1、第8讲非谓语动词单句语法填空单句写作1.(2019全国卷)A 90yearold has been awarded “Woman Of The Year” for _ (be) Britains oldest fulltime employeestill working 40 hours a week.答案：being介词for后跟动词时，要用其动名词形式。2.(2018江苏高考)Around 13,500 new jobs were created during the period, _ (exceed) the expected number of 12, 000 held by mar
2、ket analysts.答案：exceeding此处考查非谓语动词作状语，exceed与主语Around 13,500 new jobs之间为主动关系，且与句子谓语动词几乎同时发生，故应用现在分词形式。3.(2018北京高考)_ (travel) along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.答案：Traveling此处为动名词作主语的用法。4.(2018天津高考)It took him a long time _ (acquire) the skills he needed to become a go
3、od dancer.答案：to acquire此处为It takes/took sb. . to do sth.固定句式。5.(2018天津高考)I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph _ (take).答案：taken此处为非谓语动词作宾补的用法，take与宾语photograph之间为被动关系。1.(2019全国卷)我想让我的咖啡馆有一个诸如“唐朝”之类的特定主题。I _ _ _ _ _ a special theme such as “Tang Dynasty”.答案：want my caf to have2.
4、(2018全国卷)为提高水质，政府鼓励农民种植玉米而非水稻。The government encourages farmers _ _ corn instead of rice _ _ _ _.答案：to growto improve water quality3.(2018北京高考)普通肥皂，正确使用的话，也能有效杀灭细菌。Ordinary soap, _ _， can deal with bacteria effectively.答案：used correctly4.(2015全国卷)我希望我们所有人都能致力于保护熊猫，让它们有一天能重归野外去生存。We hope that all of
5、us will devote our efforts _ _ pandas and let them _ in the wild again some day.答案：to protectinglive5.(2014全国卷)公交车站有很多人在等候，有些人看起来很担忧和失望。There were many people _ at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and _.答案：waitingdisappointed考点1非谓语动词概述及非谓语动词作定语非谓语动词概述非谓语动词又叫非限定动词，它也是动词的一种，与谓语是相对的概念
6、。非谓语动词是指在句中不是谓语的动词，包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)，它除了不能独立作谓语外，是可以承担句子其他成分的。非谓语动词的形式、意义及句法功能续表注意(1)having been done与done作状语时没有明显区别，可以互换，但having been done不能作定语和宾补，强调时间先后，而done有时只强调被动关系。(2)不及物动词的过去分词，只表示完成，不表示被动，如：fallen leaves落叶。(3)有时过去分词只表示被动而不强调时间性。The boy was running along the street, followed by a dog.这个
7、男孩正沿着街道上跑，后面跟着一只狗。Having eaten at the Cafeteria before, Tina didnt want to eat there again.蒂娜以前在这个自助餐厅吃过以后，再也不想去那儿吃了。非谓语动词作定语1不定式作定语不定式作定语，通常置于所修饰的名词或代词之后，与所修饰的词之间构成逻辑上的主谓、动宾或同位关系。(1)表示将来的动作时，根据需要不定式可用主动或被动形式。His first book to be published next month is based on a true story.他下个月将要出版的第一本书是以一个真实的故事为依
8、据写的。I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.我借了一些假期读的书。(2)常被不定式修饰的名词有：chance, need, promise, ability, way, opportunity, right, attempt, plan, evidence等，常表同位关系。He had no chance to go to school before 1949.在1949年前他没有上学的机会。Do you have the ability to read and write in English?你有用英语读和写的能力吗？(3)名词或
9、代词由序数词或最高级修饰，一般用不定式作定语，表主谓关系。She likes to listen to Mr Lis lessons, so she is always the first student to come and the last to leave.(主谓关系)她喜欢听李先生的课，所以她总是第一个来最后一个走的学生。(4)在表示有要做的事情时，通常用不定式作定语，不定式与被修饰词之间为被动关系。Do you have anything to be typed, sir?No, thanks.先生，你有东西要打印吗？没有，谢谢。There is a lot of work to
10、do.有许多活要干。注意若不定式中的动词是不及物动词，则要在该动词后加适当的介词。I have no pen to write with.我没有写字用的钢笔。2现在分词作定语(1)现在分词形式的主动式(doing)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，表示该动作的主动或进行。Recently a survey comparing prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused a heated debate among citizens.近来，一个把两家不同超市里的相同商品的价格做比较的调查引发了市民的
