1、1Only to obey nature in order to overcome nature. Charles Darwin要征服自然就只能遵从自然。查尔斯达尔文2Nature is kind of a loving mother，but also a butcher in cold blood.Victor Hugo自然不仅是位慈爱的母亲，还是个冷血的屠夫。维克多雨果3It is usually their own surroundings as a form of free merchandise，I do not know any way to cherish and spoil.
2、Gan Harman我们常把环境看作免费商品而不知珍惜。甘哈曼4The land to all the people are the essence of the material，and finally，it has been there from the people of the rebate is rubbish these substances.Walt Whitman土地对人类来说是根本，然而人类给予自然的是垃圾。沃尔特惠特曼 5For years weve been conquering nature.Now were beating it to death.Tom McMill
3、an我们花了多年时间来征服自然，而如今又开始把它往死里推。汤姆麦克米兰Harmony with the environment is that we live in on Earth，who is a natural son，and not only to natural persons as the conqueror，as we all know，there is only one earth and the mountains on Earth，the animals.Plant human cells，if it damaged，destroyed nature organizatio
4、ns，to the eradication of mankind.Therefore，the environment must be linked with social ethics，character education and practice acts as an important element of it.Everyone must fulfil its responsibilities and obligations to protect the environment.The first Earth Day was in 1970.People were beginning
5、to worry about what we were doing to our environment.So they set up Earth Day to tell everyone about their worries.In 2007 organizers over 150 countries planned over 4，000 big events.But Earth Day is not just about marches(游行) and big events.In the week around Earth Day (22 April) there were many th
6、ousands of smaller，local events.These events dealt with environmental problems in the neighborhood.The World Wide Fund for Nature made a list of 5 things that each person could do to save the environment.*Dont leave the tap running.*Turn off lights when you leave a room.*Turn off your computer every
7、 night.*Wash your clothes，and yourself，in warm or cold water，not hot water.*Dishwashers use as little water as possible.If we all do at least 2 of these all the time，we can make a big difference.探究发现1What is the purpose of people to set up Earth Day?To tell everyone about their worries.2What should
8、people do when the water keeps running from a tap?People should stop it from running/Stop it from running.3Besides the five，what else can you do to save our environment?We shouldnt throw rubbish everywhere.Section TOPIC TALK & LESSON 1.匹配词义A单词匹配()1.conservationAadj.塑料制的()2.plasticBn.one thing on a l
9、ist of things to buy，do，talk about，etc.()3.item Cn.protection ()4.unrecyclableDadv.非法地，违法地()5.illegally Eadj.有教育意义的；知识性强的()6.informative Fadj.不可回收的()7.extinct Gn.物种，种()8.species Hadj.no longer in existence()9.endangered Iadj.太阳光(能)的()10.solar Jadj.濒危的答案15CABFD610EHGJIB短语匹配()1.have a role A彻底毁灭()2.do
10、 ones partB起某种作用()3.wipe out C尽自己的职责()4.be to blameD消失；绝迹，灭绝()5.be at risk E把归咎于()6.die out F处境危险，受到威胁答案16BCAEFD.默写单词1threat n威胁；(灾难等坏事)发生的可能2hunt vi.& vt. 猎取，猎杀3incredibly adv. 非常地，极端地4unusual adj. 异常的；不平常的5mass adj. 大量的6varied adj. 各种各样的，形形色色的7decrease vi.& vt. 减少n. 减少；减少的量8blame vt. 责怪，指责9hatch v
11、i.& vt. (使)孵化10restore vt. (使)恢复.语境填词hunted；mass；affected；informative；destroyed；restore；species；switch；decreased；solar1No one was injured in the explosion，but the building was completely destroyed2Every time I switch on the TV，theres football.Its overkill.3Whales are still being hunted and killed in
12、 the Arctic.4Many species have been shot to the verge of extinction.5The government ordered the police out to restore order and peace in the streets.6China is the worlds top investor in wind and solar power.7The south of the country was worst affected by the drought.8The number of new students decre
13、ased from 210 to 160 this year.9The UK，uniquely，has not had to face the problem of mass unemployment.10I truly hope you found this writing enjoyable and informative.语法填空之派生词1She is interested in conservation(conserve)2Can we stop using the unrecyclable(recycle) style of lunch boxes?3Up to two thirds
