1、1 高考快递解读探究 20142015年高考语篇型填空考点考次统计 卷名考点 2014课标全国2014课标全国2014辽宁2015课标全国2015课标全国合计时态、语态1112161.时态或语态已成为语篇型语法填空的必考内容。2五年高考语篇型语法填空以对时态的考查为主,对语态的考查为辅。考点一 动词的时态1The reports went missing in 2012 and nobody _(see)them since.解析:句意:这些报告在2012年就丢失了,此后再也没人见到过它们。由题干中的since可知,本题应用现在完成时。答案:has seen2Hi,lets go skatin
2、g.Sorry,Im busy right now.I _(fill)in an application form for a new job.解析:句意:嗨,咱们去滑冰吧。对不起,我现在忙着呢。我正在填一张新工作申请表。根据题干中的Im busy right now可推知fill in这一动作正在进行,故用现在进行时。答案:am filling3What time is it?I have no idea.But just a minute,I _(check)it for you.解析:句意:现在几点了?我不知道,不过等一下,我帮你看看。根据句意可知答话者此刻也不知道几点,因此“我帮你看看
3、”是接下来要发生的动作,故使用一般将来时。答案:will check4I found the lecture hard to follow because it _(start)when I arrived.解析:句意:我发现我很难明白讲座的内容,因为当我到的时候它已经开始了。题干中的语境为过去时,根据句意可知空格处发生的动作先于arrived,故使用过去完成时。答案:had started5Writing out all the invitations by hand was more timeconsuming than we _(expect)解析:句意:手写所有的请柬比我们预期的更加耗
4、时。主句的时态是一般过去时,根据句意可知expect的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前,所以该空表示“过去的过去”,应用过去完成时。答案:had expected6They made up their mind that they _(buy)a new house once Larry changed jobs.解析:句意:他们决定一旦拉里换了工作,他们就买座新房子。that引导的从句为复合句,其中once引导的时间状语从句用的是一般过去时,故主句用过去将来时。答案:would buy7James has just arrived,but I didnt know he _(come)
5、until yesterday.解析:句意:詹姆斯刚到,但是直到昨天我才知道他会来。主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,从句的时态应用过去的某种时态,根据句意可知该空表示过去将要发生的动作,所以要用过去将来时。答案:was coming/would come8Havent seen you for ages!Where have you been?I went to Ningxia and _(stay)there for one year,teaching as a volunteer.解析:句意:好长时间没见到你了!你去哪儿了?我去宁夏支教了一年。答句由and连接两个并列的谓语动词,根据went及
6、句意可知,此处表示的动作发生在过去,“待”这个动作与went这个动作几乎同时发生,故用一般过去时态。答案:stayed9The twins,who _(finish)their homework,were allowed to play badminton on the playground.解析:句意:这对双胞胎已经完成家庭作业了,他们被允许在操场上打羽毛球。根据题干可知“被允许在操场上打羽毛球”这个动作发生在过去,而“完成家庭作业”这个动作发生在“被允许在操场上打羽毛球”这个动作之前,是“过去的过去”,故用过去完成时。答案:had finished10Sofia looked around
7、 at all the faces:she had the impression that she _(see)most of the guests before.解析:句意:Sofia看了看四周所有的人。她印象中她以前见过这些客人中的大多数。设空处所缺的动词表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词动作之前,同时有时间状语before,故用过去完成时。答案:had seen11During his stay in Xian,Jerry tried almost all the local foods his friends _(recommend)解析:句意:Jerry在西安逗留期间,他几乎尝遍了朋友推荐
8、的所有的当地食物。由tried可知,定语从句要用相应的过去时态;“他的朋友推荐”这个动作发生在tried这个动作之前,即“过去的过去”,故用过去完成时。答案:had recommended12Since the time humankind started gardening,we _(try)to make our environment more beautiful.解析:句意:自从人类开始从事园艺工作以来,我们就一直在努力使我们的环境更美。根据Since the time humankind started gardening以及try to make our environment m
