1、如果把南极比作音乐，它就是莫扎特；比作美术，它就是米开朗基罗；比作文学，它就是莎士比亚。然而它还是比这些更重要它是地球上唯一一个保持原貌的地方。也许，我们永远都驯服不了它。Ship tourism to Antarctica is on the rise：More than 35，000 tourists are expected to visit Antarctica this summer. In 19921993, 6，750 tourists visited Antarctica，according to the Antarctica Treaty. All of this touri
2、sm, however, is putting both tourists and the environment in great danger.Among the tourist ships that visit the continent, the Explorer, a Canadian ship, was one of the first.Put to use in 1969, it was built to carry tourists to Antarctica. However, it became the first commercial (商业) passenger shi
3、p to sink beneath the waters. Fortunately, all of the passengers and crew members were rescued from the ship. However, the sunken ship endangered the Antarctics fragile (脆弱的) environment. The ship was estimated to be holding 48，000 gallons of fuel.As a natural frontier, Antarctica is in a messy lega
4、l situation. There are no obvious answers as to who is responsible for dealing with the threat that tourists may cause to human life and the environment.There is no coast guard for Antarctica. Do we want it to become Disneyland, or do we need some controls?Section Introduction & Reading and Vocabula
5、ryComprehending重点单词写作词汇1.annual adj.每年的2.state n.状态；状况3.trap v储存，留存4.mass n.块，堆，团拓展词汇5.exploration n(对某地区的)勘查explore v探险，勘探explorer n探险者6.depth n深度deep adj.深的adv.深深地deeply adv.深刻地7.extreme adj.极端的，极度的extremely adv.极其，极端，非常8.balance v使平衡balanced adj.平衡的mercial adj.商业的commerce n商业；贸易10.promote v促进，增进p
6、romotion n晋级；增进阅读词汇11.polar adj.极地的12.Antarctica n.南极洲13.rainfall n.降水量；降雨量14.gravity n.重力，地心引力15.inhospitable adj.荒凉的，不适宜居住的16.rivalry n(不断的)竞争17.treaty n.(国家或政府间的)条约，公约18.nuclear adj.核的，核能的19.radioactive adj.(具有)放射性的重点短语1.close to接近于， 几乎2.on average平均3.adapt to(使)适应4.be made up of由组成5.in the form
7、of以的形式6.stand out突出，显眼7.set foot on进入，到达8.in particular尤其重点句型1.“with宾语宾补”结构：With annual rainfall close to zero (年降雨量几乎为零), Antarctica is technically a desert.2.现在分词作原因状语：Covering about 14 million square kilometres (覆盖了约1 400万平方千米的面积) around the South Pole, it is the fifth largest continent in the wo
8、rld.3.现在分词作结果状语：A high mountain range, the TransAntarctic range, runs from east to west, cutting the continent in two (将大洲分为两半).4.be形容词to do (主动形式表示被动)：Since most Antarctic rocks are dark in colour, they stand out against the white background and are easy to identify and collect (易于识别和搜集).5.not unti
9、l置于句首，主句要部分倒装：Not until the late 18th century did the British explorer (直到18世纪末，英国探险家) James Cook cross the Antarctic Circle, but he never saw land. Read the text and match the main idea of each paragraph.1Para.1 AThe Antarctic mainland.2Para.2 BThe Antarctic Treaty.3Para.3 CPlants and animals livin
10、g on Antarctica.4Para.4 DThe discovery of Antarctica.5Para.5 EA great place for scientific study.答案：15.ACEDB Read the text carefully and choose the best answer according to the text.1This passage is mainly about_Aplants and animals of the AntarcticaBthe discovery of AntarcticaCthe Antarctic TreatyDa
11、 general description of the Antarctica2Why does the writer say the Antarctica is a desert?ABecause there is no plant here.BBecause the annual rainfall here is close to zero.CBecause it is the coldest place on Earth.DBecause it has strong wind.3What was the aim to make the treaty in 1961?ATo stop the
