1、时态构成(以do为例)用法一般现在时do/does表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态。表示按计划、规定要发生的动作表示客观存在或普遍真理。一般过去时did表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。现在进行时am/is/are doing表示现在正在进行的动作。过去进行时was/were doing表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作。一般将来时will/shall do表示将来要发生的动作或存在的状态、未来习惯性的动作、提出请求、作出允诺、表示同意等。过去将来时would/should do表示在过去将来的某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常用在间接引语中，主句谓语动词为过去时态。现在完成时have/has don
2、e表示说话时已经完成的动作，而且这个动作的结果对现在仍有影响。表示动作发生在过去，但一直持续到现在，并且有可能继续持续下去。现在完成进行时have/has been doing表示过去某时开始一直延续到现在(这个动作可能刚停止,也可能还在进行),不少情况下表示与现在状态有联系,有时表示动作的重复等。过去完成时had done表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。1一般现在时的用法(1)表示经常性、习惯性的动作和现在的状态、特征,句中常用often,usually,every day等时间状语。e.g.He goes to school every day.(经常性动作)H
3、e is very happy.(现在的状态)(2)表示按计划、规定要发生的动作,(句中都带有时间状语)但限于少数动词。如begin,come,leave,go,arrive,start,stop,return,open,close等。e.g.The train starts at nine in the morning.(3)书报的标题,小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。e.g.Xi meets journalists.(4)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,用现在时代替将来时。e.g.If you come this afternoon,well have a meeting.2.一般过去时的用
4、法(1)表示过去某时间发生的事、存在的状态或过去反复发生的动作。e.g.He saw Mr.Wang yesterday.He worked in a factory in 1986.(2)表示过去经常发生的动作(也可用“used to”或“would动词原形”代替)。e.g.During the vacation I often swam/would swim in the sea.I used to smoke.注意:used to表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。3.一般将来时的用法一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态,其表达形式除了“will或shall动词原形”外,还有以下几
5、种。(1)“be going to动词原形”,表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。e.g.It is going to rain.We are going to have a meeting today.(2)go,come,start,move,sail,leave等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作。e.g.Im coming.(3)“be to动词原形”表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见,也可以表示命令、禁止等。e.g.Are we to go on with this work?(4)“be about to动词原形”表示即将发生的动作。e.g.The plane is about t
6、o leave.(5)某些表示位移、停留等的动词其现在进行时可表示按计划或不久之后肯定发生的动作或将要做的事。这类动词有go,come,stay,leave,start等。4.现在进行时的用法(1)表示此时此刻正在进行的动作,由“be现在分词”构成。e.g.What are you doing？(2)与always,constantly等连用,表示感情色彩。e.g.He is always helping others.另外“系动词介词或副词”也表示进行时的意义。e.g.The bridge is under construction.注意：下列动词不宜用进行时 感觉类：look,smell,
7、feel,sound,taste,see,hear等；感情类：like,love,prefer,admire,hate,fear等；所有类：have,contain,own,hold,belong to等。5.过去进行时的用法(1)表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作,由“was(were)现在分词”构成。e.g.He was reading a novel when I came in.(2)与always,forever,constantly连用,表示赞成或厌恶的感情色彩。e.g.He was always thinking of others,never thinking of him
8、self.6.现在完成时的用法现在完成时由“have过去分词”构成。其使用有两种情况：(1)表示的动作在说话之前已完成,而对现在有影响,句中没有具体时间状语。e.g.He has gone to Fuzhou.(说话人认为他不在此地)He has been to Fuzhou.(说话人认为他在此地)(2)现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去,持续到现在,也许还会持续下去。常与for.和since.等表示一段时间的状语或so far等表示包括现在时间在内的状语连用。e.g.He has studied English for 5 years.He has studied English since
9、1985.注意:表示短暂时间动作的词,如come,go,die,marry,buy等的完成时不能与for,since等表示一段时间的词连用。(3)还可用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作,强调此动作先于主句动作发生。e.g.Ill go to your home when I have finished my homework.Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.7.过去完成时的用法(1)表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或状态。句中常用by,before,until,when等词引导的时间状语。e.g.By the time
