1、Section Grammar复习非谓语动词1(教材P16)It is believed to be (be) the best example of a new lifelike style of painting that amazed people when it was first used.2(教材P16)Painted (paint) by Leonardo da Vinci in the years 15031506, the Mona Lisa is a mysterious masterpiece.3(教材P16)This meant that people had mone
2、y to spend (spend) on the arts; and it became easier for artists to find (find) people who could afford to buy (buy) their works or employ them.4(教材P16)Painters discovered how to use (use) perspective and the effects of light.5(教材P16)Architects preferred designing (design) buildings with more light
3、which contrasted with the heaviness of the Gothic cathedrals of the Middle Ages.6(教材P17)After centuries of accepting a medieval world view in which human life was considered of little value compared (compare) with the greatness of God, philosophers began asking (ask) questions like “What is a person
4、？” or “Why am I here？”非谓语动词是指在句中不能充当谓语， 而是起其他语法功能的动词。非谓语动词有三种：动词不定式、动名词、分词 (现在分词和过去分词)。非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化， 但是有语态和时态的变化。非谓语动词的形式及意义时态形式主动式被动式意义不定式一般式to doto be done不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生进行式to be doing/不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生完成式to have doneto havebeen done不定式的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前动词ing形式一般式doingbeing done其表示的
5、动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或基本上同时发生完成式having donehaving been done其表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生动词ed形式一般式/done与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表完成 (2017江苏卷)Many Chinese brands, having developed their reputations over centuries, are facing new challenges from the modern market.很多中国品牌历经几个世纪树立了声誉，它们正面临着当代市场带来的新挑战。 (北京卷)There are still many p
6、roblems to be solved before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.在我们准备在月球上长住之前，还有很多问题仍需要解决。非谓语动词作状语1不定式作状语(1)作目的状语，可用so as to/in order to替换，但 so as to一般不可置于句首，意为“为了；想要”。 (2018北京卷) During the MidAutumn Festival, family members often gather together to share a meal, admire the moon and enjoy moon
7、cakes.在中秋节期间，家人们通常会聚在一起吃饭，赏月，品尝月饼。Her mother plans to fly to Beijing at least four times a year in order to/so as to/to visit her.她母亲计划每年至少四次飞到北京去看她。(2)作结果状语。常用于下列结构中：only to do (表示意想不到的结果)；enough to do (足够做)；too. to do.(太而不能)；so/such. as to.(如此以至于)等。 (四川卷)Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to fin
8、d his plane high up in the sky.汤姆乘出租车去了机场，结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。(3)作原因状语，常用在“主语系动词形容词to do”结构中。这类形容词有easy, difficult, hard, cheap, expensive, fit, comfortable, heavy, good, important, impossible, dangerous, surprised, astonished, delighted, disappointed 等。She is very good to feed her children so well wit
9、h so little money.她用如此少的钱把孩子养得那么好，她很优秀。2分词作状语分词作状语时，可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、伴随状况等。为了强调，还可与while, when, once, if, unless等连用。注意：非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语通常要与句子的主语保持一致。现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。 (2018江苏卷) Around 13，500 new jobs were created during the period, exceeding t
10、he expected number of 12，000 held by market analysts.在这期间，大约创造13 500个新的工作，超过市场分析师持有的12 000的预期数量。 (2018北京卷) Ordinary soap, used correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively.如果正确使用的话，普通肥皂可以有效地消灭细菌。某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，且常用于一些系表结构中，此时这些过去分词只表示一种状态，作状语时不表示被动关系，其前不用being。常见的有located (坐落于), lost (迷路的), seated
11、(坐着的), hidden (躲着的), lost/absorbed/buried in (沉溺于), dressed in (穿着), tired of (厌烦的), faced with (面对着)等。 (天津卷)Absorbed in painting, John didnt notice evening approaching.由于专心绘画，约翰没有注意到夜幕正在降临。3独立成分作状语有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常考的有：独立成分意义generally speaking/to be general一般来说honestly/roughly/st
12、rictly speaking老实说/大体说/严格说frankly speaking/to be frank坦白说judging from/by根据来判断taking.into consideration/account考虑到considering/seeing/given.考虑到to tell the truth/to be honest说实话compared with/by与相比to make things worse更糟糕的是 (浙江卷) To be honest, the pay isnt attractive enough, though the job itself is quit
13、e interesting.说实话，这个报酬不是很吸引人，虽然工作本身很有趣。表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构：with名词/代词宾语补足语 (现在分词/过去分词/不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语)。With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newlyelected president is having a hard time. 有许多的难题要解决，这位新选的总统正过着一段艰难的日子。 (安徽卷)John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work fini
14、shed, he gladly accepted it.约翰收到了一张宴会的请柬，由于作业做完了，他很乐地接受了。 (北京卷)I couldnt do my homework with all that noise going on.在这么多噪音的环境下，我没法做作业。非谓语动词作定语1不定式作定语(1)不定式作定语通常放在所修饰词之后，表示将来的动作。 (安徽卷)The play to be produced next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.下个月将上演的这部戏剧主要目的是反映当地文化。不定式与其所修饰的词之间往往是动宾
15、关系，若该不定式是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。Suddenly a good idea occurred to her, but she couldnt find any paper to write on.突然她想到了一个好主意，但是她找不到写下它的纸。(2)序数词，形容词最高级，the last, the only 等后或被这些词修饰的名词/代词后，常用不定式作定语。He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。(3)被修饰词是抽象名词时，常