12、 use of commercial and military affairs.BTo prevent the research in the Antarctica.CTo keep the hunters from killing the penguins.DTo avoid the war between the advanced countries.4From the text, we can know the wildlife in Antarctica _Afinds itself unable to adapt to the extreme conditionsBcan survi
13、ve the extreme cold and lack of rainfallCmainly includes penguins, flying birds, seals, trees and so onDdoesnt like living in the sunlight答案：14.DBAB Analyze the following difficult sentences in the text.1But the long Antarctic winter night, which lasts for 182 days (the longest period of continuous
14、darkness on earth), as well as the extreme cold and lack of rainfall, means that few types of plants can survive there. 翻译但是南极洲冬天的黑夜长达182天 (地球上持续时间最长的黑暗时期)，气候极度寒冷，降水量极少，这意味着很少有植物能在这里生存。答案：非限制性定语；宾语2Gases and minerals, in the form of volcanic dust trapped in the ice, can tell us a lot about what the
15、worlds climate was like in past ages. 本句为复合句， in the form of volcanic dust trapped in the ice为介词短语作_，修饰主语Gases and minerals, 其中trapped in the ice为过去分词作_修饰volcanic dust, what the worlds climate was like in past ages作介词about的_。 翻译以火山灰的形式封冻进冰层里的气体和矿物质可以告诉我们很多关于远古时期全球气候的状况。答案：定语；后置定语；宾语AntarcticantktIkn
16、.南极洲annualnjuladj.每年的 n年刊，年鉴rainfallreInfln.降水量；降雨量TransAntarctic range横贯南极洲的山脉hold在此处指“拥有”statesteItn.状态；状况in a (n).state处于一种状态permanently adv.永久地，长期地on average通常，按平均值above/below average高于/低于平均水平depthdepn.深度at a depth of在深处in depth深入地，彻底地be out of ones depth为某人的能力所不及gravityrvtin.重力，地心引力inhospitable
17、InhspItbladj.荒凉的，不适宜居住的hospitable adj.热情友好的，适宜的，舒适的adapt (to) (使)适应adapt oneself to使自己适应或习惯extremeIkstrimadj.极端的，极度的n.极端extremely adv.极其，极端，非常go to extremes走极端in the extreme极度，非常flowerflav.开花mossmsn.藓；苔藓algaeldin.藻类 (植物)lichenlaIkenn.地衣as a result结果as a result of作为的结果result from起因于result in导致in the
18、form of以的形式 (介词短语)take the form of采取的形式 (动词短语)traptrpv.储存，留存trap的过去式、过去分词、现在分词均要双写p6 meteoritemitiraItn.陨石7 outer space太空，外部空间 (前面无冠词)8 contain v包含，容纳9 extraterrestrial ekstrtrestriladj. 天外的，地球外的: stand out突出，显眼，出色outstanding adj.杰出的，优秀的，出色的; massmsn.块，堆，团a mass of一块，一堆，一团；一大群masses of许多的，大量的 set fo
19、ot on进入，到达? rivalryraIvlrin(不断的)竞争 treatytritin(国家或政府间的)条约，公约A prevent v防止，预防prevent sb(from) doing sth.防止某人做某事B commercialkmladj. 商业的C in particular (particularly)尤其是，特别是D keep.free from 使摆脱E nuclearnjukliadj.核的，核能的F testtestn.试验G radioactivereIdiktIvadj(具有)放射性的H promoteprmtv.促进，增进I represent v代表，象
20、征represent.as把描绘成Antarctica：the Last ContinentAntarctica is the coldest place on Earth. Its also the driest. With annual rainfall close to zero，Antarctica is technically a desert. Covering about 14 million square kilometres around the South Pole, it is the fifth largest continent in the world.A high
21、 mountain range, the TransAntarctic range， runs from east to west, cutting the continent in twoThere are volcanoes too, but they are not very active. Antarctica holds90% of the worlds ice, and most of its fresh water (70%) is in a frozen state , of course. 98% of the surface is covered permanently i
22、n the ice cap. On average it is two kilometres thick, but in some places it reaches a depth of five kilometres. Strong winds driven by gravity blow from the pole to the coastline, while other winds blow round the coast. It is difficult to imagine a more inhospitable place.With annual rainfall close