11、激烈讨论。(2)现在分词被动式(being done)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在被动关系，表示该动作的被动和进行。The houses being built are for the teachers.正在建的那些房子是给老师们的。(3)现在分词形式作定语相当于一个定语从句，强调经常性状态或动作的进行。单个词通常要前置，短语要后置。John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter offering him it.(定语从句John . the official letter which/that offe
12、rs him it.)约翰的确得到了这份工作，因为他给我看了提供他工作的正式信函。3过去分词作定语过去分词(短语)作定语与它所修饰的名词之间存在被动关系，表示该动作的被动或完成。Tsinghua University, founded in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.建于1911年的清华大学是无数杰出人物的摇篮。The question discussed (which was discussed) yesterday is important.昨天讨论的问题是重要的。注意作定语的不及物动词的分词形式：doin
13、g和done。doing表示正在进行；done表示已经完成。boiling water正在沸腾的水boiled water 开水developing countries 发展中国家developed countries 发达国家4动名词作定语动名词作定语时常置于被修饰词之前，用于说明事物的用途或性能。a walking stick a stick (which is used) for walking拐杖a washing machinea machine (which is used) for washing 洗衣机a reading rooma room (which is used) f
14、or reading 阅览室考点2非谓语动词作宾补1常见的非谓语动词作宾补的结构：“动词宾语宾补”，而在考查过程中，经常见到的一种结构是其被动结构“be done to do”My mother allowed me to watch TV after finishing my homework in the evening.(主动语态)I was allowed to watch TV after finishing my homework in the evening. (被动语态)我妈妈允许我晚上做完作业后看电视。因此，在熟练掌握主动语态结构的情况下，更要注意被动语态中补语的结构。常见的
15、动词有：ask, want, invite, get, force, expect, allow, persuade, order, warn, remind, prefer, cause, permit, forbid, advise, teach等。2感官动词宾语宾补感官动词(短语)see, watch, observe, look at, notice, hear, listen to, feel的宾语补足语主要有三种形式，试比较(以see为例)：I heard her sing an English song just now.(主动，完成)刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。I heard
16、her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.(主动，正在进行)昨天经过她房间时，我听见她正在唱一首英文歌。To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English spoken as much as possible.(被动，无时间性)为了学好英语，我们应该找机会尽可能多地听英语。3使役动词宾语宾补注意(1)在以上省去to的不定式作宾补的结构中，若变为被动语态，需将省去的不定式符号to补出来。He made his workers w
17、ork 12 hours a day.(主动)His workers were made to work 12 hours a day.(被动)他让他的工人们每天工作12个小时。(2)have还可以用于“have sth. to do/to be done”结构中，其中have作“有”讲，用不定式作定语。I have something urgent to inform you.我有很紧急的事要通知你们。He got me to post the letter for him.他让我替他寄信。Alexander tried to get his work recognized in the m
18、edical circles.亚历山大努力使他的工作被医学界认可。The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest.休息了片刻之后，上尉让士兵们开始朝前线行进。 Im sorry to have kept you waiting for so long.对不起让你久等了。4表示“知道”或“认为”的动词believe, consider, feel, know, think, suppose, understand, imagine等的常用结构：动词宾语to do/to have done/to be
19、doing以及其被动结构：主语be以上动词的过去分词to do/to have done/to be doing和主语besaid/reported . to do/to have done/to be doing。其中，to do表动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后；to have done表动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前；to be doing表动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。The famous artist was said to have bought birds kept in the cages in order to have the pleasure of setti