14、 of 1416 year olds admit to buying drink illegally(legal)4Its a good restaurant，and incredibly(incredible) cheap.5The book is extremely informative(information) about life in Roman times.6He had had a varied(vary) training and held many offices.7It was an unusual(usual) day for summer，damp and chill
15、y.814 percent of primate species are highly endangered(endanger)9He said army officers had threatened(threat) to destroy the town.10An operation is beginning to try to save a species of crocodile from extinction(extinct)1Extinctions, where entire species are wiped out, are not unusual in our Earths
16、history.物种灭绝，即某个物种的完全消失，在地球的历史上并不罕见。2Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally，the rate at which this is now happening is cause for concern.虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见，但现在灭绝的速度让人担忧。3It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth, including animals and plants.很
17、明显，人类活动已经对地球上所有其他物种产生了负面影响，包括动物和植物。4Without forests, we would have no air to breathe，and without clean water we would be unable to survive.没有森林，我们就没有可以呼吸的空气，没有干净的水，我们就无法生存。5To help them survive, people are restoring their habitats and removing small animals that hunt them，such as mice and cats from
18、the islands where they live.为了帮助它们生存，人们正在恢复它们的栖息地，并将捕食它们的小动物，如老鼠和猫，从它们生活的岛屿上赶走。词语助读entire species整个物种wipe out彻底毁灭unusual adj.异常的；不平常的in fact事实上the third mass extinction第三次生物大灭绝known as以而著称varied adj.各种各样的，形形色色的according to根据volcanic eruptions火山爆发asteroid n小行星the decrease of the oxygen content含氧量下降gl
19、obal warming全球变暖be to blame把归咎于die out 消失；绝迹，灭绝cause for concern令人担心的原因due to natural causes由于自然原因that is即human activity人类活动a long list of reasons很多原因factory farming工业化种植overfishing n过度捕捞negatively affect allother species对所有其他物种都有负面影响study the issue研究这个问题up to three quarters of多达四分之三的depend on依赖be a
20、t risk of处于的危险或威胁中the balance in nature自然平衡have no air to breathe没有可以呼吸的空气be unable to survive无法生存take action采取行动take steps to do.采取措施做某事save endangeredspecies拯救濒危物种set up special areas建立特别保护区natural sources of energy天然能源solar energy太阳能in short简而言之stop destroying the planet停止破坏星球only five black robi
21、ns left只剩下5只黑知更鸟off the coast of New Zealand离新西兰海岸不远lay eggs下蛋wildlife workers野生动物工作者begin a programme for开始的计划hatch vi.& vt.(使)孵化take care of the chicks照顾小鸟thanks to their efforts由于他们的努力restore their habitats恢复它们的栖息地原文呈现THE SIXTH EXTINCTIONExtinctions，where entire species are wiped out(1)，are not u
22、nusual in our Earths history.In fact，over 90 percent of all species that ever lived(2) are now extinct.In the last 500 million years，there have been five times when life on Earth has almost ended(3)These include the third mass extinction，known as the “Great Dying”，which killed 90% to 96% of all spec
23、ies(4)And the fifth event，which occurred 66 million years ago(5)，caused the death of the dinosaurs.The reasons for extinctions are varied.According to scientists，they include volcanic eruptions，asteroids hitting the Earth from space，changes in sea levels，the decrease of the oxygen contentof the sea
24、and global warming.Many scientists say we are now entering the Earths sixth mass extinction(6)This time，human activity will be to blame.(1)where引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Extinctions。(2)that引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词species。(3)when引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词five times。(4)which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the third mass extinction。(5) which引导非限制性
25、定语从句，修饰先行词the fifth event。(6)该句为省略that的宾语从句。Although it is not unusual for species to die outnaturally，the rate at which this is now happening is cause for concern.(7)A 2015 study by scientists who were based at Brown University and Duke University in the US，looked at how quickly species die out due