9、ore beautiful这一动作现在还在进行可知,设空处需用现在完成进行时。答案:have been trying13She _(phone)someone,so I nodded to her and went away.解析:句意:她当时正在给某人打电话,所以我对她点点头走开了。根据句意可知该空表示过去某一时间正在发生的动作,所以要用过去进行时。答案:was phoning14Tony,why are your eyes red?I _(cut)up peppers for the last five minutes.解析:句意:托尼,为什么你的眼睛红了?过去的五分钟里我一直都在剁辣椒。
10、根据本题中的for the last five minutes可以判断动作从过去开始,持续到现在,并且可能现在还在进行,故用现在完成进行时。答案:have been cutting15.2015北京卷In the last few years,China _(make)great achievements in environmental protection.解析:句意:在过去的几年里,中国在环境保护方面已经取得了巨大的成就。根据时间状语In the last few years可知用现在完成时。答案:has made16.2015北京卷Did you have difficulty fin
11、ding Anns house?Not really.She _(give)us clear directions and we were able to find it easily.解析:句意:你们找到Ann的家有困难吗?没什么困难。她已经清楚地告诉我们怎么走了,我们很容易就找到她家了。动词give表示的动作发生在“were able to find”之前,表示“过去的过去”,故用过去完成时。答案:had given17.2015北京卷Dr.Jackson is not in his office at the moment.All right.I _(call)him later.解析:
12、句意:杰克逊博士现在不在办公室。好的。我稍后给他打电话。本句表示“临时决定”,故用“will动词原形”。答案:will call18.2015江苏卷The real reason why prices _(be),and still are,too high is complex,and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.解析:句意:物价过去是,现在仍然是那么高的真正原因是复杂的,短短的讨论不可能对此问题作出令人满意的解释。根据题目中“and still are(现在仍然是)”可知过去也是一样的情形,故用we
13、re。答案:were19.2015安徽卷Just as I got to the school gate,I realized I _(leave)my book in the cafe.解析:句意:就在我到达校门口的时候,我才意识到我把书落在咖啡馆里了。根据语境可知leave的动作发生在realized之前,所以用过去完成时态。答案:had left20.2015福建卷Where is Peter?I cant find him anywhere.He went to the library after breakfast and _(write)his essay there ever s
14、ince.解析:句意:彼得在哪里?我到处都找不到他。他吃过早饭后去了图书馆,从那时起一直在那里写文章。根据时间状语ever since可知设空处表示动作从过去开始一直持续到现在且还在进行,故用现在完成进行时。答案:has been writing21.2015湖南卷As you go through this book,you _(find)that each of the millions of people who lived through World War had a different experience.解析:句意:当你读这本书时,你就会发现数百万从第二次世界大战中活过来的人中
15、,每个人都有着不同的经历。本句中as引导的时间状语从句用了一般现在时表示将来,故主句需用一般将来时。答案:will find22.2015湖南卷 I wasnt able to hide my eagerness when I _(ask),“What do you wish me to do now?”解析:句意:当我问:“你现在想要我做什么?”的时候,我掩饰不住内心的渴望之情。根据题干中wasnt可知此处为一般过去时态。答案:asked23.2015湖南卷He must have sensed that I _(look)at him.He suddenly glanced at me a
16、nd said quietly,“Why are you staring at me like that?”解析:句意:他一定是感觉到了我在看他。他突然瞥了我一眼,然后轻声说道:“为什么你那样盯着我?”根据语境可知此处为过去进行时态。答案:was looking24.2015陕西卷Marty _(work)really hard on his book and he thinks hell have finished it by Friday.解析:句意:Marty在他的这本书上确实很用功,他觉得周五前就可以完成了。根据语境可知设空处用现在完成进行时或现在进行时。答案:has been wor
17、king/is working25.2015重庆卷Is Peter coming?No,he _(change)his mind after a phone call at the last minute.解析:句意:彼得要来吗?不来了。在最后时刻接了一个电话后他改变了主意。考查动词时态。根据语境可知“改变主意”应该发生在对话前的某一时间,即在过去的某一时间,故用一般过去时。答案:changed考点二 动词的语态1Unless some extra money _(find),the theatre will close.解析:句意:除非找到一些额外资金,否则这家剧院就得关门。由主句中的wil