20、ng them free.据说那个著名的艺术家为了体验/享受放飞鸟的快乐，买了被困在笼子里的鸟。5with复合结构(with宾语宾语补足语)作状语，是用现在分词、过去分词还是动词不定式作宾语补足语，关键是看宾语和宾语补足语之间的关系With time passing by, he almost forgot everything in the past.随着时间的流逝，他几乎忘记了过去所有的事情。(time和pass by之间为主动关系)He sat on the chair, with his hands tied behind his back.他坐在椅子上，双手在背后捆着。(hands和
21、tie之间为被动关系)注意“with宾语to do”结构中，如with译为“有”的意思，不定式表将要发生的动作且与宾语之间存在被动关系，此时用不定式的主动形式表被动含义。With a lot of problems to solve, the newlyelected president will have a hard time.有许多问题要解决，这个新选出的总统将有一段艰难的时期。考点3非谓语动词作状语非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语是句子主语。两者不一致时，则要补出其逻辑主语，即构成独立主格结构。1不定式作状语(1)作目的状语不定式作目的状语，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语。强调动词不定式所表
22、示的目的时，动词不定式可用“in order to/so as to动词原形”，但so as to不用于句首。He got up early in order to/so as to catch the first bus.In order to catch the first bus, he got up early.为了赶上第一班公共汽车，他起床很早。(2)作结果状语a不定式作结果状语时多表示出乎意料的结果，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语。作结果状语的不定式通常用一般式，为了表示强调可在不定式前加上only。I rushed to the station, only to find the t
23、rain had already gone.我匆忙赶到火车站，却发现火车已经开走了。b不定式作结果状语还常用于so . as to ., such . as to ., enough to ., too . to .等结构中。She was so late as to miss half of the lecture.她来得如此晚以至于错过了一半的演讲。She is such a good teacher as to be respected by all her students.她是个如此好的老师，以至于受到她所有学生的尊敬。The house is large enough to hol
24、d two hundred people.这座房子足够大，可以容纳两百人。(3)作原因状语不定式与情感类形容词连用时，大多表示原因，用来作原因状语。这类形容词主要有：happy, kind, surprised, frightened, shocked, glad, delighted, disappointed等。They were surprised to be informed of the news.被告知这一消息他们感到吃惊。She was very happy to hear that her son had been promoted.得知儿子升职了，她很高兴。注意不定式作目的状
25、语在句子后面时，不用逗号隔开，位于句子前面时可以用逗号隔开。英语中只用不定式作目的状语，因此，考查非谓语动词作状语时，首先考虑是否是不定式作目的状语，然后再判断其他情况。(4)动词不定式也可以跟在一些作表语的形容词easy, hard, difficult, pleasant, good, fit, comfortable等后面作状语，构成“主语be形容词不定式”结构，在该结构中构成不定式的动词和句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，不定式通常用主动形式表示被动含义。另外需注意的是在该结构中，不定式中的动词必须是及物动词，若为不及物动词，则要在其后加上适当的介词，使之构成及物动词短语。This bo
26、ok is difficult to understand.这本书很难懂。The picture is pleasant to look at.这张画很好看。2现在分词作状语现在分词的一般式，即doing表示动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时或几乎同时发生，与句子的主语是主动关系。现在分词的完成式即having done表示动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.(主动意义，非谓语动词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生)看到没人在家，她决定给他们留个便条。Having waite
27、d for an hour, he realized he had left his wallet at home.(主动意义，非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前)等了一个小时后，他意识到他把钱包落在了家中。Having been asked to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film.(被动意义，非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前)我那天晚上因为被要求加班而错过了一场精彩的电影。3过去分词作状语(1)过去分词(短语)作状语时可表示时间、原因、条件、伴随和结果等，也可以改为相应的从句或并列
28、句。Given enough money, Id buy that car at once.If I am given enough money, Id buy that car at once.如果有足够的钱，我会马上买下那辆车。注意在when， while， if， as if， though， as， until， once， whether， unless， where等连词连接的状语从句中，常省略跟主句主语相同的主语和be动词，形成“连词分词短语”结构。When treated with kindness， he was very lovely.当友好地对待他时，他很可爱。(2)部分