10、he was twelve,Edison had begun to make a living by himself.I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.(2)表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去。e.g.Before he slept,he had worked for 12 hours.8.过去将来时的用法表示从过去的某时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。由“should或would动词原形”构成。第一人称用should,其他人称用would。e.g.They were sure tha
11、t they would succeed.时态的比较1.一般过去时与现在完成时一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态，不涉及对现在的影响；现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的状况。如：We stayed there two weeks.The ship has sailed for two weeks.一般过去时和表示过去的时间状语连用；现在完成时常和一些不明确的或包括“现在”在内的时间状语或表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的“一段时间”的状语连用，而不与明确的、具体的过去时间状语连用。如：Tom suddenly fell ill yesterday.It has b
12、een freezing cold since last week.2.过去完成时与一般过去时过去完成时以过去某时间为起点，表示过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作或存在的状态；一般过去时以现在时间为起点，表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。如：He told me that he had seen the film the day before.He died three years ago.表示某事继续到过去某时已有一段时间时，用过去完成时；表示两个或两个以上的动作，用and(then),then或but等连接，按照动作发生的顺序表达时，用一般过去时。如：He said he had w
13、orked in that factory since 1984.He had lunch and then continued his work.3.现在完成时与现在完成进行时在表示“未完成”且与“一段时间”连用时，两者可互换。如：We have lived/have been living here for two years.在没有表示“一段时间”的状语时，现在完成进行时强调继续进行，表示“未完成”，而现在完成时强调结果，表示完成。如：I have been reading.He has turned off the light.英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的
14、执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。只有及物动词或含及物意义的短语动词才能转换成被动语态。一、被动语态的用法：当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者，或者只需强调动作的承受者时，要用被动语态。e.g.Such books are written for middle school students.English is spoken in many countries.二、被动语态的构成：被动语态是由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成，be随主语的人称、数和时态的变化而变化。被动语态可以用于各种时态。1.几种形式的被动语态(以动词give为例)一般现在时am/i
15、s/are+及物动词的过去分词一般过去时was/were+及物动词的过去分词一般将来时shall/will/be going to+be+及物动词的过去分词一般过去将来时should/would be+及物动词的过去分词现在进行时am/is/are being+及物动词的过去分词过去进行时was/were being+及物动词的过去分词现在完成时has/have been+及物动词的过去分词过去完成时had been+及物动词的过去分词将来完成时shall/will have been+及物动词的过去分词过去将来完成时should/would have been+及物动词的过去分词2.特殊结构
16、的被动形式(1)双宾动词的被动结构双宾动词变为被动结构时,一般将主动结构中的间接宾语变为被动结构中的主语,直接宾语不变。如将主动结构中的直接宾语变为被动结构中的主语,间接宾语之前则应加介词to或for。(2)带复合宾语的动词的被动结构带复合宾语的动词变被动语态时,一般将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语,而将宾语补足语保留不动(这时的宾语补足语为主语补足语)。(3)带情态动词的被动语态，由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。e.g.The problem may be solved in a number of different ways.In our school,library
17、 books must be returned in two weeks.(4)“be过去分词不定式”式的被动结构e.g.He is reported to have broken a world record.She is said to know three languages.(5)“itbe过去分词从句”式的被动结构e.g.Its said that she has some supernatural powers.Its reported that they have discovered a new star.常见的结构还有：It is known that.众所周知It is s
18、uggested that.有人建议It is believed that.人们相信(6)“getdone”构成被动语态此种形式用来表示状态或情况,常考的形式如下：get married 结婚；get engaged 订婚；get hurt/wounded 受伤；get lost 迷路；get drunk 喝醉了；get caught/stuck/trapped 被困；get dressed 穿好衣服；get run over 被(车)轧等。3.主动形式表示被动意义一些感官动词，如feel,sound,smell,look,taste等用作系动词时。如：It tastes strongly o
19、f mint.说明主语的性质、特点的动词，如read,write,cut,sell,wash,wear,lock等，其主语往往是物。如：The pen he bought yesterday writes smoothly.在“be+形容词+不定式”结构中，不定式与句子的主语有逻辑上的动宾关系时。用于此结构的形容词常见的有：difficult,hard,easy,light,heavy,expensive,cheap,pleasant,interesting,fit,comfortable等。如：The man is very easy to get along with.当want,need
20、,require表示“需要”时，其宾语用动词-ing形式的主动形式表示被动意义。如：The house his grandmother lives in needs repairing.在be(well)worth doing,be to blame中。如：The book he borrowed from the library yesterday is well worth reading.在have,find,lend,give等动词后的宾语有不定式作定语，不定式与宾语是逻辑上的动宾关系，但是在句子中又有不定式动作的执行者时。如：He has found nothing to eat s
