1、被动语态英语中有两种语态，一种是主动语态，一种是被动语态。如果主语是动作的执行者，或者动作是由主语完成的，要用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者，则用被动语态。观察例句1It was going to be tested out by Larrys wife，Claire.2All the work has been finished by now.3Now she was being looked after by a robot that looked so human，and it was disturbing.4You are invited to make a speech in ou
2、r school.5Larry persuaded her that the robot wouldnt harm her or allow her to be harmed.归纳用法1例句1中的黑体词部分为过去将来时的被动形式，其构成是was/were going to be done。2例句2中的黑体词部分为现在完成时的被动形式，其构成是has/have been done。3例句3中的黑体词部分为过去进行时的被动形式，其构成是was/were being done。4例句4中的黑体词部分为一般现在时的被动形式，其构成是is/are done。5例句5中的黑体词部分为动词不定式一般式的被动
3、形式，其构成是to be done。一、被动语态的基本构成和用法被动语态由“be过去分词”构成，被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要体现在be的变化上，其变化形式与系动词be的完全一样。下面以do为例列举各种时态的被动语态的形式。时态被动结构一般现在时am/is/aredone一般过去时was/weredone一般将来时shall/will/am/is/are going tobedone过去将来时should/would/was/were going tobedone现在进行时am/is/arebeingdone过去进行时was/werebeingdone现在完成时have/hasbeendo
4、ne过去完成时hadbeendone将来完成时shall/willhavebeendone过去将来完成时should/wouldhavebeendoneEveryone is expected to obey the following rules.希望大家遵守以下规定。Some volunteers will be sent to the remote village to help improve the education there.一些志愿者将被派往那个偏远的村庄来帮助提高那里的教育水平。English lessons are being broadcast on the radio
5、.收音机上正在播英语课程。The work will have been finished by the end of next month.到下个月底这项工作将会已经完成。即学即练1用所给动词的适当形式填空The tourists were accompanied (accompany) by a guide when they travelled in Beijing.He is envied (envy) by many men，because he has a big house，a car and a good family.The students have been workin
6、g hard on their lessons and their efforts will be rewarded (reward) with success in the end.二、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题1否定词not的位置在第一个助动词或情态动词之后。He was extremely disappointed to hear that he would not be given a doctors degree.听到不会获得博士学位，他沮丧到了极点。2“get过去分词”也表被动We got separated when we entered the big hall.我们进入大厅
7、时被挤散了。3“be过去分词”并非都是被动语态系动词 be，feel，seem，look等词后面的过去分词已转化为形容词，作表语用，构成系表结构，表示某种状态。Im interested in mathematics.我对数学感兴趣。He seems unsatisfied with his work.他似乎对自己的工作不满意。4某些情况用主动语态来表示被动含义有些动词如read，write，clean，wash，iron，burn，draw，cook，keep，cut，open，blow，peel，sell，act等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，常和副词well，easily，smo
8、othly等连用，且通常用主动结构表示被动含义。这些动词的主语一般是表物的词，且这些物往往具有某种内在的特点，这些句子的时态多用一般现在时或一般将来时。The door doesnt open easily.门不容易打开。Bikes of that kind sell well.那种自行车好卖。5动词短语动词短语在主动结构中是不可分割的，在被动结构中也是如此，不可去掉后面的介词或副词。The old man was often laughed at.那位老人经常受人嘲笑。(不可省掉介词at)即学即练2用所给动词的适当形式填空As we all know，this pen writes(writ
9、e) smoothly.I was taken(take) good care of by my uncle when I was young.三、动词不定式的被动形式动词不定式所修饰的名词或代词与其是被动关系时，动词不定式一般使用被动形式。不定式的被动式可分为一般式和完成式。构 成意 义一般式to be done表示发生在谓语动词之后或同时发生的被动动作完成式to have been done表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动动作1.动词不定式被动式的句法功能(1)作主语Sometimes to be understood is not an easy job.有时被人理解并不是一件容易的事。名师
10、点津动词不定式(短语)作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在后面。It is an honour to be invited to speak here.能被邀请在这儿讲话，真是一件荣幸的事。单个动词不定式(短语)作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。To be adopted by a key university is difficult for him.对他来说，被一所重点大学录取是困难的。(2)作表语The task is to be finished by next month.这项工作要到下个月才能完成。(3)作宾语The boy asked to be given an opp
11、ortunity to try again.那男孩要求给他再试一次的机会。(4)作宾语补足语He wanted the boy to be punished for telling lies.他想让那个男孩因说谎而受到惩罚。(5)作定语He is not a man to be defeated easily.他不是一个容易被打败的人。(6)作状语She is sent abroad to be trained.她被送到国外培训。即学即练3用所给动词的适当形式填空Its important for the figures to be updated(update) regularly.Weve