18、l可知unless引导的从句应用一般现在时态表将来,且money和find之间是被动关系,故答案为is found。答案:is found2.2015四川卷More expressways _(build)in Sichuan soon to promote the local economy.解析:句意:四川很快会建更多的高速公路来促进当地经济的发展。根据题干中的soon可知设空处用一般将来时;expressways与build为被动关系,故用一般将来时的被动语态。答案:will be built 3.2015湖南卷I had a strong desire to reach in and
19、play with the toy,but _(hold)back thankfully by the shop window.解析:句意:当时我有一种强烈的愿望想要把手伸进去玩那个玩具,但是幸好被商店橱窗阻隔了。根据题干中的had a strong desire(一般过去时)可推知设空处需用一般过去时;主语I与hold back之间为被动关系,故用被动语态。综上所述答案为was held。答案:was held4.2015福建卷To my delight,I _(choose)from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony
20、.解析:句意:使我高兴的是,在数以百计的申请者中,我被选出来参加开幕式。本题考查时态和语态。主语I与choose为被动关系,设空处需用被动语态;又因为本题介绍的是过去的一种情况应用一般过去时,故用一般过去时态的被动语态形式。答案:was chosen5.2015安徽卷It is reported that a space station _(build)on the moon in years to come.解析:句意:据报道,一个太空站在未来几年将会在月球上被建立。本题考查动词的时态和语态。根据语境中的时间状语in years to come及space station和build之间为被
21、动关系可知这里用一般将来时态的被动语态。答案:will be built 6.2015北京卷Did you enjoy the party?Yes.We _(treat)well by our hosts.解析:句意:你们在聚会上玩得愉快吗?是的,我们被主人们招待得很好。本题考查动词的时态和语态。根据对话内容可知所谈事情发生在过去,且主语we与动词treat之间为被动关系,故用一般过去时态的被动语态形式。答案:were treated7.2015天津卷Despite the previous rounds of talks,no agreement _(reach)so far by the
22、two sides.解析:句意:尽管之前进行了多轮谈判,但到目前为止双方没有取得一致意见。考查动词的时态和语态。根据题干中的时间状语so far可知此处应该用现在完成时,而agreement与谓语动词之间为被动关系,所以要用现在完成时的被动语态。答案:has been reached 考纲解读1.时态:一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,现在进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时,现在完成时,过去完成时,现在完成进行时。2语态:被动语态。命题趋势未来高考可能仍然会以考查时态为主,但考查形式可能会更多地结合复合句、虚拟语气等形式。2考点梳理专题归纳动词的基本时态、语态一览表时态主动被动一般现在时do/d
23、oesam/is/aredone一般过去时didwas/weredonewill/shall dowill/shall be doneam/is/are going to doam/is/are going to be doneam/is/are to doam/is/are to be done一般将来时am/is/are about to do一般不用被动语态现在进行时am/is are doingam/is/are being done过去进行时was/were doingwas/were being done将来进行时will/shall be doing一般不用被动语态现在完成时ha
24、ve/has donehave/has been done过去完成时had donehad been done将来完成时will/shall have donewill/shall have been donewould/should dowould/should be donewas/were going to dowas/were going to be donewas/were to dowas/were to be done过去将来时was/were about to do一般不用被动语态现在完成进行时have/has been doing一般不用被动语态过去完成进行时had been
25、 doing一般不用被动语态 知识清单一常见的动词时态1.一般现在时(1)构成动词肯定式疑问式否定式否定疑问式I am.Am I.?I am not.Am not I.?You are.Are you.?You arent.Arent you.?beHe/She/It is.Is he/she/it.?He/She/It isnt.Isnt he/she/it.?I have.Do Ihave.?I donthave.Dont Ihave.?Youhave.Do youhave.?You donthave.Dont youhave.?其他实义动词(以have为例)He/She/It has.D
