1、第4讲介词(短语)单句语法填空单句写作1.(2019全国卷)Modern methods _ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid1980s . 答案：of/fora method of/for doing sth.“做某事的方法”。2.(2018全国卷)I was searching _ these three western lowland gorillas Id been observing. 答案：forsearch for “寻找”，为固定搭配。3.(2017全国卷)After sc
2、hool she plans to take a year off to model fulltime before going to university to get a degree _ engineering or architecture.答案：inin在此表示某方面。4.(2016全国卷)Most of us are more focused _ our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.答案：onfocus on “注意，集中”，为固定短语。5.(2016全国卷)Chopsticks are not used ev
3、erywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat _ their hands.答案：withwith ones hands “用手(操作)”，为固定搭配。1.(2019全国卷)高中学化学的时候，我重新审视了自己的目标。When I studied chemistry _ _ _， I reconsidered my goal.答案：in/at high school2.(2018全国卷)然而我还是有时候不愿意和他们玩这种游戏。Still I was unwilling to _ _ _ _ _ some
4、times.答案：play the game with them3.(2017全国卷)我突然停到了路的正中间。I came _ a sudden stop just _ the middle _ the road.答案：toinof4.(2017全国卷)当我看到自己的这张照片时，我意识到真是时光飞逝呀。When I look _ this picture _ myself, I realize how fast time flies.答案：atof5.(2016全国卷)叔叔说他从未梦想短时间内发财。My uncle says that he never dreams _ becoming ri
5、ch _ a short period of time.答案：of/aboutin考点1介词的用法介词的句法功能介词不能独立在句中充当成分，通常与名词、代词或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当语法成分。1作定语And it was all because he happened to be the last kid in the last row.这一切都因为他碰巧是坐在最后一排的最后一个孩子。2作状语介词短语经常用来作状语，表时间、地点、原因、方式等。Also imagine what it would be like spending the rest of your life with you
6、r eyes closed.也要想象闭着眼睛度过余生会是什么样子。3作表语He had no food or water and he was in terrible pain.他没有东西吃，也没有水喝，而且疼得厉害。4作补足语I found her in better spirits when we met again.我们再次见面时，我发现她情绪好些了。高考常考介词用法归纳与辨析表示时间的in, on, atat表示片刻的时间；in表示一段时间；on总是与具体日子有关表示时间的since, from，throughsince指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用；from指从时间的某一点开
7、始；through指自始至终，从头到尾续表表示时间的in, afterin与一般将来时连用指在一段时间之后；after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间之后表示地理位置的in, on, toin表示在某范围内；on指与某地毗邻；to指在某范围之外表示“在上”的on, inon只表示在某物的表面上；in表示占去某物一部分，即在某物之内表示“穿过”的through, across，overthrough表示从内部通过，与in有关；across表示在表面上通过，与on有关；over表示在其正上方越过，并且有表示时间的用法，意为“在期间”表示“关于”的about, onabout指涉及；on
8、指专门论述between与among的区别between表示在两者之间；among用于三者或三者以上的之间besides, except，except for, but for的区别besides指“除了还有，再加上”，其宾语包括在内；except指“除了”，其宾语不包括在内；except for强调整体中的细节，意思是“只是”，前后的事物不属于同类；but for意思是“要不是”，往往用在虚拟语气的含蓄条件句中表示“用”的with, inwith表示具体的工具；in表示材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音等as与like的区别as意为“作为，以地位或身份”；like意为“像一样”in与i
9、nto的区别in通常表示位置(静态)；into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置My father had longed to play music since childhood, but his family was poor and couldnt afford lessons.父亲从小渴望演奏音乐，但是他家很穷，承担不起上课的费用。Can we talk about this over dinner?我们吃饭时能谈谈这个吗？Her parents always talk to her in German.她父母总是用德语与她交谈。其他高考常考介词的用法1介词at可表示动作、感情的原因，意思是
