1、第十一讲构词法编者按：正确运用构词法知识，是词汇学习的重要途径，同时也是扩大词汇量的一个重要方法。英语中构词法主要可以分为派生法、转化法和合成法。牢固掌握并熟练运用构词法知识，不仅有助于提高考生对阅读中生词进行辨识的能力，更能够灵活运用到语法填空和短文改错对于词性转换的考查当中。一、派生法在一个词的词根之前或之后加上某个词缀来生成一个新词的构词法，即称作派生法。加在词根之前的词缀叫作前缀，加在词根之后的为后缀。一、前缀1表示否定意义的前缀(1)ununhappy 不高兴的unusual 不同寻常的unfortunate 不幸的 unable 不能够的uncomfortable 不舒服的 unf
2、it 不合适的(2)ininvisible 看不见的 inconvenient 不方便的incorrect 不正确的 informal 不正式的inaccurate 不精确的 incurable 不可治愈的incomplete 不完全的(3)imimpolite 不礼貌的 imperfect 不完美的impossible 不可能的 immoral 不道德的impractical 不实际的 improper 不合适的(4)ilillegal 违法的 illogical 不合逻辑的(5)ir irregular 不规则的 irrelevant 不相关的irresponsible 不负责任的(6)n
3、onnonstop 不停的，不间断的 nonprofit 非营利的nonviolent 非暴力的 nonverbal 非言语的nonsmoker 不吸烟者 nonprofessional 非专业的(7)disdislike 不喜欢 disappear 消失disapprove 不赞成 disagree 不同意dishonest 不诚实的 disorder 紊乱，混乱disadvantage 弊端，不利条件2表示其他意义的常见前缀(1)a 的asleep 睡着的 alive 活着的awake 醒着的，清醒的(2)en 使enable 使能够 enrich 使丰富enlarge 扩大，使变大 en
4、danger 危及(3)re 再，又retell 复述 review 复习reunite 团聚(4)mis 错误misunderstand 误解 mislead 误导misread 误读(5)pre 在之前preview 预习 prereading 读前prehistoric 史前的(6)fore 在前面forehead 前额 foretell 预言forecast 预测，预报(7)over 过度的，过量的overeat 过度食用 overbook 超额预订overweight 超重(8)inter 在之间，互相international 国际的 interact 互动interpersona
5、l 人际的(9)trans 转变，变换translate 翻译 transport 运输transform 转变，改造二、后缀1形容词后缀(1)ywindy 有风的 sunny 晴朗的dusty 布满灰尘的 lucky 幸运的healthy 健康的 rainy 多雨的(2)lyfriendly 友好的 lovely 可爱的deadly 致命的 lively 活泼的daily 每天的 costly 昂贵的(3)alnatural 自然的 national 国家的personal 个人的 formal 正式的global 全球的 cultural 文化的(4)iveactive 积极的 attra
6、ctive 吸引人的effective 有效的 impressive 印象深刻的(5)ic/icalhistoric 有历史意义的energetic 精力充沛的historical 历史的 practical 实际的(6)ousfamous 著名的 dangerous 危险的mysterious 神秘的 curious 好奇的(7)fulwonderful 精彩的 beautiful 美丽的hopeful 有希望的 grateful 感激的(8)lesscareless 粗心的 homeless 无家可归的helpless 无助的 endless 无止境的(9)sometiresome 令人厌
7、倦的troublesome 麻烦的(10)ablecomfortable 舒适的 acceptable 可接受的reasonable 合乎情理的 adaptable 可适应的(11)ibleterrible 可怕的 possible 可能的accessible 容易到达的，容易取得的responsible 负责的，有责任的2名词后缀(1)表示“人”的名词后缀ercleaner 清洁工 reporter 记者employer 雇主，老板 stranger 陌生人orinventor 发明者 actor 演员visitor 游客 director 导演editor 编辑 monitor 班长arl
8、iar 说谎者 beggar 乞讨者，乞丐eeemployee 雇员 interviewee 参加面试者trainee 受训者，学员esshostess 女主人 waitress 女服务员actress 女演员ianmusician 音乐家 politician 政治家historian 历史学家istartist 艺术家 scientist 科学家pianist 钢琴家 dentist 牙科医生antservant 仆人 participant 参加者assistant 助手，助理(2)表示其他意义的常见名词后缀thtruth 真相 strength 力量，强项width 宽度 warmth
9、 温暖domfreedom 自由 boredom 无聊，厌烦wisdom 智慧mentdevelopment 发展 achievement 成就amazement 惊讶 excitement 兴奋nesshappiness 幸福 weakness 弱点kindness 善良 seriousness 严重性tion或sioncompetition 竞争 construction 建设celebration 庆祝 organization 组织discussion 讨论 decision 决定conclusion 结论，结束 admission 准许加入ance或ence acceptance 接
10、受 distance 距离importance 重要性 patience 耐心silence 沉默 confidence 信心appearance 出现，相貌 existence 存在(t)ydifficulty 困难 loyalty 忠诚cruelty 残忍 safety 安全responsibility 职责，责任alarrival 到达 approval 赞成，批准survival 幸存 proposal 提议，建议urefailure 失败 pressure 压力ageshortage 短缺 marriage 婚姻storage 储存inghearing 听力 feeling 感觉su
11、fferings 痛苦，苦难，折磨 greetings 问候3动词、副词后缀(1)enwiden 加宽 deepen 加深weaken 削弱 shorten 缩短sharpen 使变尖 loosen 松开(2)izeapologize 道歉 emphasize 强调memorize 记住 realize 实现(3)ifysimplify 简化 beautify 美化purify 净化 terrify 使惊吓(4)lyslowly 慢慢地 happily 高兴地extremely 极其 surprisingly 令人惊讶地二、合成法把两个或两个以上的单词合成一个新的单词的构词法叫作合成法，以合成
12、法构成的单词叫作合成词，包括合成名词、合成动词、合成形容词、合成副词等。1合成名词(1)名词名词newspaper 报纸babysitter保姆birthplace 发源地 firewood 木柴(2)形容词名词greenhouse 温室 highway 公路software 软件(3)动名词名词waiting room 等候室 freezing point 冰点(4)名词动名词handwriting 书法 sunbathing 日光浴(5)动词副词gettogether 联欢会 breakthrough 突破(6)副词动词outbreak 爆发 output 输出(7)代词名词hegoat
