on their own knowledge,” said Professor Risko.Studying the results, the researchers thought that access to the Internet might make it less acceptable to say you know something but are incorrect. It is als
55、o possible that participants were more likely to say they didnt know an answer when they had access to the web because online searching offers an opportunity to confirm their answer, and the process of finding out the answer is rewarding.“Our results suggest that access to the Internet affects the d
56、ecisions we make about what we know and dont know,” said Risko. “We hope this research helps us understand how easy access to large amounts of information can influence our thinking and behaviour.”5.The study by Professor Risko shows that _.A.we are easily cheated by the webB.the web is making our l
57、ife harderC.we are becoming dependent on the webD.the web helps us make correct decisions6.What do we know about the questions asked in the study?A.They were funny.B.They were simple.C.They were personal.D.They were difficult.7.In the study, the participants with access to the web _.A.made more prog
58、ressB.showed less confidenceC.gave wrong answersD.showed more optimism8.What does the word “data” in paragraph 4 probably mean?A.Goal.B.Dream.C.Distance.D.Information.CThe sun shows its face every day, but an amazing new telescope is giving us a whole different view of it. And guess what? Our famili
59、ar friend in the sky has some impressive features! Seen from the earth without a fancy telescope, the sun resembles a pale disc, sort of like a big sugar cookie shining in the sky. However, in detailed photos and video captured by the new telescope, the suns surface looks lumpy(块状的)and bumpy.The inc
60、redible instrument responsible for these eye-popping images is the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST), the most powerful solar telescope in the world. A project of the National Science Foundation (NSF), the telescope is named after a U.S. politician who represented the state of Hawaii, which i
61、s home to the high-tech, high-resolution wonder.The DKIST is at the summit of Haleakal on the island of Maui, which isa volcano! While that might sound like a risky place for a $344-million observatory to perch, the volcano is extinct. Whats more, the combination of high elevation, low air disturban
62、ce, and deep blue skies make it an ideal location to study the sun. Modern astronomers(天文学家)arent the first to recognize that Haleakal has a special connection to the sunancient Hawaiians were way ahead of them. The summit of Haleakal is admired by native Hawaiians, who gave the place its name, whic
63、h means “House of the Sun.”Now, after being under construction for about ten years, the DKIST is sunbathing in this storeyed spot. When the telescopes first videos and photos were posted, they blew up on social media like a superstar, but the NSF has much bigger goals than going viral. The astronome
64、rs want to study the surface of the sun to better predict solar weather.Why on earth would people want a weather forecast for a place thats more than 145 million kilometers away? Because events on the surface of the sun can end up affecting us right here at home. Solar weather can disable satellite
65、systems and GPS tracking systems and even cause blackouts, in which large areas temporarily lose electricity. In 2017, solar flares(耀斑)disabled radio communications as three hurricanes were bearing down on the Caribbean. As you can imagine, that was a huge blow to emergency response efforts.By study
66、ing the images the DKIST captures, scientists hope to learn how to predict solar weather events in time for people to take precautions and prevent disasters. In the meantime, we can all enjoy getting an eye-opening new view of the sun!9.The underlined word “perch” in paragraph 3 most probably means
67、.A.to be on something highB.to take photos or videosC.to tear something apartD.to be used to help understand10.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A.The sun looks like a big sugar cookie in the DKISTs image.B.The NSF is responsible for astronomy education in Hawaii.C.High air tur
68、bulence is one of the conditions of the solar research.D.The native Hawaiians have a long history of appreciating the sun.11.In paragraph 5, the case in the Caribbean is mentioned to .A.explain why we have to get best photos of the sunB.suggest how natural disasters are caused by the sunC.show how s
69、olar weather harms communications on the earthD.illustrate why weather forecast is so important for disaster prevention12.Which of the following is the best title of the passage?A.A New View of the SunB.An Amazing New TelescopeC.Weather Forecast for the SunD.The Best Location for Sun ResearchDNaviga
70、tion(导航)in unfamiliar places is a major problem in large cities.Therefore,the popularity of mobile GPS facilities has greatly risen.However,it is sometimes difficult for users to understand where to go.In addition,they have to regularly look at the screen to follow the route,thus increasing risks on
71、 the road.Luckily,preuniversity students from the National Research Nuclear University MEPhI in Moscow have created sneakers that can give directions,count a persons steps and measure the calories burned.The smart sneakers can lead users to their destination.The idea is simple.When moving towards a
72、turn,the right or left shoe vibrates(震动)according to the directions.“Weve developed a facility that goes well with a special mobile app via Bluetooth and receives information about a route.The facility performs all the necessary functions without affecting walking and can be joined to the laces(鞋带)o
73、f ordinary sneakers.The user only needs to run the app once,and then puts the phone away and enjoys the walk.In addition to navigation,the system can also keep track of the distance traveled.This information can be found in the mobile app,”said Alexander Pinchuk and Maxim Levkin,the authors of the p
74、roject.The team plans to continue developing the project because the smart clothing market is growing every year.According to the creators,it is likely that in a few years,smart sneakers will become popular like smart watches.This is not the first original project of preuniversity students from the
75、National Research Nuclear University MEPhI Valentin Klimov,deputy director of the Institute of Cyber Intelligent Systems of MEPhI,says,“Our preuniversity students have created rather original projects before.For example,last year,our students developed a useful system for people with poor eyesight a
76、nd won an international childrens competition;then they won the Junior competition and took part in the largest international competition:Intel ISEF.Now these guys are our first year students,and this shows the high level of our applicants.”13.In what way do the newly created sneakers give direction
77、s to users?A.By following their routes.B.By vibrating their shoes.C.By burning their calories.D.By reducing their road risks.14.What can be learned about the facility while working according to Paragraph3?A.It must be put in special sneakersB.It has a little effect on userswalking.C.It can record wh
78、ere users have traveled.D.It works with the help of an app via Bluetooth.15.What can be inferred about these preuniversity students?A.They are about to graduate.B.They are ready to go for jobs.C.They are creative and fruitful.D.They are lucky and wealthy.16.What can be a suitable title for the text?