23、to zero是with复合结构，在句中作原因状语。现在分词短语covering about 14 million square.作原因状语。现在分词短语cutting the continent in two在句中作状语。“百分数或分数of名词”构成的短语作主语时，谓语动词的形式要与of后面的名词的数保持一致。过去分词短语driven by gravity作后置定语，修饰Strong winds。Yet Antarctica is full of wildlife, which has adapted to its extreme conditions. There are differen
24、t types of penguins, flying birds, seals, and whales. But the long Antarctic winter night, which lasts for 182 days (the longest period of continuous darkness on earth), as well as the extreme cold and lack of rainfall, means that few types of plants can survive there. Only two types of flowering pl
25、ants are found, while there are no trees on the large continent. The rest of the plants are made up of mosses，algae and lichen. Some forms of algae have adapted to grow on ice.which has adapted to its extreme conditions是which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰wildlife。means用第三人称单数形式，是与as well as.前面的主语winter night保持一致。me
26、ans后是that引导的宾语从句。while there are.中while意为“而，然而”，作并列连词，表示对比。Most of the ice has been there for thousands of years. As a result， it has become a window on the past, and can give researchers lots of useful information. Gases and minerals, in the form of volcanic dust trapped in the ice, can tell us a l
27、ot about what the worlds climate was like in past ages. Antarctic rocks are also very important for research. Most of them are meteorites6 from outer space7. One rock, known as the “Alien”rock, may contain8 evidence of extraterrestrial9 life. Since most Antarctic rocks are dark in colour, they stand
28、 out: against the white background and are easy to identify and collect.what the worlds climate .中what引导宾语从句，作介词about的宾语。过去分词短语known as the “Alien” rock作后置定语，修饰One rock。Since most Antarctic rocks are dark in colour是since引导的原因状语从句。Antarctica was the last continent to be discovered. But more than two
29、thousand years ago Greek geographers believed that there was a large land mass; in the south which balanced the Antarctic mainland.The race to the pole had begun. It was finally reached on 11th December, 1911 by the Norwegian Roald Amundsen.动词不定式to be discovered作后置定语，修饰the last continent。which balan
30、ced the land in the north是which引导的定语从句，修饰a large land mass。not until位于句首时，主句要部分倒装。过去分词短语called Carstens Borchgrevink作后置定语，修饰a Norwegian。Today scientists from many countries travel to Antarctica to study its resources. A spirit of international friendship has replaced the rivalry? that existed betwee
31、n many of the earlier explorers. In 1961, a treaty signed by 12 countries, including Britain, France, and the USA, made Antarctica the worlds biggest nature reserve. The aim of the treaty is to preventA the commercialB and military use of the continent. In particularC ， it aims to keep Antarctica fr
32、ee fromD nuclearE testsF and radioactiveG waste; to promoteH international scientific projects; and to end arguments about who owns the land. Today countries representingI 80% of the worlds population have signed the treaty. Antarctica has become perhaps the most successful symbol of mans efforts to