26、 to natural causes，that is，the “background extinction rate”(8) They found that human activityis causing species to die out 1，000 times faster than normal(9)There is a long list of reasonswhy so many species are dying out(10)：air and water pollution，forests being destroyed，factory farmingand overfish
27、ing.It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other specieson Earth，including animals and plants.(11)(7) 句中although引导让步状语从句，at which.happening为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词rate。(8)句中who.the US为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词scientists，how.natural causes为宾语从句。(9)that引导宾语从句。(10)why引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词reasons。(11)it为形式主语，真
28、正的主语为后面的that从句。If a sixth mass extinction occurs，scientists who have studied the issuebelieve that up to three quarters ofall species on Earth could die out.(12) Of course，as we humans depend onso many species for our survival(13)，we would also be at risk ofdying out.Our world and our lives depend o
29、n the balance in naturebetween animals and plants.Without forests，we would have no air to breathe ，and without clean water we would be unable to survive.(12)句中if引导条件状语从句，who.the issue为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词scientists，that.die out为宾语从句。(13)as引导原因状语从句。Can a sixth extinction be avoided？Experts say that it is no
30、t yet too late，if we take actionnow.(14) This would mean we have to significantly change the way we live(15)For example，we need to take steps tosave endangered species，including setting up special areaswhere plants and animals can be protected(16)We need to change how we work and travel by using cle
31、aner，more natural sources of energy，such as wind and solar energy(17)We also need to improve our farming methods to reduce water，air and land pollution.In short，if we want to survive，we need to stop destroying the planetthat we live on and start to protect it.(18)(14)句中that引导宾语从句，if we take action n
32、ow为条件状语从句。(15)省略that的宾语从句，其中we live为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the way。(16)where引导定语从句，修饰先行词special areas。(17)how引导宾语从句。(18)句中if引导条件状语从句，that we live on为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词planet。The Black RobinBlack robins are the birds that humans saved from extinction(19)In 1980，there were only five black robins leftin the world.The
33、y all lived on a small island off the coast of New Zealand.Only one of those birds，a female called Old Blue，was able to lay eggs.Wildlife workersbegan a programme forraising black robin chicks.They protected Old Blues eggs，helped them to hatch，and took care of the chicks.Thanks to their efforts，ther
34、e are now more than 250 black robins，and the population is spreading.To help them survive，people are restoring their habitatsand removing small animals that hunt them，such as mice and cats from the islands where they live.(20)(19)that引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the birds。(20)句中that hunt them为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词small a
35、nimals；where they live也是限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the islands。译文参考第六次生物大灭绝物种灭绝，即某个物种的完全消失，在地球的历史上并不罕见。事实上，超过90%的物种已经灭绝。在过去的5亿年里，地球上的生命有5次几乎灭绝。其中包括第三次生物大灭绝，即所谓的“大灭绝”，导致90%到96%的物种灭绝。发生在6 600万年前的第五次灭绝事件导致了恐龙的灭亡。灭绝的原因多种多样。科学家们认为，造成物种灭绝的原因包括火山喷发、小行星从太空撞击地球、海平面高度改变、海水中含氧量下降和全球变暖等。许多科学家说，我们现在正在进入地球的第六次大灭绝。这一次，人类活动将是罪魁祸
36、首。虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见，但现在灭绝的速度让人担忧。美国布朗大学和杜克大学的科学家们于2015年进行了一项研究，考察了自然原因导致物种灭绝的速度，即“背景灭绝率”。他们发现，人类活动导致物种灭绝的速度是正常情况下的1 000倍。有很多为什么如此多的物种灭绝的原因：空气和水污染，森林被破坏，工业化种植和过度捕捞。很明显，人类活动已经对地球上所有其他物种产生了负面影响，包括动物和植物。如果第六次大灭绝发生，研究这个问题的科学家们认为，地球上多达四分之三的物种可能会灭绝。当然，由于我们人类依靠如此多的物种生存，我们也将面临灭绝的风险。我们的世界和我们的生活依赖于动物和植物之间的平衡。没有森林，
37、我们就没有可以呼吸的空气，没有干净的水，我们就无法生存。第六次物种灭绝可以避免吗？专家们说，如果我们现在就采取行动，还为时不晚。这意味着我们必须显著地改变我们的生活方式。例如，我们需要采取措施拯救濒危物种，包括建立特别保护区，在这里动植物可以得到保护。我们需要通过使用更清洁、更自然的能源来改变工作和旅行的方式，如风能和太阳能。我们还需要改进我们的耕作方法，以减少对水、空气和土地的污染。简而言之，如果我们想要生存，我们需要停止破坏我们赖以生存的星球，并开始保护它。黑知更鸟黑知更鸟是人类从灭绝中拯救出来的鸟类。1980年，世界上只剩下5只黑知更鸟。它们都生活在离新西兰海岸不远的一个小岛上。其中只有