29、过去分词来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示被动关系，其前不用being。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：seated (坐着的), hidden (躲着的), lost/absorbed in (沉溺于), born in (出身于), dressed in (穿着), tired of (厌烦了), faced with (面对)以及表示心理状态的动词。如：interested, surprised, satisfied, moved等。Absorbed in his book，he didnt notice me enter the room.专心于读书，他没注意到我进入房间。Faced wit
30、h a gradual rise of seawater, some nations in the Pacific are considering moving in the near future.面对海水不断上涨(的情况)，有些位于太平洋的国家正考虑在不久的将来搬迁。注意(1)以上这类的过去分词，从汉语理解方面，逻辑主语与该动词之间为主动关系，但应使用过去分词。此类词后往往紧跟一个介词，故在不能理解其用法时，若空格后紧跟一个介词，且填非谓语动词，则可填过去分词。(2)选择分词作状语时，主要分辨该动词与句子主语之间的关系：如果两者间存在主动关系则用现在分词；如果两者间存在被动关系则用过去分词
31、；兼顾注意动作的先后关系。区别下面的句子：Seen from the top of the hill， the park looks even more beautiful.(see与主语the park之间存在被动关系) 从山顶上看，这个公园显得更加美丽。Seeing from the top of the hill， we find the park even more beautiful.(see与主语we之间存在主动关系)从山顶上看，我们发现这个公园显得更加美丽。4独立主格结构作状语“独立主格结构”又称“独立结构”，是带有自己主语的非谓语动词分句和无动词分句。它在语法上有自己的逻辑主语
32、，结构上与主句不发生关系。其作用相当于状语从句。有时也用with复合结构(with宾语宾语补足语)作状语。(1)名词/主格代词现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是逻辑上的主谓关系。The girl staring at him (As the girl stared at him), he didnt know what to say.那个女孩两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。(2)名词/主格代词过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间存在被动关系。The problems solved (As the problems were solved), the quality of the prod
33、ucts has improved a lot.随着问题的解决，产品质量已经提高了许多。(3)名词/主格代词不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，且不定式表示将要发生的动作。He is going to make a plane model, some old parts to help.借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。考点4非谓语动词作主语、宾语和表语1动词不定式和动名词(短语)作主语不定式(短语)作主语，表示某一具体的，尤其是未发生的动作；动名词(短语)作主语，表示抽象的、泛指的动作，尤其是一般行为倾向。两者可位于句首，也可用it作形式主语，而把不定式或动名词(短语)
34、置于后面。动名词(短语)用it作形式主语代替时，常用于“It is no use/good doing sth.”结构中。不定式和动名词(短语)作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Its not easy to learn English well.Reading as much as possible is necessary.学好英语不容易，广泛阅读是有必要的。It is no good learning without practice.只学习不实践没有好处。Its important for the figures to be updated regularly.对数字进行定期更新很重要。2动词
35、不定式和动名词可用作宾语(1)afford, agree, ask, decide, desire, expect, fail, hope, manage, promise, pretend, plan, intend, refuse, wish等动词后要接不定式作宾语。We cannot afford to ignore this warning.我们对这个警告不能等闲视之。(2)come, get, grow后接不定式作宾语时，意为“逐渐地”。She has a hot temper, but you will grow to like her.她脾气很急，但你会渐渐喜欢她的。(3)adm
36、it, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practise, risk, resist, suggest等动词后要接动名词作宾语。Bill suggested holding a meeting on what to do for the Expo during the vacation.比尔建议召开一个关于在假期为世博会做些什么的会议。(4)give up, feel like, keep on, insist on, l
37、ook forward to, put off, devote . to, object to, be busy (in), get down to, have difficulty/trouble (in), have a good/wonderful/hard time (in), have fun等短语后要接动名词作宾语。I had great difficulty (in) finding the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant.在那个餐馆，我很难从菜单上找到合适的食物。(5)动词like, love, prefer, hate