33、 work together for progress and peace.that existed between many of the earlier explorers是that引导的定语从句，修饰the rivalry。过去分词短语signed by 12 countries作后置定语，修饰a treaty。动词不定式短语to prevent the commercial and military use .在句中作表语。who owns the land是who引导的宾语从句，作介词about的宾语。现在分词短语representing.作后置定语，修饰countries。南极洲：
34、最后 (一个被发现)的大洲南极洲是地球上最冷的地方，同时也是最干燥的地方。南极洲年降水量几乎为零，严格来说该区域就是一片荒漠。南极洲覆盖了南极圈周围约1 400万平方千米的面积，是世界第五大洲。一条横贯南极洲的高大山脉从东到西将南极洲分为两半。南极洲也有火山，但并不十分活跃。 南极洲拥有世界90%的冰，当然其大部分淡水 (70%)都处于一种冰冻状态。 南极洲98%的地表永久地被冰盖覆盖。冰层平均厚度为2 000米，但某些地方厚度可以达到5 000米。受地球重力影响，会有暴风从极地吹向海岸，同时也有其他方向吹来的风。很难想象地球上还有比南极洲条件更为恶劣的地方了。但南极洲仍然栖息着很多野生生物，
35、它们已经适应了这里极其恶劣的条件。这里有不同种类的企鹅、飞禽、海豹以及鲸。但是南极洲冬天的黑夜长达182天 (地球上持续时间最长的黑暗时期)，气候极度寒冷，降水量极少，这意味着很少有植物能在这里生存。仅发现了两种开花类植物，而这片大陆上没有树木生长。其他的植物也就是一些苔藓、海藻以及地衣。有些藻类已经适应了在冰上生长。南极洲大部分的冰已经有成千上万年的历史了。因此，它已经变成了人们了解过去的窗口，可以给研究者提供大量有用的信息。以火山灰的形式封冻进冰层里的气体和矿物质可以告诉我们很多关于远古时期全球气候的状况。南极洲的岩石对于研究来说也很重要。它们大部分是来自太空的陨石。其中有一块叫做“外星”
36、的岩石，或许能够证明地球以外生命的存在。因为南极洲的大多数岩石是深色的，它们在白色冰雪的映衬下格外显眼，也就易于识别和搜集。南极洲是最后一个被发现的大洲。但在两千多年以前，希腊的地理学家就认为在南边有一大块与北边的陆地相平衡的大陆。他们称之为AntiArktikos或者Antarctica，意为“与北极相反的”。在15世纪欧洲人发现了美洲以后，一个伟大的探险的时代也随之开始了。然而，到达南极洲的步伐却始终非常慢。直到18世纪末，英国探险家詹姆斯库克才穿越了南极圈，但他却从未发现任何陆地。后来到了1895年，一个叫卡斯腾博克格雷温克的挪威人成为第一个踏上南极大陆的人。奔赴南极的竞赛开始了。最终一
37、名挪威人罗尔德阿蒙森于1911年12月11日到达南极。当今，来自许多国家的科学家到南极洲去研究其资源。一种国际友谊已经代替了存在于许多早期探险家之间的相互竞争。1961年，由包括英国、法国和美国在内的12个国家签署的一份条约，使南极洲变成了世界上最大的自然保护区。条约的目的是防止在商业以及军事上使用这个洲。该条约尤其致力于保护南极洲不受核试验以及放射性废物的污染，推进国际科研项目，并且终止那些关于这片土地所有权的争论。今天代表世界人口80%的国家已经签署了这份条约。南极洲或许已经成为人类为了进步与和平而共同努力的最成功的标志。 阅读理解AAntarctic seabirds are breed
38、ing (繁殖) later，because thinner sea ice is causing their food supplies to decline，a new study says. The birds，which nest in East Antarctica，have delayed their spring arrival by an average of nine days and egglaying by an average of two days over the past 50 years，according to polar researchers from t
39、he French National Center for Scientific Research in Villiers en Bois, France. Study authors Christophe Barbrand and Henri Weimerskirch attribute this later breeding activity to decrease in sea ice caused by climate change.The researchers say the disappearing sea ice，combined with a longer seaice se
40、ason, has interfered with the birds breeding cycle by reducing the amount of krill (磷虾) and other prey (猎物) available in early spring in Antarctica. Because Antarcticas seasons are opposite those in the Northern Hemisphere，spring on the icy continent begins in October.The study is based on data coll
41、ected at seabird colonies between 1950 and 2004 in Adlie Land, on the eastern edge of the frozen continent.The findings were published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.Of the nine species studied, some arrived up to 30 days later than they had in previous years.Despite
42、much later arrivals, the birds are laying their eggs at pretty much the same time as they had in the past. In the most extreme cases, birds were laying their eggs an average of 3.7 days later in the season than they were 50 years ago.【解题导语】本文主要介绍了生活在南极洲东部的海鸟推迟繁殖的原因。1What is the passage mainly about?
43、ASeabirds are breeding later in East Antarctica.BThe amount of krill in the ocean has decreased.CThe weather in Antarctica has changed.DThe spring in Antarctica is beginning later.A解析：主旨大意题。纵观全文，文章主要介绍的是现在生活在南极洲东部的海鸟的繁殖期由于气候变化而延后。2In which of the following months is it autumn in Antarctica?AOctober.