38、一只名叫“老布鲁”的雌鸟能下蛋。野生动物工作者开始了饲养黑知更鸟的计划。他们保护老布鲁的蛋，帮助它们孵化并照顾小鸟。由于他们的努力，现在有了250多只黑知更鸟，而且数量还在增加。为了帮助它们生存，人们正在恢复它们的栖息地，并将捕食它们的小动物，如老鼠和猫，从它们生活的岛屿上赶走。速读课文，完成下列任务.阅读判断判断以下句子提供的信息是正确，还是错误，还是没有提及：1Over 90% of all species that ever lived on the earth are now extinct.ARight.BWrong.CNot mentioned.2There were about
39、six extinctions in the past.ARight.BWrong. CNot mentioned.3It is because of human activities that species are dying out faster than before.ARight.BWrong. CNot mentioned.4Experts say that it is too late to prevent the sixth extinction.ARight.BWrong. CNot mentioned.5Black robins are likely to disappea
40、r on the earth in the next century.ARight.BWrong. CNot mentioned.答案15ABABC.补全信息选择正确选项填入空白处，补全所给句子提供的信息：Awhich occurred 66 million years agoBwhen life on Earth has almost endedCwhere entire species are wiped outDwhere plants and animals can be protectedEat which this is now happeningFwho have studied
41、 the issue1Extinctions， ，are not unusual in our Earths history.2In the last 500 million years，there have been five times 3And the fifth event， ，caused the death of the dinosaurs.4Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally，the rate is cause for concern.5If a sixth mass extinction occ
42、urs，scientists believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out.6For example，we need to take steps to save endangered species，including setting up special areas 答案16CBAEFD.表格填空The meaning of extinctionEntire species are 1.wiped out.Extinctions and their consequencesThere have
43、been 2.five times when life on Earth has almost ended.The third mass extinction killed 90% to 96% of all species.The fifth mass extinction caused the death of the 3.dinosaursIf a sixth mass extinction occurs，up to three quarters of all species on Earth could 4.die out.Main reasons for extinctionsVol
44、canic eruptions.Asteroids hitting the Earth from space.Changes in 5.sea levelsThe 6.decrease of the oxygen content of the sea.Global warming.Human 7.activity.Steps to avoid the sixth mass extinctionSave 8.endangered species.Change how we work and travel.Improve our 9.farming methodsStop 10.destroyin
45、g the planet that we live on and start to protect it.细读课文，完成下列任务.主旨匹配段落主旨大意1.Para.1A.The effect of human activity on species.2.Para.2B.The consequences of the sixth extinction.3.Para.3C.How to avoid a sixth extinction.4.Para.4D.The mass extinctions in the history.答案14DABC.课文理解1When did dinosaurs die
46、 out according to the passage?AMore than 500 million years ago.BMore than 66 million years ago.CIn the third mass extinction.DIn the fourth mass extinction.2Which of the following is one of unnatural reasons for extinctions?AVolcanic eruptions.BAsteroids hitting the Earth.CChanges in sea levels.DAir
47、 and water pollution.3What has made the species on Earth die out at a higher rate?ANatural causes.BGlobal warming.CHuman activity.DNo clean water.4Why do we need to change the way we live now?ATo avoid a sixth extinction.BTo live with others in peace.CTo save natural sources of energy.DTo work bette
48、r and travel faster.答案14BDCA.概要写作微技能概要写作微技能找出文中各个段落的主题句并进行高度概括1Para.1：In the last 500 million years，there have been five times when life on Earth has almost ended. 高度概括为：There have been five mass extinctions in the history.2Para.2：They found that human activity is causing species to die out 1，000 ti
49、mes faster than normal.高度概括为：It is human activity that is causing species to die out much faster.3Para.3：Of course，as we humans depend on so many species for our survival，we would also be at risk of dying out. 高度概括为：Man is also at risk of dying out.4Para.4：Can a sixth extinction be avoided？Experts s
50、ay that it is not yet too late，if we take action now. 高度概括为：The sixth extinction can be avoided if we take action now.1conserve v保存；保护；储藏conservation n保护conservative adj.保守的；守旧的2recycle vi.& vt.再利用，回收利用recyclable adj.可回收的unrecyclable adj.不可回收的3threat n威胁；(灾难等坏事)发生的可能threaten v威胁；恐吓；危及threatened adj.