38、等后接不定式或动名词作宾语均可。但表示经常性的动作要用动名词，表示具体的行为要用不定式。I like swimming, but I dont like to swim this afternoon.我喜欢游泳，但今天下午不想去。(6)动词need, require, want作“需要”讲时，其后要用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语。且句子的主语通常为表示事物的名词。与此有相同用法的动词还有deserve “值得”。The window needs cleaning/to be cleaned.窗户需要擦了。(7)介词后一般要接动名词作宾语。但介词but/except后接不定式作宾语时
39、，如前面有实义动词do，不定式就要省略to。Upon arriving at the airport, he delivered an important speech.一到机场，他就发表了重要演讲。He has nothing to do but lie down and sleep.无事可做，他只能躺下睡觉。(8)动词，如：find, feel, think, expect, consider, make等常用于“. itadj./n.to do”结构中，it为形式宾语，to do为真正的宾语，形容词或名词作宾语补足语。He found it difficult to work out t
40、he problem.他发现很难解决这一问题。(9)既可用动名词，又可用不定式作宾语，但意义区别明显的动词：例词后接动名词后接不定式remember/forget/regretremember/forget/regret doing表示动作已发生remember/forget/regret to do表示动作未发生trytry doing 试着做try to do 努力做stopstop doing停止正在做的事stop to do停下来做别的事I still remember being taken to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.我仍记得别
41、人带我去过法门寺，并记得在那里所看到的事物。I regret to inform you that your application has not been successful.Not successful? I performed pretty well in my interview!我很遗憾地通知你，你的申请没有成功。没成功？在面试中我表现得很出色呀！3动词不定式、动词ing形式和过去分词可用作表语(1)当动词ing形式或过去分词作表语时，它们大多数是已经形容词化的，而且大多数是与心理状态有联系的词。The story sounds interesting.这个故事听起来有趣。She
42、 is interested in the story.她对那个故事感兴趣。(2)表示一般的概念时，不定式、动词ing形式可以互换，而表示具体的、个别的动作或有将来含义时，一般用不定式。What she likes is watching/to watch children play.她喜欢的事情就是看孩子们玩耍。My wish is to become a good teacher.我的愿望就是要当个好老师。注意下列情况下不定式作表语通常省略to：(1)主语是all(其后有that引导的定语从句)或what引导的从句，且从句中含有do的某种形式时。(2)主语是the only， the fi
43、rst， the last，形容词最高级或被这些词修饰，主语后有定语(从句)，且定语(从句)中含有do的某种形式时。All you need to do now is complete the form.你现在要做的是把这张表填好。What I want to do most in senior high school is improve my English.我在高中最想做的事就是提高我的英语水平。The only thing to do now is go on.,前进是现在唯一的出路。(3)“特殊疑问词/whether不定式”结构。该结构是对不定式用法的一个扩展。其用法为：The te
44、acher taught the students how to do the experiment.(作宾语)老师教学生们如何做这个实验。When to start (When we shall start) has not been decided.(作主语)何时动身尚未决定。The problem is where to put this computer.(作表语)问题是该把这台计算机放在哪儿。注意(1)“特殊疑问词/whether不定式”通常用在tell，show， understand， explain， teach， learn， discuss等词后作宾语。(2)“特殊疑问词/
45、whether不定式”作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。(3)“特殊疑问词/whether不定式”中，用特殊疑问副词和whether时，不定式用主动形式；用疑问代词，且构成不定式的动词与疑问代词为动宾关系时，不定式用主动形式表示被动意义，且不定式后一般不能再加宾语。误区谓语动词与非谓语动词的误用(1)【误】The lady walked around the shops, kept an eye out for bargains.【正】The lady walked around the shops, keeping an eye out for bargains.分析句子主语lady和keep之间
46、存在主动关系，而且walk和keep所表示的动作同时发生，故用现在分词作伴随状语。(2)【误】Today there are more airplanes carry more people than ever before in the skies.【正】Today there are more airplanes carrying more people than ever before in the skies.【正】Today there are more airplanes which/that_carry more people than ever before in the sk