26、oeshe/she/it have.He/She/It doesnthave.Doesnt he/she/ithave.?(2)用法表示经常性的、习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语如frequently,rarely,occasionally等连用。I live far away from my parents,so I only go to see them occasionally.我住得离父母很远,只能偶尔去看他们。表示客观真理、客观存在及自然现象,此用法即使出现在过去语境中,也用一般现在时。Our teacher told us that the earth goes around
27、the sun.老师告诉我们地球围绕太阳转。表示按时间表拟好的或安排好的事情或要发生的动作。The shop opens at 9:00 in the morning and closes at 8:00 in the evening.这家商店早上9点开门,晚上8点关门。表示目前的情况或状态。Every day I work from dawn to dark.我每天都从清晨工作到天黑。在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,主句用一般将来时,则从句用一般现在时表将来。If he comes this afternoon,well have a meeting.如果他今天下午来的话,我们要开个会。用于
28、here,there开头的倒装句中,表示现在正在发生的动作或存在的状态。There goes the bell.铃响了。Here comes the bus.公共汽车来了。注意 某些表示状态和感觉的动词,如be,like,hate,sound,believe,want,belong,depend等,常用一般现在时。I dont want to sound rude.我不想听起来无礼。I like this house very much but it belongs to my sister.我非常喜欢这房子,但它是我妹妹的。在句型I hope.,I bet.以及句型see to it.,ma
29、ke sure/certain.等后面的that从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时。I bet it rains tomorrow.我敢肯定明天会下雨。Make sure you come back soon.你要保证快点回来。一般现在时还可代替现在完成时,主要用于含有say,see,hear,learn,tell,read,write等谓语动词的句子中。I forget(have forgotten)his name.我忘了他的名字。2一般过去时 (1)构成一般过去时表示过去的状态和动作,和现在不发生联系,常有表示过去的时间状语或when等引导的时间状语从句,基本结构为“主语过去式谓语”,其他
30、变化与一般现在时类似。(2)用法表示过去发生的事情或存在的状态。He worked in my mothers company for two months last year.去年他在我妈妈的公司工作过两个月。表示过去的习惯动作。Li Mei always went to school on foot last year.去年李梅总是步行上学。描述过去几个相继发生的动作,尽管有先后,都用一般过去时,最后两个动作用and连接。He opened the door,put the books on the shelf and returned.他打开门,把书放在架子上,又回来了。在时间、条件、方
31、式、让步状语从句中,用一般过去时代替过去将来时,表示过去将来的动作。He told me that he wouldnt go back until his mother returned.他对我说直到他妈妈回来了他才回家。(用returned为一般过去时代替过去将来时)want,wonder,hope,think,intend等动词,用一般过去时表现在,表示委婉语气或“本来想做而实际上未做”。I thought he was an honest man.我原以为他是老实人。He didnt intend to hurt you.他没打算伤害你。since从句中常用过去时。I havent f
32、ound a job since I was out of work.我失业后还没找到工作。注意 在一些固定句型如:It is time that sb.did sth.(是某人该干的时候了);would/had rather(that)sb.did sth.(宁愿某人做某事);“If only从句”(要是就好了)中,可用一般过去时,表示与现在事实或与将来事实相反。Its time that the kids were in bed.孩子们该睡觉了。Your father is in your office.你父亲在你的办公室。Id rather he came tomorrow.我宁愿他明天
33、来。If only I were a bird!要是我是一只鸟就好了!3一般将来时(1)构成一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或事情,常由“shall/will动词原形”构成。(2)用法表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。We shall/will start to learn another book next week.下周我们将学习另外一本书。表示将来反复发生的动作或习惯性的动作。We shall/will have a lot of rain next month.下个月将会下很多雨。(3)表将来时的几种结构及时态用法比较shall/will doa表示将来,有时暗含偶然性、临时起意要做某事。S