51、受到威胁的4inform vt.通知；告知information n信息informative adj.有教育意义的；知识性强的5legal adj.合法的legally adv.合法地illegally adv.非法地，违法地6extinct adj.灭绝的，绝种的extinction n灭绝；绝种；消亡7incredible adj.极好的；难以置信的incredibly adv.非常地，极端地8urge v督促；敦促；力劝urgent adj.紧急的，急迫的urgency n紧迫；急迫9usual adj.经常的，通常的；寻常的，惯常的unusual adj.异常的；不平常的10vary
52、 v变化varied adj.各种各样的，形形色色的variety n变化；品种；种类11endanger vt.危及，使遭受危险endangered adj.濒危的1decrease vi.& vt.减少 n减少；减少的量The population began to decrease.vi.减少They decreased the size of the group from 25 to 15.vt.减少The decrease in sales was almost 20 percent.n.减少；减少的量2affect v影响；侵袭；使感染；(感情上)深深打动Your opinion
53、will not affect my decision.影响They were deeply affected by the news of her death.深深打动Arthritis is a crippling disease which affects people all over the world.使感染Words and Phrasesswitch vi.& vt.转换，改变(教材P108109)We definitely need to switch to different forms of power as soon as possible.我们当然需要尽快转到不同形式
54、的能量。例The remote control allows you to switch easily between TV channels.遥控器让你在不同电视频道之间轻松地转换。知识拓展switch off 切断(电源、气体等)switch on 打开(开关)；接通(电源等)switch (from.) to. (从)转变成，(从)转换到switch sth.with sb. 和某人交换某物switch over 转换；换台，换频道即学即练单句语法填空Switch off the TV before you go out.She switched on the lamp because
55、it was dark.We asked them if they would switch places with us.小片段填空Lucy returned home from work early.After changing clothes，she switched off the light and came downstairs.Then she switched on the TV and switched over with boredom.露西早早下班回到家。换完衣服后，她关掉灯来到楼下。然后打开电视机，无聊地换着频道。urgent adj.紧急的，急迫的(教材P109) T
56、hats an incredibly urgent matter.这是一件非常紧急的事例He asked to see the manager for something urgent.他有急事求见经理。知识拓展(1)urge v催促；力劝；强烈要求urge sb.to do sth. 敦促某人做某事urge that sb.(should) do. 敦促某人做某事urge sth.on sb. 向某人提出/力陈某事(2)urgency n. 紧急的事即学即练单句语法填空The report urged that all children (should) be taught(teach) t
57、o swim.He denounces people who urge him to change(change) his ways.I need not press on you the urgency(urgent) of the matter.小片段填空Mr Zhang urged that his daughter (should) study abroad(极力主张女儿出国留学)Whenever he talked to her on the phone，he would urge her to make preparations(督促她做准备)To his great joy，hi
58、s daughter went to study in Britain at last.die out 消失；绝迹，灭绝(教材P52) How many times up to today has life on Earth almost died out?到今天为止，有多少次地球上的生命几乎灭绝？例As a result these endangered animals may even die out.结果，这些濒危动物甚至会灭绝。知识拓展die away 逐渐减弱，逐渐模糊，逐渐消失die down 逐渐降低，逐渐平息die off 相继死去die of 死于(内因)die from 死
59、于(外因)即学即练单句语法填空As the region is becoming hotter，this kind of grass is dying offTheir chatter and laughter die away as the group rushed out of the classroom.When all the guests had left，the whole house died downWe need to take action before all the endangered animals died outwipe out 彻底毁灭(教材P52)Extin
60、ctions，where entire species are wiped out，are not unusual in our Earths history.物种灭绝，即某个物种的完全消失，在地球的历史上并不罕见。例The plague once could wipe out a village.鼠疫曾一度可以夺走整个村庄村民的生命。知识拓展wipe away擦去，消除wipe off 擦掉，除掉wipe up 擦净，打败，消灭wipe sth.from/off sth. 从上擦去某物wipe.with. 用擦即学即练单句语法填空When youve finished with it，sim
61、ply wipe it clean with a damp cloth.He wiped the marks off the wall.varied adj.各种各样的，形形色色的(教材P52) The reasons for extinctions are varied.灭绝的原因多种多样。例It is essential that your diet is varied and balanced.关键是你的饮食要多样化，并保持均衡。知识拓展(1)various adj.各种各样的various views 各种各样的观点for various reasons 因种种理由(2)variety
62、 n. 种种；种类；多样化a variety of/varieties of 多种多样的(3)vary v. 变化，不同vary with. 随而变化vary from.to. 从到变化不等即学即练单句语法填空They were late for the meeting for a variety(vary) of reasons.There are various(vary) plants and flowers in the park.The weather here varies(vary) with seasons.小片段填空The result showed that for a s
63、ame cotton，its various growing stages and whole growing period vary in different year with different temperature.There are also a variety of reasons that affect its growth.decrease vi.& vt.减少 n减少；减少的量(教材P52) According to scientists，they include volcanic eruptions，asteroids hitting the Earth from spa
64、ce，changes in sea levels，the decrease of the oxygen content of the sea and global warming.科学家们认为，造成物种灭绝的原因包括火山喷发、小行星从太空撞击地球、海平面高度改变、海水中含氧量下降和全球变暖等。例If their habitat is threatened or they cannot find enough food，their numbers may decrease.如果它们的栖息地受到威胁或者它们找不到足够的食物，它们的数量就会减少。知识拓展(1)on the decrease 在减少中