16、用不定式作定语。常见名词有ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way 等。 (辽宁卷)And the best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit.增强意志力最好的方法就是让意志力成为一种习惯。 (湖南卷)The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.表达观点的能力与观点本身同样重要。不定式作定语时，当句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时，不定式
17、使用主动式；当句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语且不定式与所修饰的名词或代词之间是被动关系时，不定式使用被动式。Have you got anything to buy?你有什么东西要买吗？ (you是buy的执行者)I want to go to Beijing. Do you have anything to be bought?我要去北京。你有什么东西要买吗？ (you不是buy的执行者)2分词作定语(1)及物动词的分词形式作定语的形式：现在分词、“being过去分词”、过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用现在分词；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示正在进行时，用“bei
18、ng过去分词”；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表完成时，用过去分词。 (福建卷)Tsinghua University, founded in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.清华大学建立于1911年，是许多杰出人物的摇篮。 (北京卷)Last night, there were millions of people watching the opening ceremony live on TV.昨天晚上，有几百万人观看了开幕式的电视直播。(2)不及物动词的分词形式作定语的形式：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表
19、示动作正在进行；过去分词只表示动作已完成，不表被动。falling leaves正在落下的叶子 (表正在进行)fallen leaves落叶 (表完成)非谓语动词作宾语1只接不定式作宾语的动词决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish；refuse, manage, care, pretend主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮offer, promise, choose, plan；agree, ask/beg, help (江苏卷)The police officers decided to conduct a t
20、horough and comprehensive review of the case.警官们决定对这起案件进行一次周密而全面的审查。动词 (短语)learn, decide, know, wonder, show, tell, understand, explain, teach, advise, find out等常接“疑问词动词不定式”作宾语。2只接动名词作宾语的动词及短语考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon；admit, delay/put off, fancy避免错过继续练，否
21、认完成就欣赏avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice；deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准避免forbid/avoid, imagine, risk；cant help (禁不住), mind, allow/permit, escapeThere is no doubt that the event will attract more visitors to enjoy visiting this wonderful city. 毫无疑问，这次活动将吸引更多的游客来参观这个美丽的城市。 (陕西卷)Its quite
22、 hot today. Do you feel like going for a swim? 今天很热。你想去游泳吗？allow, permit, forbid, advise后需加动名词作宾语，但如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，则用不定式作宾补。即allow/permit/forbid/advise doing/sb. to do sth.。3接不定式与动名词作宾语意义不同的动词(1)try to do.尽力做；try doing.试着去做； (2)mean to do.打算做；mean doing.意味着做； (3)regret to do.遗憾要去做；regret doing.后悔做过； (
23、4)remember to do.记得去做；remember doing.记得做过； (5)forget to do.忘记去做；forget doing.忘记做了 (陕西卷)I still remember being taken to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.我仍记得别人带我去过法门寺，并记得在那里我所看到的一切。I remembered to lock the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights.我离开办公室之前记得锁门却忘记关灯了。动词want
24、, need, require作“需要”讲时，其后要用v.ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动语态作宾语。与此用法相同的动词还有deserve (值得)。比较：The window needs cleaning/to be cleaned(clean与the window之间存在动宾关系)He needs to leave at once(leave与he之间不存在动宾关系)4动词作介词的宾语时，要用动名词形式，不能用动词不定式常见的含有介词的动词短语：be/get used to (习惯于)，feel like (想要)，insist on (坚持)，get down to (开始认真做某事)
25、，devote.to.(致力于)，object to (反对)，stick to (坚持)，give up (放弃)等。此外，have difficulty/trouble in doing sth.；have fun in doing sth.等句型中的介词后也用动名词作宾语。It is not so difficult when I get down to doing it.当我着手做时，发现它并不是那么困难。(1)介词but，except后，习惯上要用不定式。并且，当其前有实义动词do及相关形式时，则不定式要省略to；若其前没有动词do，则不定式通常带to。We had no choic
26、e but to wait.我们除了等待之外别无选择。I could do nothing except agree.我除了同意，什么都做不了。(2)but后总跟省略不定式符合to的短语：do nothing but.只能； cannot help but. 禁不住；cannot but.不得不；cannot choose but.只得非谓语动词作宾补1不定式作宾补不定式作宾补时，宾语和不定式之间在逻辑上是主谓关系，不定式表将来、主动。常用不定式作宾补的动词 (短语)：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, forc
27、e, intend, invite, order, persuade, prefer, require, remind, tell, want, warn, wish, call on, depend on等。 (山东卷)If we expect people to give up the habit of driving, we must give them an alternative they can rely on.如果我们期望人们放弃开车的习惯，我们必须给他们可以依赖的选择。 (江西卷)Having finished her project, she was invited by t
28、he school to speak to the new students.完成项目之后，她被学校邀请去给新生讲话。(1)在sb. be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thoughtto do/to have done结构中，不定式用作主语补足语。 (江西卷)He is thought to have acted foolishly. Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job.大家都认为他表现得很愚蠢。现在要为他的失业负责的不是别人，而是他自己。(2) 有些动词hope
29、, welcome, agree, suggest, demand等后不能用不定式作补语。2分词作宾补(1)现在分词作宾补时，动词与宾语之间存在主谓关系，且强调正在进行的主动动作。可接现在分词作宾补的常见动词：感官动词 (see, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen, feel), 使役动词 (have, get), find, leave, keep, catch等。 (湖南卷)Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help?听！你听到有人正在呼喊救命吗？(2)过去分词作宾补时，动词与宾语之间存在动宾关系。可接过
30、去分词作宾补的常见动词：感官动词 (see, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen, feel), 使役动词 (have, make, let, get), find, leave, keep等。 (福建卷)Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English improved in a short period.珍妮希望史密斯先生会建议一个好的方法以使她的英语写作在短期内得到提升。使役动词have, get后接非谓语动词作补语的异同点：have sth.