21、ince he left home and came into the forest.4.不能用于被动语态的情况谓语是及物动词leave,enter,reach,suit,benefit,lack等。谓语是不可拆开的take place,consist of,lose heart,belong to等短语动词。宾语是无实意的代词it。宾语是表示身体的某一部分的名词。宾语是某些抽象名词。have不论在什么情况下都不能用于被动语态。一般来说，当动词的宾语是动词-ing形式或者是不定式时不能变成被动语态。将来进行时和完成进行时没有被动语态。如果遇到这种情况时，可以用一般将来时和现在完成时的被动语态来
22、代替。高考中对动词时态和语态的考查经常集多个考点于一题，如把动词的时态与语态、主谓一致等结合起来考查。常见考点主要有以下几种情况：一、题干中用了标志性的时间状语或某种句式时间状语代表动作发生的时间点或时间段，不同类型的时间状语分别对应不同的时态。其次，注意一些常用句式中要用固定的时态。二、题干所用时间状语或特殊句式有较强迷惑性虽然题干中用了某个时间状语或某种特殊句式,但这些线索不足以构成判断动词时态的依据。这时,考生需要通过分析题意及其它逻辑关系,并挖掘隐含的时间信息,最后得出正确的选项。三、时态与语态的组合考查四、时态与倒装结合考查五、一些特殊动词或短语不用被动语态有些及物动词或短语动词不能
23、用于被动语态，如：cost,fit,have,wash,belong to,come true,consist of,come into being,date back to,take place,turn out,run out,break out等。六、主动形式表示被动意义I.用括号内单词或短语的正确形式填空。1.This mountainous area in my hometown _(name)a national wildlife reserve several years ago.2.The meat didnt taste very good.It _(cook)too lon
24、g.3.He will stop showing off,if no notice _(take)of him.4.In some of the museums,visitors _(request)not to take photos there.was named had been cookedis takenare requested5.Youve failed to do what you _(expect)to again and Im afraid your mother will blame you.6.By the time you graduate from college,
25、great changes _(take place)in your hometown.7.The dumplings were so delicious that they _(sell)in no time.8.All the drivers _(make)to drive more carefully after the new Highway Code takes effect.were expectedwere expectedwill have taken placewere sold will be made9.All the preparations for the trip
26、to Beijing _(complete),and were ready to start off.10.A boy on a bike _(catch)my attention.He was riding beside the bus and waving his arms.have been completedcaughtII.根据括号内的汉语提示补全下列句子。1.The father _(一直在告诉他儿子如何正确书写)since 9 am.2.I think you must be mistaken about seeing our teacher at the theatre;Im
27、sure he _(整个星期都在国外).3.The thief tried to break away from _(正抓着他的警察),but failed.has been telling his son how to write properlyhas been abroad all weekthe policeman who was holding him4.They wont buy any new clothes because they _(正在攒钱买新车).5._(你带客人参观我们的村子了吗？)Yes.We had a great time there and enjoyed t
28、he fresh air.are saving money to buy a new carHave you shown the guest around our village yet?6.During my stay in Beijing,I visited almost all the places of interest _(朋友们推荐的).7.The moment I got home,I realized I _(把钱包落在电影院了).8.Young people _(在损害他们的健康)because they spend too much time playing compute
29、r games.my friends had recommendedhad left my purse in the cinema are damaging their health9.Mary will pass the final exam for she _(一直在准备)for it for months.10.She _(定期打排球)for many years when she was young.11.My mobile phone _(一直在响),but by the time I found it,it had stopped.12.When he realized he _(
30、走进一个深谷),he was too frightened to know what to do.has been preparingplayed volleyball regularlywas ringing/had been ringinghad walked into a deep valley13.If the weather had been better,we could have gone to the country.But _(整天都在下雨).14.I _(在等比赛结果).15.We have so many problems to deal with but time _(
31、快用完了).it rained/was raining all dayam waiting for the result of the competitionis running outIII.用括号内动词的正确时态填空。John has always travelled a lot.In fact,when he was only two years old he first 1._(fly)to the US.His mother is Italian and his father is American.John was born in France,but his parents 2.