12、 had a good start，but next，more work needs doing/to be done (do) to achieve the final success.There are still many problems to be solved (solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.2不定式的主动形式表示被动意义(1)动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系时，不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。I have a lot of things to d
13、o this afternoon.今天下午我有许多事要做。(to do 与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系)对比：Ill go to the post office.Do you have a letter to be posted?我要去邮局。你有信要寄吗？(post与主语you之间不存在主谓关系，只和前面的letter构成动宾关系)(2)在某些“形容词不定式”作表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasa
14、nt，interesting等。This problem is difficult to work out.这个问题很难计算出来。(3)在too.to.结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.这本书太贵，我买不起。(4)be to blame常用主动表示被动。Who is to blame for starting the fire?谁应为放火受责备？即学即练4用所给动词的适当形式填空The chair is comfortable to sit (sit) on.The driver
15、is to blame (blame) for the accident happening just now.The old man found the computer was hard to operate (operate)We have four reading passages to complete (complete) in the coming holiday.四、动词ing的被动形式动词ing形式所表示的动作是一个被动动作时，要用动词ing的被动形式。包括其一般形式和完成形式。(一)动词ing被动形式的构成形式用法一般式being done被动的动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表
16、示的动作同时发生完成式having been done被动的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前The building being built will be our school library.正在建造的那座大楼将是我们学校的图书馆。Having been invited，Mr.Li went there to give a speech though he was busy.李先生受邀去那儿做演讲，尽管很忙，但他还是去了。即学即练5用所给动词的适当形式填空Having been warned (warn) about typhoon，the fishermen sailed for th
17、e nearest harbor.The question being discussed (discuss) now has something to do with nature.(二)动词ing被动形式的用法动词ing的被动式在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、补足语、状语。She doesnt remember having ever been given a chance to go abroad.(作宾语)她不记得曾被给过出国的机会。Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere.(作宾语补足语)你会发现到处都在讨论这个话题。Being
18、selected Chairman of the students union made him feel proud.(作主语)被选为学生会主席，他很自豪。Having been told many times，he still repeated the same mistakes.(作状语)被告知多次了，他仍然犯同样的错误。What made his parents happy was his being admitted to a famous university.(作表语)让他父母高兴的是他被一所名牌大学录取了。The museum being repaired will be re
19、opened to visitors next year.(作定语)正在维修的博物馆明年将开始接待访客。名师点津在动词ing被动式前加否定副词not便可构成其否定形式。Tony was veny unhappy for not having been invited to the party.(作宾语)托尼因未受邀请参加晚会甚为不满。Not being allowed to go out makes him very angry.(作主语)不被允许出去，他非常生气。名师点津being done，to be done 与done作定语的区别to be done作定语一般表示未来的动作；done表
20、示被动完成的动作；being done 表示被动的、正在进行的动作。The problem to be discussed(which will be discussed) at the meeting is very important.会上将要讨论的问题非常重要。The problem discussed (which was discussed) at the meeting is very important.会上讨论过的问题非常重要。The problem being discussed(which is being discussed) at the meeting is very
21、 important.会上正在讨论的问题非常重要。即学即练6用所给动词的适当形式填空I still remember being taken (take) to the Great Wall and what I saw there.Having been hit(hit)by the big boy on the nose，the little boy began to cry.I heard this song being sung(sing) in English then.五、几种特殊用法1在deserve，need，require，want等词之后，总是用动词ing的主动形式表达被动
22、意义，相当于“to be过去分词”。The blackboard needs cleaning.The blackboard needs to be cleaned.黑板需要擦干净。The broken window wants repairing.The broken window wants to be repaired.那个破窗户需要修理。2be worth后也常跟动词ing的主动形式表达被动意义。The book is worth reading again.The book is worthy of being read again.The book is worthy to be