34、omeone is knocking at the door.有人在敲门。Ill answer it.我去开。b在疑问句中可以用来征询听话人的意图或征求允诺。Will you come here this afternoon?今天下午你能到这儿来吗?be going to doa表示打算在最近或将来做某事。Im going to buy some seeds for my garden this weekend.这周末我要去给我的花园买一些种子。b表示“预见”,即有迹象表明要发生某事。Look at these dark cloudsit is going to rain.看这些乌云要下雨了。
35、be to doa表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作。He is to be present at the meeting.他要出席会议。b表示职责、义务、意图、约束、禁止、可能性等。Smoking is not to be allowed here.这儿禁止吸烟。be about to do表示“立即的将来”,一般不与时间状语连用。The train is about to start.火车就要开了。be on the point of doing表示“快要做某事”,不与确切的时间状语连用。The plane is on the point of taking off.飞机就快要起飞了。现在进行
36、时come,go,arrive,leave,begin,start等动词用现在进行时表示计划好的近期内要发生的动作。Im leaving for Shanghai next week.下周我要动身去上海了。一般现在时表示计划好、安排好在某时要发生某事,往往用于火车时刻、飞机时刻、电影开演、上下课等。The first class begins at 8:00 oclock.第一节课将在8点开始。4.现在进行时(1)构成现在进行时表示现在这一时刻或近阶段内正在进行的动作或存在的状态,具有持续性、暂时性和未完成性的特点,由“am/is/are现在分词”构成。(2)用法表示说话时正在进行或尚未完成的
37、动作或状态。They are playing cards now.他们现在正在打牌。表示现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事,虽然此时此刻动作不一定在进行,常与these days,this week等时间状语连用。We are making model planes these days.这些天我们在做飞机模型。(此时此刻不一定在做)表示此时此刻某一动作不断地重复。The boy is jumping with joy.那男孩高兴得直跳呢。在时间、条件等状语从句中代替将来进行时。If they are not doing it,what am I to do?假如他们不干,那我该怎么办呢?现在进行
38、时与always,continually,constantly,forever,all the time等连用,表示说话者的一种感情色彩,如同情、责备、好奇、不满、赞赏等。She is always complaining.她老是抱怨。(不满)Im simply loving it here.我简直爱上了这儿的一切。(赞赏)注意 有些动词不用于进行时态,常见的有:感觉类:look,smell,feel,sound,taste,see,hear等。The soup tastes good。(不可说:The soup is tasting good.)这汤尝起来不错。Your hands feel
39、 cold.(不可说:Your hands are feeling cold.)你的手摸起来很凉。情感类:like,love,prefer,admire,hate,fear,adore等。I love my dad and mum.(不可说:I am loving my dad and mum.)我爱我的爸爸妈妈。心态类:wish,hope,expect,want,need,believe,think,understand,agree,know,remember,forget等。I dont believe my eyes.(不可说:I am not believing my eyes.)我不
40、相信我的眼睛。表示存在状态的词:appear,lie(位于),remain,belong,have等。Those books belong to Mr Li.(不可说:Those books are belonging to Mr Li.)那些书是李老师的。5.过去进行时(1)构成过去进行时主要表示过去某个时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作,由“was/were现在分词”构成。(2)用法表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作或某一段时间内一直在进行的动作。He was watching TV at this time yesterday.昨天这个时候他正在看电视。They were building a
41、 tall building last year.去年他们正在修建一座大楼。与always,continually,frequently等连用,表示不耐烦等感情色彩。She was always lying to us.她老是向我们撒谎。hope,want,wonder,think等词用过去进行时表示有礼貌的请求。I was wondering if you could answer my questions.我不知道你能否回答我的问题。注意 过去进行时有时可用在宾语从句中,表示在过去预计、安排未来要发生的动作。She told me that she was coming this week