65、a decrease in. 在方面减少(2)decrease to. 减少到decrease by. 减少了decrease from.to. 从减少到即学即练单句语法填空There is a decrease of nearly 7% in the number of visitors to the museum.The number of independent firms decreased from 198 to 96.Because of human activity，the number of some rare animals is on the decrease.名师点津de
66、crease的反义词increase的用法increase to 增加(长)到increase by 增加(长)了on the increase 在增加中blame vt.责怪，指责(教材P52) This time，human activity will be to blame.这一次，人类活动将是罪魁祸首。例It seemed that the water was to blame.看来水是罪魁祸首。知识拓展(1)be to blame把归咎于be to blame for sth. 对某事负有责任，应受责备blame sb.for sth. 因某事责备某人；把某事归咎于某人blame s
67、th.on sb./sth. 把某事归咎于某人/某事(2)put/lay the blame for sth.on sb. 将某事归咎于某人get/accept/bear/take the blame for sth. 对某事承担责任即学即练单句语法填空If that happens，the coach will take the blame for it.You are not to blame (blame)I cant put the blame on you.You shouldnt blame John for the failure.You shouldnt blame the f
68、ailure on John.小片段填空They all blamed the car accident on him.In fact，he was really to blame for his careless driving.So he got the blame for it without any complaint.他们把车祸归咎于他。实际上，他确实应该因粗心驾驶受到责备。于是，他毫无怨言地担负起了车祸的责任。affect vt.影响(教材P53) It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other s
69、pecies on Earth，including animals and plants.很明显，人类活动已经对地球上所有其他物种产生了负面影响，包括动物和植物。例I had to make important decision that would affect me for the rest of my life. 我不得不作出将影响我后半生的重大决定。知识拓展(1)affect sb./sth.影响某人某物(2)effect n. 结果；效力；影响；效果；作用put/bring.into effect 使生效，实行in effect 事实上；实际上take effect 生效；奏效com
70、e into effect 开始实施；开始生效have an effect on 影响即学即练单句语法填空/一句多译In effect，we feel superior to them.The new law is said to have come into effect from April.Great scientific achievements will greatly affect our life as well as society.Great scientific achievements will have a great effect on our life as wel
71、l as society.重大的科技成果将对我们的生活和社会产生很大的影响。be at risk处境危险，受到威胁(教材P53) Of course，as we humans depend on so many species for our survival，we would also be at risk of dying out.当然，由于我们人类依靠如此多的物种生存，我们也将面临灭绝的风险。例As with all diseases，certain groups will be more at risk than others.所有的疾病都是如此，一些人比另一些人更容易受到威胁。知识拓
72、展(1)be at risk of处于危险之中at all risksat any risk 无论冒什么风险at the risk of. 冒的危险take risks/a risk 冒险take/run the risk of doing sth. 冒险做某事；冒做某事的危险/风险put ones life at risk 冒生命危险(2)risk doing sth. 冒险做某事risk ones life to do sth. 冒着生命危险做某事即学即练单句语法填空He jumped into the river at the risk of losing his life.I didn
73、t want to take/run the risk of leaving (leave) John alone.He worked hard，for he couldnt risk losing (lose) the good job. He worked hard，for he couldnt take/run the risk of losing the good job.Sentence Patternit形式主语(教材P53) It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on E
74、arth，including animals and plants.很明显，人类活动已经对地球上所有其他物种产生了负面影响，包括动物和植物。句式分析：句中it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的that从句。例1It is certain that free medical care will be given to most people in our city.可以确定的是我们城市的多数人将享受免费医疗。例2It was obvious that the driver could not control his car.显然这位司机无法控制他的汽车了。知识拓展it 作形式主语，真正的主语为tha
75、t引导的从句的常见形式有：(1)It be形容词(obvious，possible，strange，natural，important.) that 从句。(2)It be名词短语(a pity，a fact，a wonder，a shame，an honour，no wonder.) that 从句。(3)It be过去分词(said，thought，hoped，believed，declared，supposed，reported.) that 从句。(4)It不及物动词(seem，occur，happen.) that 从句。即学即练完成句子It is obvious that nobo
76、dy will like to have dinner in such a dirty place.很明显，没有人想在这么脏的地方吃饭。Its a shame that we failed to fulfil the task ahead of time.我们没能提前完成任务，真感到惭愧。It is believed that it is the earliest and largest papermaking workshop site ever found in ancient China.人们认为这是迄今为止在中国发现的最早的也是最大的造纸作坊。It occurred to me tha
77、t I had left my ticket at home.我突然想起把票忘在家里了。1Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally，the rate at which this is now happening is cause for concern.分析句中Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally为although引导的让步状语从句，at which this is now happening为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词rate。 翻译