44、 BSeptember.CNovember. DJune.D解析：推理判断题。根据文章第二段第二句可推知南极6月应是秋天。3How many kinds of seabirds were studied by the researchers?ATwo. BFive.CNine. DThirty.C解析：细节理解题。根据文章第五段可知研究了九种鸟。4What does the underlined word “attribute” in Paragraph 1 mean?AIt means “contribute”. BIt means “cause”CIt means “owe”. DIt m
45、eans “devote”C解析：词义猜测题。研究者认为这种推迟的生育行为是由于气候变化导致的海冰减少而引起的。attribute.to.“把归因于”，C项与之相符。B(2019陕西高二检测)Whenever I hear a recording of John Denver singing “Sunshine on My Shoulders”， I find myself smiling, drawn to a love of the sun and the outdoors Ive had for years as a Michigan native. Walking barefoot t
46、o the lake, playing without shirts in the sunlight, and breathing fresh air feel good. As a doctor I can tell you they are also good for your heart.Studies have found higher rates of high blood pressure among people with the lowest sun exposure. One reason may be due to nitric oxide (一氧化氮), a gas wh
47、ose function is activated when your skin is exposed to the suns rays. It reduces both heart attack and stroke risks. Vitamin D, which sunlight helps your body produce, is also linked to better health. So walk outdoors for 15 to 30 minutes daily.In Japan, walking through forests to keep healthy has b
48、ecome a popular practice. Apparently they want to enjoy the fresh air. But research on 280 volunteers found that people had a reduced heart rate, and lower blood pressure when they walked through a forest than when they spent time in an urban area.One of the consequences of modern society is that ra
49、rely is our body in direct contact with the ground. The earth has an electrical current. Direct contact with it may be stabilizing force for good health. Although“earthing”or “grounding” is considered alternative by mainstream medicine, research shows that the practice seems to be able to reduce hea
50、rt disease risks.So, walk around barefoot wherever possible, let your backyard grass tickle your feet, and dig your toes into sandy beaches.【解题导语】本文是一篇议论文。作者通过叙述自己的经历、感受和一些研究发现，告诉人们户外活动有益于心脏。5The first paragraph is meant to _Ashow the author likes the song very muchBput forward the argument of the p
51、assageCsuggest that the author loves nature crazilyDindicate the author is a Michigan nativeB解析：推理判断题。根据第一段的描述可知，作者写这段的目的是提出文章的论点。6Sunbathings good for heart because _Athe suns rays make nitric oxide workBsunlight can help people keep warmCthe suns rays can help replace vitamin DDvitamin D reduces b
52、lood circulationA解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“One reason may be due to nitric oxide (一氧化氮), a gas whose function is activated when your skin is exposed to the suns rays. It reduces both heart attack and stroke risks.”描述可推知，日光浴对心脏有好处是因为阳光能使一氧化氮工作。7Its believed that walking through forests can _Amake people popul
53、ar Bhelp breathe in fresh airCreduce blood pressure Dhelp escape noisy citiesC解析：细节理解题。根据第三段的“But research on 280 volunteers found that people had a reduced heart rate, and lower blood pressure when they walked through a forest than when they spent time in an urban area.”描述可知，人们普遍认为在森林散步可以降低血压。8The
54、best title of the passage should be _ANitric Oxide Has Magic FunctionsBWalking Barefoot Builds the BodyCSunbathing Is Good for HealthDOutdoor Activities Benefit the HeartD解析：标题归纳题。根据全文内容，尤其是第一段中的“Walking barefoot.for your heart.”及最后一段可知，这篇文章的主旨是户外活动有益于心脏。 完形填空Until a few years ago, I had what most p
55、eople would call a good life. I had a 1 job that paid the bills; I had a good family that I was close to, and I had a place to live and money in the bank for trips and 2 ， and there was nothing much wrong in my life. 3 ， I was bored.I wanted more. I wanted to live 4 and loudly and make sharp memorie