47、ies.分析此句是there be结构，故carry应用非谓语形式。因airplanes和carry之间存在主动关系，故用现在分词carrying作后置定语，相当于which/that carry。误区非谓语动词形式的误用(1)【误】Seeing from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.【正】Seen from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.分析此处是非谓语动词作状语，逻辑
48、主语the south foot of the mountain与see之间存在被动关系，故用过去分词。(2)【误】I am awfully tiring,_but I know Ill never fall asleep.【正】I am awfully tired,_but I know Ill never fall asleep.分析描述人的心理状态，应用过去分词，tired表示“劳累的，疲劳的”。(3)【误】We dont allow to_smoke in the lecture hall.【正】We dont allow smoking in the lecture hall.分析a
49、llow要接v.ing形式作宾语；用不定式作宾语补足语，要用allow sb. to do sth.结构。(4)【误】Passengers are permitted carrying only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.【正】Passengers are permitted to_carry only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.分析permit要接v.ing形式作宾语；接主语补足语时，要用be permitted to do sth.结构。(5)【误】Ive been lookin
50、g forward to hear from you.【正】Ive been looking forward to hearing from you.分析短语look forward to中的to为介词，故接动名词作宾语。(6)【误】This boy was seen come late this morning.【正】This boy was seen to_come late this morning.分析感官动词see, watch, notice等动词转换为被动结构时，其后不定式需要带to。(7)【误】I looked up and noticed a snake wind its w
51、ay up the tree to catch its breakfast.【正】I looked up and noticed a snake winding its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.分析根据语境可知，wind与snake之间为主动关系且此动作正在进行，故用现在分词作宾补。误区非谓语动词结构的误用或与其他句式(结构)的误用(1)【误】Time permits,_Ill talk for another hour.【正】Time permitting,_Ill talk for another hour.分析此处为独立主格结构，逗号
52、前后如无连词，不可为两个句子，又因permit有自己的逻辑主语time(注意不是I)，且两者之间存在主动关系，故应用v.ing形式。(2)【误】Having_not been in the city long, I was still a stranger there.【正】Not_having been in the city long, I was still a stranger there.分析not用于否定非谓语动词时，必须位于其前，此为固定语法知识。(3)【误】Unless speaking to, she wont say a word.【正】Unless spoken to,
53、she wont say a word.分析当从句的主语和主句主语一致，且从句谓语动词中含有be动词的某种形式时，可省略从句中的主语和be动词，本句中省略了相同的主语she和be动词is。(4)【误】Follow the road round to the right, she found his house.【正】Following the road round to the right, she found his house.分析分析句子结构可知，此句是分词作状语，由于逻辑主语she与follow之间是主动关系，故用现在分词的一般式following。1.单句语法填空He was rea
54、ding a book _ (write) by Mark Twain.Did you see the young man _ (question) by the police over there?He tried to make himself _ (understand)_ (spend) the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong, Linda appears more mature than those of her age.What can we do but _ (sit) and wait?答案：writtenbeing
55、questionedunderstoodHaving spentsit2单句写作在准备好长期停留于月球前仍有许多问题待解决。There are still many problems _ before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.大部分菜客人们都没动，因为它们不是很好吃。The guests _， because they didnt taste delicious.她焦急地从包裹里拿出衣服试穿，结果却发现不合适。Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, _ it didnt fit.当飞机准备着陆的时候，飞行员要求机上所有乘客坐着别动。The pilot asked all the passengers on board _ as the plane was making a landing.你是不是该着手判卷(给试卷打分)了？Isnt it high time you got down _ the papers?答案：to be solvedleft most of the dishes untouchedonly to findto remain seatedto marking