78、虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见，但现在灭绝的速度让人担忧。2If a sixth mass extinction occurs，scientists who have studied the issue believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out.分析句中If a sixth mass extinction occurs 为if引导的条件状语从句，who have studied the issue为who引导的限制性定语从句，修饰先行词scientists，名词性从句that up to thre
79、e quarters of all species on Earth could die out作动词believe的宾语。 翻译如果第六次大灭绝发生，研究这个问题的科学家们认为，地球上多达四分之三的物种可能会灭绝。 教材高考1.We definitely need to switch to different forms of power as soon as possible.(2020天津卷)And the officer cant let him get away.He pulls out a special device，points it at the suspect，and sw
80、itches it on.2.How many times up to today has life on Earth almost died out？(2020北京卷)The Neanderthals lived alongside human ancestors in Europe for tens of thousands of years，before dying out about 40，000 years ago.3.According to scientists，they include volcanic eruptions，asteroids hitting the Earth
81、 from space，changes in sea levels，the decrease of the oxygen content of the sea and global warming.(2020北京卷)Negative selftalk damages selfconfidence and decreases selfrespect.4.It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth，including animals and plants.(2020江苏卷)At
82、hletes and scientists have long known that meal timing affects performance.单句语法填空1It was surprising that she passed the difficult exam.2At the risk of being blamed(blame)，he drove his fathers car to school.3Oil spills are having a devastating effect on coral reefs in the ocean.4The number of teachin
83、g staff members in this school has decreased to 700 persons.5Toms life was varied(vary) and pleasant enough，on the whole.6The tsunami that followed engulfed the northeast and wiped out entire towns.7Many of our old customs are dying(die) out day by day.8We need to switch off the cellphone and leave
84、the children to play by themselves.9The country needs new leadership if she is to play a role in future development.10The society was set up to preserve endangered(endanger) species from extinction.短语填空have a role；do ones part；die out；wipe out；be to blame；be at risk1Every student ought to do his par
85、t to make steady progress.2At one stage it looked as if it might not have a role at all.3Only in this way can we wipe out the enemy troops.4Alone in his room，he asked himself whether he was to blame for the accident.5There are new uses of words coming in and old uses dying out6123，000 people were at
86、 risk of early death over the next 20 years，the study said.课文语法填空In our Earths history，there have been five times 1.when life on Earth has almost ended.The third mass extinction 2.killed(kill) 90% to 96% of all species and the fifth event caused the 3.death(die) of the dinosaurs.The natural reasons
87、include volcanic eruptions，asteroids hitting the Earth from space，changes in sea levels，the decrease 4.of the oxygen content of the sea 5.and global warming.This time，man will be 6.to blame(blame) for the Earths sixth mass extinction.Air and water pollution，forests being destroyed，factory farming an
88、d overfishing are causing species to die out 1，000 times 7.faster(fast) than normal.We ought to take action to avoid a 8.sixth(six) extinction now，which means we have to save 9.endangered(endanger) species，change how we work and travel and improve our farming methods to reduce water，air and land pol
89、lution.In short，if we want to survive，we need to stop 10.destroying(destroy) the planet that we live on and start to protect it.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句观察例句1Eric set sail once again，this time with 25 ships，of which only 14 made it to Greenland.2Eric reached Greenland and discovered that people could live in
90、 the place where he landed.3Biarni was the man with whom Leif discussed his plans.4By around 900AD，there were many places in Northern Europe where the Vikings chose to live.归纳用法一、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句概述1限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的一部分，若去掉，主句的内容就不完整，意义也会发生改变。从句和先行词的关系十分密切，从句紧跟先行词，两者之间不可用逗号隔开。She has found the necklac
91、e (that) she lost two weeks ago.她找到了那条两周前丢失的项链。2非限制性定语从句是先行词的一个补充说明。没有它，主句也能独立存在；非限制性定语从句和先行词的关系不是很密切，两者之间用逗号隔开。He has two sisters，who are working in the city.他有两个姐姐，她们在城里工作。即学即练单句语法填空The weather turned out to be very good，which was more than we could expect.Is this the museum where the exhibition w