42、.她告诉我她本周来。6.将来进行时由“shall/will be现在分词”构成,表示将来某时刻正在进行的或持续的动作,常表示事情的发展是由客观情况所决定的。I will be flying to Beijing this time tomorrow.明天这个时候我将飞往北京。7.过去将来进行时由“should/would be现在分词”构成,表示从过去某时看将来某时正在进行的动作。和过去将来时类似,也常表示计划中的事。He asked me what I would be doing when he came the next day.他问我当他第二天来的时候我会在干什么。8.现在完成时(1)
43、构成现在完成时由“have/has过去分词”构成。(2)用法表示过去发生的动作或事情对现在产生的影响或结果,着眼点在现在。We have bought a camera.我们买了台相机。(含义是现在已有相机了)表示从过去某个时间开始,延续到现在,并有可能继续下去的动作,常与for,since引导的时间状语连用,句中动词必须为延续性动词。He has lived in America for five years.他在美国生活5年了。某些非延续性动词,在现在完成时中,不能同表示一段时间的状语连用。He has left China for five years.()He has not been
44、 in China for five years.()他离开中国五年了。现在完成时用在状语从句中,表示一个动作发生在另一个动作之前。Almost as soon as we have started we find ourselves at the bottom of the hill.我们几乎是刚刚动身就到山脚下了。注意 现在完成时不能与明确指出的表示过去的时间状语如last week,in 1997,a minute ago,when I came in等连用。句中有“for时间段”结构也未必完全用现在完成时。Though he lived abroad for many years,he
45、 has been used to the life here.尽管他在国外住了好多年,他也已经习惯了这里的生活。句型It/This is the first time that.及“It/This is the best/worst/most interesting.名词that.”中的从句要用现在完成时。It is the first time that he has taken part in the Olympic Games.这是他第一次参加奥运会。This is the most interesting novel he has ever written.这是他所写的最有趣的一部小
46、说。辨析 1)in the past 与 in/during/over the past/last few yearsin the past,“在过去”,可以作一般过去时的时间状语,而in/during/over the past/last few years,“在过去的几年当中”,为现在完成时的时间状语。Women were looked down upon in the past.过去妇女被瞧不起。In the past few years a lot has been done in the recovery of our national economy.在过去的几年当中,我们为了国民
47、经济的恢复做了大量工作。2)since 从句使用一般过去时和现在完成时用法since 作为连词,后接短语或从句,与现在完成时连用,意为“自以来”,但 since 从句用一般过去时态。I have worked here since I graduated.我自毕业以来一直在这儿工作。since 从句有时也可以用现在完成时,表示动作和状态延续到现在,从句谓语动词必须是延续性动词。I havent heard from him since he has lived there.自从他住到那儿以后,我就没收到过他的来信。注意 since 从句谓语动词是延续的还是瞬间的含义差别很大。若是延续性的,则表
48、示该动作中止多长时间了,若为瞬间的,则表示该动作进行多长时间了。试比较:It is five years since he stopped smoking.(stop 为瞬间动词,表示停止吸烟多长时间了)It is five years since he smoked.(smoke为延续性动词,表示不吸烟多长时间了)他戒烟五年了。3)have gone to与have been to两者均可后接地点,前者表示到某地去了,强调说话的当时去某地的人不在现场,主语为第三人称,后者表示曾经去过某地,通常可与表示次数的状语连用。She has been to Europe twice.她曾经去过欧洲两次
49、。She has gone to Europe.她到欧洲去了。(即她现在不在这儿。)(3)瞬间动词的完成时现在完成时表“持续”的概念时,只能用延续性动词,不能用瞬间动词,即非延续性动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,必须用时要做一定的变化。我父亲去世3年了。My father has died for three years/since three years ago.()My father died three years ago.()My father has been dead for three years/since three years ago.()It is/has been t