79、A.Sneakers for Navigation on the WayB.Ways of Navigation in Large CitiesC.Ordinary Navigation Is out of DateD.Preuniversity Students Win CompetitionsA【答案】1.B 2.D 3.C 4.A【解析】这是一篇说明文，主要向读者介绍了科学界一项新的采样技术环境DNA，利用一点空气或水识别罕见的外来入侵物种或研究生物的多样性。1.推理判断题。根据第三段中She sees eDNA as a way to get answers more efficien
80、tly and with less destruction compared to traditional survey techniques.可知，她认为，与传统的调查技术相比，eDNA是一种更有效、更少破坏的获取答案的方法。由此判断出与传统的调查技术相比，eDNA更加环保。故选B。2.细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中Ms Goldberg has used eDNA testing to confirm the local extinction (灭绝) of a leopard frog in the American state of Idaho.可知，通过使用eDNA，卡伦戈德堡证实了爱
81、达荷州豹蛙的消失。故选D。3.推理判断题。根据最后一段Scientists working with the technology say they do not expect robots to replace field biologists anytime soon. But the old-fashioned field work could soon be more targeted.可知，研究这项技术的科学家们表示，他们认为机器人近期内不会取代野外生物学家。 但是老式的田间作业很快就会受到影响。从最后一段我们可以推断出“老式的田间作业可能会消失。”故选C。4.主旨大意题。根据第一段
82、中But here on Earth, science fiction is becoming reality through a new sampling technology called environmental DNA, or eDNA for short. Scientists can use it to identify rare species or estimate fish populations with just a little air or water.“但在地球上，通过一种名为环境DNA (eDNA)的新采样技术，科幻小说正在变成现实。科学家可以用它来鉴定稀有物种
83、，或者用少量的空气或水来估计鱼类的数量。”由此可知，本文最佳主题是“对物种调查来说，科幻小说变成了现实”。故选A。B【答案】5.C 6.B 7.B 8.D【解析】这是一篇说明文。本文主要讲了现在的人们更多的是依靠互联网获取知识，而不是依赖自身掌握的知识，Evan Risko教授做了一项研究，结果表明更多的人通过互联网查询知识，因为他们不确定自己掌握的知识是否正确，这说明了互联网在影响着人们的思想，人们也越来越依靠互联网。5.推理判断题。由文中倒数第三段的“With the popularity of the Internet, we are almost frequently connecte
84、d to large amounts of information. And when that data is within reach, people seem less likely to rely on their own knowledge,” said Professor Risko. 可知，随着互联网的普及，我们几乎经常与大量信息联系在一起。当数据触手可及时，人们似乎不太可能依赖自己的知识。”里斯科教授说。由此判断出Risko的研究表明人们越来越依靠互联网，故C选项正确。6.细节理解题。由文中第二段的 led a recent study where the team asked
85、 about 100 participants (参与者) a series of general-knowledge questions, such as naming the capital of France可知，在最近的一项研究中，研究小组向大约100名参与者提出了一系列一般性问题，比如法国首都的名字。所以研究中提出的问题应该很简单的。故B选项正确。7.推理判断题。由文中第三段的 the people with access to the Internet reported feeling as though they knew less compared to the people
86、without access.可知，能使用互联网的人感觉他们不如那些不能使用互联网的人知识丰富。由此判断出，在这项研究中，可以上网的参与者表现出较少的自信。B选项正确。8.词句猜测题。画线部分的上一句“With the popularity of the Internet, we are almost frequently connected to large amounts of information. 提到随着互联网的普及人们能够频繁的接触到大量的信息，画线部分所以的句子意思是当那个data能够接触时，人们就很少依靠自己的知识，可推知，这里的data指的是上一句提到的informatio