10、“因而；一听到(看到/想到)就”At the boys remark, the bookseller looked at him curiously.听到男孩的那句话，卖书人好奇地看着他。2“on名词或动名词”结构可表示“一就”On his arrival he went straight to the counter and spoke to the clerk in uniform behind it.他一到达就径直往柜台走去，并与柜台后边穿制服的店员说话。3to与情感名词连用，表示“令某人的是”。如：to ones delight/surprise/horror/sorrow/joy/r
11、egret等To her surprise and joy, she was awarded first prize.令她又惊又喜的是，她获得了一等奖。4with的用法(1)表示两种事物之间的相应关系或齐头并进的意思。With time passing, they have grown into big boys.随着时间的流逝，他们都长成大小伙子了。(2)指原因或理由。The small child trembled with fear.那小孩吓得哆嗦。5by的用法(1)含有“到的程度”的意思。This one is shorter than that one by three inches
12、.这一个比那一个短三英寸。(2)表示买卖东西所用以计算的数或量或付酬所用以计算的时间。Milk is sold by the pint, butter by the pound, and eggs by the dozen.牛奶论品脱卖，黄油论磅卖，鸡蛋论打卖。(3)表示“按照”或“根据”的意思。By my watch, the time is half past eleven.按我的表，现在是十一点半。6of与抽象名词连用，表示的意义相当于该名词对应的形容词ofgreat/much抽象名词very形容词；ofno抽象名词not形容词。It is of great/much value.It
13、is very valuable.这个东西很贵重。7near, by, beside, at表示“在附近/旁边”near表示“在附近”；by与beside同义，表示“靠近，在旁边”，比near距离更近；at也可表示“在旁边”，但多表示有目的的行为和所处的位置。Wendy came up and sat beside me.温迪走过来坐在我身旁。We are sitting at the desks listening to our teacher.我们正坐在课桌旁听老师讲课。8against的用法(1)反对；违背；与相反They got married against her parents
14、wishes.他们违背她父母的意愿结婚了。(2)触、碰、撞、紧靠、倚靠Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back against a big tree.疲惫不堪，吉姆背靠一棵大树进入了梦乡。(3)与竞争We will be competing against the best companies in Europe.我们将会和欧洲的顶级公司竞争。(4)防备，抵御They took measures against the fire.他们采取了防火措施。(5)以为背景，衬托The hill looks more beautiful against the b
15、lue sky.在蓝天的映衬下，小山更显美丽。9because of, due to, thanks to的用法because of通常作状语，位于句首或句尾，表示直接的原因；due to通常作表语，表示“由于，因为”；thanks to表示“多亏，幸亏”，既可用于褒义，也可用于贬义，多位于句首。The streets were flooded because of all the rain.下雨导致街道被淹了。His illness was due to smoking and drinking.他的病是由吸烟和饮酒引起的。Thanks to modern medicine, the dis
16、ease can now be cured.多亏了现代药物，这种疾病现在可以被治愈了。考点2介词短语1常见高频介词短语at the same time 同时；然而at dawn 在黎明at the cost of 以的代价at the mercy of 任凭的摆布at the sight of 一看到at the age of 在岁时above all 最重要的是apart from 除此以外in the face of 面对，面临in addition to 除以外in case of 万一in charge of 负责，主管in the charge of 在的管理之下in control
17、 of 控制，掌握，管理in search of 寻找in honor of 为了纪念in exchange for 作为交换in memory of作为对的纪念in favor of 赞成，支持in fear of 害怕in need of 需要in no time 立刻in a hurry 匆忙in the way 碍事，挡路in the meanwhile 与此同时in the hope of 抱着的希望in no way 决不in preparation for 为做准备in response to 作为回应in turn 依次；转而in return (for) 作为(对的)回报in
18、 sight 看得见；在视野之内in spite of 尽管，虽然in possession of 拥有in the possession of 被拥有be of help 有帮助的be of importance 重要的be of significance 有重大意义的on the contrary 相反on account of 因为；由于on behalf of 代表on condition that (only if) 在的条件下on the basis of 以为基础on the point of . 正要with regard to 关于2分类高频介词短语(1)表示状态的介词短语a
19、t a loss 不知所措 at dinner 在吃晚餐at peace 处于和平状态 at rest 静止at war 在战争中 at work 在工作in anger 生气 in bed 在床上in danger 处于危险中 in debt 负债in despair 失望 in difficulty 处于困难中in doubt 不确定，拿不准 in fear 在恐惧中in high spirits 情绪高昂 in need 在危难中，在穷困中in order 秩序井然 in print 发表in rags 穿着破旧 in surprise 吃惊in trouble 在困境中 in use