32、_(meet)in Cologne,Germany after they had been living there for five years.They met one day while Johns father 3._(read)a book in the library and his mother 4._(sit)down beside him.Anyway,John 5._(travel)a lot because his parents also travel a lot.flewhad metwas readingsattravelsAs a matter of fact,J
33、ohn 6._(visit)his parents in France at the moment.He lives in New York now,but 7._(stay)with his parents for the past few weeks.He really enjoys living in New York,but he also loves coming to visit his parents at least once a year.This year he 8._(fly)over 50,000 miles for his job.He has been workin
34、g for Jackson&Co.for almost two years now.Hes pretty sure that he 9._(work)for them next year as well.is visitinghas been staying has flown will be working His job requires a lot of travel.In fact,by the end of this year,he 10._(travel)over 120,000 miles!His next journey 11._(be)to Australia.He real
35、ly doesnt like going to Australia because it is so far.This time he 12._(fly)from Paris after a meeting with the companys French partner.He 13._(sit)for over 18 hours by the time he arrives!will have travelledwill be/is going to beis going to flywill have been sittingJohn 14._(talk)with his parents
36、earlier this evening when his girlfriend from New York telephoned to let him know that Jackson&Co.15._(decide)to merge(合并)with a company in Australia.The two companies 16._(negotiate)for the past month,so it really wasnt much of a surprise.Of course,this 17._(mean)that John will have to catch the ne
37、xt plane back to New York.Hell be meeting with his boss at this time tomorrow.was talkinghad decidedhad been negotiatingmeans1.Since the time humankind started gardening,we _ to make our environment more beautiful.A.try B.have been tryingC.are tryingD.will try2.Tony,why are your eyes red?I _ up pepp
38、ers for the last five minutes.A.cut B.was cuttingC.had cut D.have been cutting 3.How much do you know about the Youth Olympic Games to be held in Nanjing?Well,the media _ it in a variety of forms.A.cover B.will cover C.have covered D.covered4.What time is it?I have no idea.But just a minute,I _ it f
39、or you.A.checkB.checkedC.will checkD.would check5.Whenever you _ a present,you should think about it from the receivers point of view.A.boughtB.have boughtC.will buy D.buy6.Hi,lets go skating.Sorry,Im busy right now.I _ in an application form for a new job.A.fill B.have filledC.am fillingD.will fill
40、7.I found the lecture hard to follow because it _ when I arrived.A.started B.was startingC.would startD.had started8.They made up their mind that they _ a new house once Larry changed jobs.A.bought B.would buyC.have boughtD.had bought 9.Havent seen you for ages!Where have you been?I went to Ningxia and _ there for one year,teaching as a volunteer.A.stayed B.stayC.had stayed D.am staying10.She _ someone,so I nodded to her and went away.A.phoned B.had phonedC.was phoningD.has phoned11.James has just arrived,but I didnt know he _ until yesterday.A.will comeB.was comingC.had come D.came