92、as held?二、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别1标点的运用有所不同限制性定语从句一般紧跟在先行词后，其后不可用逗号分开；而非限制性定语从句也常放在先行词后，但必须用逗号与主句分开。Who is the girl that is standing under the tree?站在树下的那个女孩是谁？He is a teacher of much knowledge，from whom much can be learned.他是一个学识渊博的老师，从他那儿可以学到许多东西。2从句的作用不同限制性定语从句对先行词起到修饰限制的作用，是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，一旦省略，主句的意思
93、就不完整。而非限制性定语从句则是对一个概念清楚的先行词进行附加说明，若将其去掉，主句的意思仍然完整。The next day，my brother and I went to the beach where we watched some people play volleyball.第二天，我和弟弟去了海边。在那里，我们看到一些人在打沙滩排球。Alice received a letter from her former classmate，which came as a surprise.艾丽斯收到了她以前同学的一封信，这真是件令人惊奇的事情。3关系词的选用不同限制性定语从句可以用关系代词
94、who，whom，whose，that，which，关系副词when，where，why等引导，而非限制性定语从句不可用that或why来引导(上述引导词除了这两者以外均可用来引导非限制性定语从句)。Yesterday he bought a new car，which was made in Japan.(which不可换用that)昨天他买了一辆新车，是日本生产的。He didnt give the reason，which explained his absence from the meeting held last week.(which不可换用why，因为which在定语从句中作主
95、语，而why只能在定语从句中作状语。此句也可以这样表达，He didnt give the reason，for which he was absent from the meeting held last week.)4从句所修饰的先行词有所不同限制性定语从句的先行词通常是名词、代词或词组；而非限制性定语从句的先行词除了名词、代词外，还可以是句子。This is the best book that I have ever read.这是我曾经读过的书中的最好的一本。He won the first prize in the contest，which was more than we ex
96、pected.他在比赛中得了一等奖，这一点真出乎我们预料。5关系词的省略不同在限制性定语从句中，当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语或表语时，在口语中可以省略，关系副词有时也可省略。而非限制性定语从句中的关系代词或关系副词不可省略。I still remember the days we spent together in college.我仍然记得我们在大学时一起度过的日子。(we前省略了that/which)She is not the one(that) she used to be.她已不再是昔日的她了。(that在定语从句中作表语)6英译汉时有所不同译成汉语时，往往把限制性定语从句的内容置于
97、先行词之前；而非限制性定语从句和主句往往翻译成两个分句。Which is the machine that we used last Sunday?上星期天我们用的那台机器是哪一台？The concert，which was held last week，was a great success.那场音乐会是上周举行的，获得了巨大的成功。He may be late，in which case we ought to wait for him.他可能迟到，要是那样的话我们就等等他。即学即练 单句语法填空Liquid water changes to vapor，which is called e
98、vaporation.Charles Smith，who was my former teacher，retired last year.This is the house where I lived two years ago.三、as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别whichas位置上只能放在先行词的后面位置灵活，可位于句前、句中，也可置于句后搭配上无动词的限制谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see，hear，know，expect，remember，guess，hope等句意上意为“这一点”表示“正如，正像的那样”The air quality in the city，a
99、s is shown in the report，has improved over the past two months.正如报告所显示的，在过去的两个月里，这个城市的空气质量已有所改善。After graduating from college，I took some time off to go travelling，which turned out to be a wise decision.大学毕业后我抽出一部分时间去旅游，事实证明这是一个明智的选择。即学即练单句语法填空Metals have many good properties，as has been stated befo
100、re.Light travels in straight lines，which explains why shadows are formed when it goes past an object.单句语法填空1The reason which/that he explained for his being late was that his alarm clock didnt work.2Life is like a long race where we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.3I often have the case w
101、here I cant recognise my friends voice on the phone.4Some pictures of the river brought the days back to the old when they swam in it.5Many countries are now setting up national parks where animals and plants can be protected.6Mexico City，which has a population of over 10 million，is probably the fas
102、test growing city in the world.7We will be shown around the city: schools，museums，and some other places，where other visitors seldom go.8As is known to everybody，the moon travels round the earth once every month.9English is a language shared by several diverse cultures，each of which uses it different
103、ly.10I wish to thank Professor Smith，without whose help I would never have got this far.短文语法填空I have a good friend 1.whose name is Wang Fang.She is from a town 2.where rice is grown.She likes reading novels 3.which are written by Americans.She often goes to the park 4.where many beautiful flowers ar
104、e grown.She often discusses the problems 5.that she cant solve by herself.She went to the city 6.where her father 7.worked(work) last year to experience life.This year she wants to visit the city of Beijing 8.where her aunt lives.She is so kind 9.that she is ready to help the people 10.who are in trouble.