13、公山羊 shewolf 母狼(8)其他构成grownup 成年人 passerby 路人soninlaw 女婿2合成形容词(1)形容词/数词名词edwarmhearted 热心的 absentminded 心不在焉的middleaged 中年的 onesided 片面的threelegged 三条腿的(2)名词/副词分词peaceloving 热爱和平的 Englishspeaking讲英语的snowcovered 被雪覆盖的 newlybuilt 新建的(3)名词形容词worldfamous 世界著名的 snowwhite 雪白的troublefree 无忧无虑的(4)形容词名词partti
14、me 兼职的 secondhand 二手的largescale 大规模的(5)形容词分词goodlooking 好看的 easygoing 随和的(6)数词名词形容词fiveyearold 五岁的 200meterlong 两百米的100wordlong 100词的3其他合成词(1)合成动词overcome 克服 oversleep 睡过头undergo 经历(2)合成副词afterwards 后来 anywhere 任何地方upstairs 楼上(3)合成介词outside 在外边 within 在之内onto 到之上三、转化法转化法是由一种词类转化为一种或几种词类的构词法。这种构词法词形没
15、有改变，转化后的单词在意义上通常与原单词有密切联系。转化规则例词名词动词face (n.脸v.面对) name (n.名字v.命名)water (n.水v.浇水) back (n.背v.支持)shoulder (n.肩v.肩负) 动词名词look (v./n.)看try (v./n.)尝试dream (v./n.)梦想 chat (v./n.)聊天形容词动词empty (adj.空的v.倒空)slow (adj.慢的v.减慢)dirty (adj.脏的v.弄脏)warm (adj.暖的v.使变暖)形容词副词hard (adj.难的adv.努力)high (adj.高的adv.高)deep (a
16、dj.深的adv.深)wide (adj.宽的adv.宽)注意：high, deep, wide表示具体，而highly, deeply, widely表示抽象。应用落实通方法.单句语法填空1It is natural (nature) that young people are often uncomfortable (comfort) when they are with their parents.2Todays experience taught me some valuable (value) lessons in my life.3Obviously (obvious), the
17、story is not true, but the festival is interesting.4The sightseeing options are endless (end), but most travelers begin on the harbor at the Sydney Opera House.5My first impression (impress) of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful (thought) young man.6The high school boys love playing basketbal
18、l, and it is a useful (use) way to release their study pressure (press)7When Bob was still young, his parents marriage (marry) ended in divorce.8A group of robbers entered the building using equipment (equip) to dig holes and destroy walls on Sunday night.9His eyes were shut and he seemed to have fa
19、llen asleep (sleep)10Ron had a successful (success) career and worked for Ford before retiring and leading a relaxed life.11He encouraged (courage) me to be a writer (write) in the future.12In the past few years, Lucy has formed the habit of keeping a supply of candles in case of a power failure (fa
20、il)13I love children very much because I always feel that they bring great happiness (happy) and excitement (excite) to my life.14What points can be raised in defence (defend) of this argument (argue)?15Only in this way can they grow up to be independent (depend) and become truly successful (success
21、)16Not knowing how to operate the computer is one of the disadvantages (advantage) in finding jobs.17News of the robberies frightened (fright) many people into fitting new locks to their doors.18I think watching TV every evening is a waste of time, because there are more meaningful (meaning) things
22、to do.19Anyone, whether he is an official or a bus driver (drive), should be equally (equal) respected.20Thankfully (thank), I managed to get through the game and the pain was worth it in the end.单句改错1In spite of repeated wrongs done to him, he looks friend to people greeting him.friendfriendly2I mu
23、st be getting fat I can hard do my trousers up.hardhardly3They dived deep into the forest and felt deep frightened.第二个deepdeeply4Personal, I dont like him at all, but its strange that he should be so popular among the kids.PersonalPersonally5I wasnt blaming anyone; I mere said errors like this could
24、 be avoided.meremerely6We apologized for any convenience caused by the delay.convenienceinconvenience7People with disabilities are now doing many things to rich their lives.richenrich8The fiveyearsold boy can sing the song very well.fiveyearsoldfiveyearold9Australia is an Englishspoken country.EnglishspokenEnglishspeaking10She looked anxious. It seems that she has been involved in proper business deals.properimproper