31、 doneget sth. done让别人做某事；have sb./sth. doing sth. 让一直做某事；get sth./sb. doing sth. 使开始做某事；have sb. do sth.get sb. to do sth.让某人做某事。 (四川卷)Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car washed.在开车进城之前，你需要找人洗洗车。非谓语动词作主语和表语1不定式作主语和表语(1)不定式作主语时，一般表示具体某一次的动作。若不定式太长，常用it作形式主语而将不定式后置。 (浙江卷)No
32、matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when its better to remain silent.不论你多么能说会道，有些时候保持沉默会更好。(2)不定式作表语时：表示预定要发生的动作；当主语是aim, purpose, idea, plan, wish, decision, choice等词时，常用不定式作表语；主语为what引导的名词性从句时，表语多用不定式。His wish is to be a doctor in the future.他的愿望是将来当一名医生。What I want to do most in s
33、enior high is (to) improve my English.我在高中最想做的事就是提高我的英语水平。(不定式作表语时，如果前面有实义动词do的形式，作表语的不定式常省略to。)2动名词作主语和表语(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象的或习惯性的动作。也可用it作形式主语，动名词作真正的主语放在句末。动名词作表语时相当于名词，用于解释主语的内容，表语和主语常常可以互换位置。 (2018北京卷)Traveling along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.沿着丝绸之路旅行是一次既有趣又有益的经历。
34、(2)常用于动名词作主语的句型：Its a waste of time doing.Its no use/good doing.It is useless doing.Its no use complaining without taking action.不采取行动而只是抱怨是没用的。不定式和动名词作主语时，谓语动词都用单数。 单句语法填空1(2018天津卷) I didnt mean to eat (eat) anything but the ice cream looked so good that I couldnt help trying_ (try) it.2(2017北京卷)Ma
35、ny airlines now allow passengers to print (print) their boarding passes online to save (save) their valuable time.3(2017天津卷)The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, allowing (allow) more patients to be treated.4(2017北京卷)Jim has retired, but he still remembers the happy time spent (s
36、pend) with his students.5(2017天津卷)I was watching the clock all through the meeting, as I had a train to catch (catch)6(山东卷)Theres a note pinned to the door saying (say) when the shop will open again.7Some people try to knock me down, only to make (make) me more determined to do better.8To his surpri
37、se, Jack found his father dressed (dress) on as Santa Claus on Christmas Eve.9My wish is to join (join) the army after graduation, which is also my fathers dream.10Of course, enjoying (enjoy) a nice meal with friends, whatever we eat, can also impact our spirits. 单句改错1(2017北京卷)The national park has
38、a large collection of wildlife, ranged from butterflies to elephants.rangedranging2From then on, I devoted more time to play the piano because I firmly believe that practice makes perfect.playplaying3Watch the flag rising in the brilliant sun, we were quite excited and proud of our mother land.Watch
39、Watching4Seeing them are working so hard on such a cold morning, I was moved and made up my mind to do something for them.去掉are5(2019山西太原高二月考)Since the director wants us settle the matter as soon as possible, we now have to work it out.在settle前加to 语法与写作1我认为学好英语很有必要。I think it necessary to learn Engl
40、ish well2完成了所有的作业之后，我们去看了电影。Having finished all the homework，we went to the cinema.3在出去玩之前，我必须把家庭作业做完。I must have my homework done before going out to play.4为了通过考试，他甚至深夜还在努力学习。To/In order to pass the exam, he worked hard even at deep night.5车辆噪音很大，我无法让人听到我的声音。I couldnt make myself heard above the noise of the traffic.