20、使用中on a trip 在旅行 on business 因公出差on display 在展出 on duty 在值班on holiday/vacation 在度假on sale 在出售；低价出售 on show 在展出on strike 在罢工 on the go 非常忙碌on the way 在途中 out of balance 失去平衡out of control 失去控制 out of danger 脱离危险out of date 过期 out of order 出故障out of work 失业(2)表示方式的介词短语by accident 偶然地 by means of 借助于by
21、 chance 偶然地 by force 用暴力by hand 手工地 by mistake 错误地by nature 天生地 by the month 按月by turns 轮流by weight/volume 按重量/体积算in cash 用现金支付 in detail 详细地in size 在大小上 with delight 高兴地with ease 轻易地 with joy 高兴地with pleasure 愉快地(3)表示“在”的介词短语under attack 遭到袭击under consideration 在考虑中under construction 在建造中under cont
22、rol 在控制之下under discussion 在讨论中under pressure 在压力下under repair 在修理中under test 在测试中误区介词词义的误用(1)【误】The bridge on the river, which has a history of nearly 100 years, is now in danger of falling down.【正】The bridge over the river, which has a history of nearly 100 years, is now in danger of falling down.分
23、析over通常指“正对的上方”，表示两个物体之间垂直的相对位置；on指线上或面上的接触点，仅在两个物体互相接触的情况下表示“在上面”。(2)【误】In those days, we had no phones, so we had to keep in touch with writing often.【正】In those days, we had no phones, so we had to keep in touch by writing often.分析with表示用具体的工具，此处用by表示抽象的方式。by writing意为“通过写信”。本题不是keep in touch wit
24、h的固定搭配。误区介词搭配的误用(1)【误】You should eat more fruit and vegetables, which are rich of vitamins.【正】You should eat more fruit and vegetables, which are rich in vitamins.分析be rich in是固定搭配，意为“富含”。根据语境可知，把of改为in。(2)【误】He got_married_with her last month.【正】He got_married_to her last month.【正】He married_her la
25、st month.分析get married to sb.marry sb. 为固定表达，意为“与某人结婚”。(3)【误】Under the help of the teacher, he made rapid progress.【正】With the help of the teacher, he made rapid progress.分析with the help of sb. 意为“在某人的帮助下”为固定短语。误区介词的缺失错误(1)【误】If you hear the alarm, stand in line at the door and wait your teacher to
26、lead you outside.【正】If you hear the alarm, stand in line at the door and wait for your teacher to lead you outside.分析wait for是固定搭配，意为“等待”，由于其后有宾语your teacher，故需要加介词for。(2)【误】He is the man I just spoke.【正】He is the man I just spoke to.分析man后为省略了关系词的定语从句，对某人讲话为speak to sb.，故to不可缺失。误区介词的冗余错误【误】We, toge
27、ther with our teacher, visited a local nursing home in last week.【正】We, together with our teacher, visited a local nursing home last week.分析时间名词前有next, last等修饰时，一般不再用介词。1.单句语法填空The artist wrote _ ink/pencil (_ a pen/a pencil)The skiers red clothes stood out clearly _ the snow.The Well Hotel stands i
28、n a quiet place _ the main road at the far end of the lake._ then on she knew she would win.I usually take a bath _ having my breakfast.答案：in; withagainstoffFrombefore2单句写作为了纪念前妻，他建立了这个慈善机构。He founded the charity _ his late wife.除了知道这位年轻女士来自北京，我对她一无所知。I know nothing about the young lady _ she is from Beijing.在绝不向任何人泄密的前提下，他教给了我这个把戏。He taught me the trick _ I never tell anyone else how to do it.他抓住了我的胳膊。He seized me _.有些学生为了振奋自我经常课间听音乐。Some students often _ to refresh themselves.答案：in memory ofexcept thaton condition thatby the armlisten to music between classes