23、read again.这本书值得再读一遍。3动词ing被动式的复合结构当动词ing被动式的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，要在动词ing形式之前加上物主代词或名词所有格(整个复合结构不作主语时，可用人称代词宾格代替物主代词，名词普通格代替名词所有格)I am very pleased at you/your having been honored with a medal.我很高兴你获得了一枚奖牌。The decision having been made，the next problem was how to make a good plan.决定已经做出，下一个问题就是如何制订一个好的计划了
24、。即学即练7用所给动词的适当形式填空The road is covered with some fallen trees and they require removing/to be removed (remove) immediately.The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft，the most recent one having been launched(launch) at the end of last year.If a thing is worthy of being done(do)，it is wo
25、rth doing(do) well.单句语法填空1Truly elegant chopsticks might be made (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters.2The billionaire is reported in the local newspaper to have been robbed (rob) last week.3The giant panda is loved (love) by people throughout the world.4We wont start the work until all
26、 the preparations have been made (make)5These small trees require taking/to be taken (take) good care of.6Despite the previous rounds of talks，no agreement has been reached (reach) so far by the two sides.7The airport to be completed (complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area.8As we
27、 approached the village，we saw new houses being built (build)9I appreciated having been given (give) the chance to study abroad two years ago.10He narrowly escaped being run (run) over.完成句子1Im pleased to have been given this opportunity给我这次机会我很高兴。2They are living with their parents for the moment be
28、cause their own house is being rebuilt他们现在和父母住在一起，因为他们自己的房子正在被重建。3He was the last one to be asked to speak at the meeting.他是最后一个在会上被邀请发言的人。4Imagine your brother(s) being left on an island alone.(leave)想象一下你弟弟被独自留在一个岛上。5Having been told many times，the naughty boy made the same mistake again.(tell)被告诉
29、好几遍了，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同样的错误。.语法填空ADear Mr.Johnson，How are things going with you?Im writing 1.to ask(ask) for your help.One of my greatest ambitions is 2.to be admitted(admit) into Peking University.3.To achieve(achieve) this，I work very hard.But 4.as you know，Im weak in English reading comprehension.Althou
30、gh I have tried every means 5.to improve(improve) it，like expanding my vocabulary and doing a large number of exercises，so far all my efforts 6.have ended(end) up in failure，7.which really makes me discouraged.Now with the important exam 8.drawing(draw) near，I feel more and more stressed and worried
31、.Ill appreciate 9.it very much if you can give me some advice on how to improve my reading ability effectively and Im looking forward to the suggestions 10.to be offered(offer) by you.Best wishes.Yours，Li HuaB1Being educated(educate) in a famous university is my wild dream and I have been looking fo
32、rward to 2.being admitted (admit) to Tsinghua University.In the meantime，I appreciate 3.being given(give) a chance to go abroad for further education.4.To achieve(achieve) this target，I must study even 5.harder(hard)In the last examination，with all the efforts 6.made(make)，I got the first place，7.which made my teachers and parents very happy.Another important examination is 8.around the corner and 9.being expected(expect) too much also gives me much pressure.However，I will do 10.what/all I can to live up to their expectations.