87、n，故D选项正确。C【答案】9.A 10.D 11.C 12.A【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了由位于夏威夷Haleakal峰顶观测台的DKIST太阳望远镜提供了关于太阳的照片，不仅使得科学家们可以了解如何及时预测太阳天气事件，以便人们采取预防措施和预防灾难，而且可以是人们尽情享受太阳的美景。9.词义猜测题。根据前文“The DKIST is at the summit of Haleakal on the island of Maui, which isa volcano!”可知，该太阳望远镜位于岛上的Haleakal峰顶，因此后文“While that might sound lik
88、e a risky place for a $344-million observatory to perch, the volcano is extinct.”描述天文台建造在这样的地方具有危险性应是考虑到其位于峰顶高处。由此推知，划线单词“perch”应是“坐落于高处”含义，与选项A“to be on something high”表达含义一致。故选A项。10.细节理解题。根据文章第三段内容：Modern astronomers arent the first to recognize that Haleakal has a special connection to the sunanc
89、ient Hawaiians were way ahead of them. The summit of Haleakal is admired by native Hawaiians, who gave the place its name, which means “House of the Sun.”可知，现代天文学家并不是第一个认识到哈雷阿卡拉（Haleakal）与太阳有特殊联系的人，古代夏威夷人遥遥领先于他们。哈雷阿卡拉（Haleakal）的山顶受到当地夏威夷人的钦佩，他们给这个地方起了个名字，意思是“太阳之屋”。由此可知，夏威夷人在观测太阳方面有着悠久的历史。故选D项。11.推理判
90、断题。分析可知，内容“In 2017, solar flares disabled radio communications as three hurricanes were bearing down on the Caribbean.”提到“2017年，由于加勒比地区遭受三场飓风袭击，太阳耀斑使无线电通信瘫痪”是对前文“Solar weather can disable satellite systems and GPS tracking systems and even cause blackouts, in which large areas temporarily lose elect
91、ricity.(太阳天气会导致卫星系统和GPS跟踪系统无法使用，甚至造成停电，大面积地区会暂时断电)”的举例解释，因此可推知，该举例是为了证明太阳天气如何危害地球上的通讯的。故选C项。12.主旨大意题。文章结构为总分总结构，末尾句“In the meantime, we can all enjoy getting an eye-opening new view of the sun!”与文章首段“However, in detailed photos and video captured by the new telescope, the suns surface looks lumpy an
92、d bumpy.”相呼应，由此可知，文章核心词汇应是“new view of the sun”，且通过阅读可知，文章主要从其观测地点，观测原因等方面详细介绍了这一话题。故选A项。D【答案】13.B 14.D 15.C 16.A【解析】本文是说明文。在不熟悉的地方导航是大城市的一个主要问题，移动GPS设施的普及已经大大提高，然而，用户有时很难理解该去哪里，必须定期查看屏幕以跟踪路线，从而增加道路上的风险。本文结合了一双运动鞋，可以给出方向，记录一个人的步数，并测量燃烧的热量。13.细节理解题。根据第二段的When moving towards a turn, the right or left
93、shoe vibrates(震动)according to the directions.( 当转弯移动时，右或左鞋根据方向震动。)可知，智能运动鞋通过震动指引方向。故选B。14.细节理解题。根据第三段的Weve developed a facility that goes well with a special mobile app via Bluetooth and receives information about a route. (我们已经开发了一个设施，与一个特殊的移动应用程序通过蓝牙连接，接收路线信息。)可知，这个设施经由蓝牙与应用程序连接。故选D。15.推理判断题。根据最后一
94、段的This is not the first original project of preuniversity students from the National Research Nuclear University MEPhI Valentin Klimov,deputy director of the Institute of Cyber Intelligent Systems of MEPhI可知，这不是这些大学预科生研制的第一个项目；再根据Our preuniversity students have created rather original projects before.( 我们的大学预科学生以前创造了相当多原创项目)可推断，他们富有创造力，富有成果。故选C。16.主旨大意题。根据第二段的Luckily,preuniversity students from.have created sneakers that can give directions,count a persons steps and measure the calories burned.( 幸运的是，来自莫斯科国立研究核大学梅菲的大学预科学生创造了运动鞋，可以给出指示，计算一个人的步数，并测量燃烧的卡路里。)以及下文内容可推断，A项“在路上导航的运动鞋”文最佳标题。故选A。