56、s instead of the 5 ones of everyday life. But I was 6 . I had never had any 7 in myself. As a child, even buying something in a shop caused me a great deal of 8 ， and even though I did get better as I got older, I never quite 9 that childhood shyness.And I tried everything, like reading books about
57、confidence. I also took tiny steps leading to my goals. But none of them really 10 So I 11 that the small steps werent enough. I signed up for an internship (实习期) of teaching English in Vietnam, an 12 huge step, one that 13 me as much as it excited me. And then the day came and I left my home and my
58、 loved ones. I was alone in a country where the food was 14 and the streets were unfamiliar. I had no idea whether I would be able to 15 everything that this very strange environment would 16 at me.I spent five months in Vietnam, teaching, exploring and laughing. Id learned to 17 myself, my skills,
59、my abilities and my decisions. I returned home 18 ， even to myself, let alone to others. The 19 that had controlled my life and the selfdoubt were 20 That one big chance changed everything for me, and in me.【解题导语】本文主要讲述了作者通过去异国他乡支教从而改变人生的励志故事。1A.stable BtemporaryCdifficult DdemandingA解析：根据上文中的“Until
60、 a few years ago, I had what most people would call a good life.”可推知，之前作者的生活过得不错，有收入稳定的工作，故选A。stable“稳定的”；temporary“暂时的”；demanding“要求高的”。2A.tips BrewardsCtreats DfinesC解析：根据空前的“money in the bank for trips”可推知，作者生活舒适，有出去旅游和款待他人的资金。treat在此作名词，意为“款待”。tip“小费，窍门”；reward“奖赏，回报”；fine“罚款”。3A.Thus BInsteadCO
61、therwise DHoweverD解析：根据语境可知，空处的前后内容存在逻辑上的转折关系，故选D。thus“因此”；instead“相反”；otherwise“否则”；however“然而”。4A.easily BbrightlyCpeacefully DmodestlyB解析：根据空后的“loudly”可推知，作者对之前的美好生活并不满足，想生活得更加充满生气 (brightly)。5A.bitter BclearCgrey DsweetC解析：根据上文中的“I was bored”可推知，作者厌倦了之前单调乏味的 (grey)生活，希望生活更加丰富多彩一些，与上文中的“make shar
62、p memories”相呼应。6A.proud BinnocentCoutgoing DafraidD解析：根据空前的“But”以及下文中的“childhood shyness”可推知，作者内心充满了恐惧。7A.pride BconfidenceCinterest DshameB解析：根据下文中的“even buying something in a shop caused me a great deal of _”和“childhood shyness”可推知，作者一直以来都对自己缺乏信心 (confidence)，与下文中的“And I tried everything, like rea
63、ding books about confidence.”相呼应。8A.stress BexcitementCconfusion DsurpriseA解析：根据空后的“even though I did get better as I got older”可推知，在孩童时期，去商店买东西都会给作者带来很多心理负担 (stress)。9A.added to Btalked aboutCgot over Dsuffered fromC解析：根据空前的“never”可推知，作者一直都没有克服 (got over)自己孩童时期的害羞。10A.continued BsurvivedCfailed Dhe
64、lpedD解析：根据句中的“But”可推知，作者尽管尝试了很多方法，例如阅读有关 (提升)自信的书籍，并采取了一些小的措施，但是都无济于事 (helped)。11A.figured BpromisedCpredicted DdisagreedA解析：根据空前的“So”可推知，作者认为 (figured)小的措施是不够的。12A.equally BimpossiblyCunnecessarily DoccasionallyB解析：去越南支教对于一向缺乏自信的作者来讲的确是跨出了不可思议的一大步，故选B。13A.ignored BimpressedCannoyed DterrifiedD解析：此处
65、与上文作者孩童时期的害羞以及尝试多种方法增强自信相呼应，故这样的决定让作者害怕 (terrified)，同时又使作者激动万分。14A.nice BcolorfulCstrange DinadequateC解析：由下文中的“the streets were unfamiliar”和“this very strange environment”可推知，作者身处异国他乡，对那里的食物感到陌生 (strange)。15A.doubt BhandleCquit DobtainB解析：根据语境可知，作者不知道自己是否能够应付 (handle)这个完全陌生的环境抛 (throw)给自己的一切。16A.poi
66、nt BthrowCshout DaimB解析：参见上题解析。throw at“朝扔”。17A.trust BenjoyCexcuse DforgiveA解析：与上文中的“And I tried everything, like reading books about confidence.”形成对比可推知，作者在越南支教期间学会了相信自己。18A.unconcerned BunsatisfiedCunchangeable DunrecognizableD解析：根据语境可推知，作者从越南回来之后，发生了巨大的变化，几乎让人认不出了。unconcerned“不关心的”；unsatisfied“不满意的”；unchangeable“不可改变的”；unrecognizable“认不出来的”。19A.fear BrespectCcourage DangerA解析：由空后的“controlled my life”和“the selfdoubt”可推知，作者之前的生活被害怕 (fear)控制，与上文中的“that childhood shyness”呼应。20A.picked up Bforgotten aboutCworn off Dput offC解析：作者从越南回来之后，发生了巨大的变化，自信满满，自我怀疑逐渐消失 (worn off)。