50、hree years since my father died.()9.过去完成时(1)构成过去完成时表示在过去某个动作或某个具体时间之前已经发生、完成的动作或情况,也就是说发生在“过去的过去”。其构成为“had过去分词”。(2)用法表示在过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已完成的动作或状态,即“过去的过去”,句中常用“by the end of过去某一时间”、“by the time从句”或before,when等引导的时间状语。I had learned 2 000 English words before I came here.我来这儿之前已学了2 000个英语单词。用在时间状语、原因状语从句
51、或者宾语从句中,表示从句的动作发生在主句的过去动作之前,表动作先后关系等。He got home and suddenly realized that he had left his key in the office.他回到家,忽然意识到他把钥匙忘在办公室了。hope,think,intend,mean,plan,want,expect,wish等动词用过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望、意图、承诺、打算等,含有惋惜意味。We had planned to play football,but it rained heavily.我们本计划去踢足球,但雨下得很大。注意 had done可用于虚拟
52、语气中。I wish that I had followed your advice.我要是早听从你的建议就好了。(叙述与过去事实相反的情况,had followed表示虚拟语气,事实上我没听)no sooner.than.,hardly.when.等固定句型中主句用过去完成时。No sooner had he arrived than the trouble started.他刚到,麻烦就来了。过去完成时必须以过去某一时刻为基点,即“过去的过去”,因此只有在和过去某时或某动作相比较时才用到它。10.将来完成时将来完成时主要表示在将来某一时间之前将会完成的动作,并对将来某一时间产生影响。其构成
53、为“shall/will have过去分词”,有时句中可出现by the end of next week等时间状语。We will have finished our project by the end of this month.本月底我们将会完成我们的工程。By seven oclock this evening we shall have got to Nanjing if the train works well.如果火车正常行驶,我们今天晚上7点就能到南京了。11.过去将来时过去将来时表示从过去看将来要发生的动作或过去的意图、打算等,主要有四种构成形式:(1)should/wou
54、ld do(2)was/were going to do(3)was/were to do(4)was/were about to doHis sister told him that she would be back on Tuesday.他姐姐告诉他她周二回来。They were going to have a class meeting.他们曾经打算开个班会。I was to finish the report in a week.我打算在一周内完成报告。The bus was about to leave.公共汽车马上就要开了。注意 was/were about to do一般不接时
55、间状语,但它可以用于固定的句式结构:was/were about to dowhen一般过去时句子,表示一件事情刚要发生,这时另一件事发生了。I was about to leave when a friend dropped in.我刚要离开,这时一位朋友来访。12现在完成进行时与过去完成进行时 (1)现在完成进行时,表示一个从过去某时开始发生,一直延续到现在并可能延续下去的动作。其构成为“have/hasbeen现在分词”。She has been working all the morning.她一上午都在工作。We have been studying English for five
56、 years.我们学英语5年了。(2)过去完成进行时,表示过去某个时间之前一直在进行的动作。She told me that she had been writing a story.她告诉我她一直在写一个故事。注意 现在完成进行时与过去完成进行时句中动词多用延续性动词,如live,learn,stand,stay,wait,rest,study等。She has been standing here for two hours.她在这儿整整站了两个小时了。When I came in,he had been watching TV for half an hour.当我进来时,他已看了半小时
57、电视了。知识清单二时态呼应1.定义在英语复合句中,从句(特别是宾语从句)中的谓语动词时态通常要根据主句中谓语动词的时态而定,以表示两者之间的时间关系,这种以动词的时态来表示两者之间时间关系的现象,语法上称之为时态呼应,又叫时态的一致。2.基本原则 (1)主句与名词性从句时态的呼应如果主句谓语动词是现在时或将来时,从句可根据需要选用时态。I think he has gone to the doctors.我认为他已经去看医生了。如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时,则从句要用与过去有关的时态。He said he was doing his homework at that time.他说他当时在做作
58、业。(2)主句与状语从句时态的呼应在时间、条件、让步等状语从句中,若主句为一般将来时,则从句往往用一般现在时表将来,若主句为过去将来时,则从句也用相对应的一般过去时。Youll make progress if you keep working hard.如果你继续努力,你就会取得进步。He told us that he wouldnt give up until he succeeded.他告诉我们他决不放弃,直到成功为止。(2)主句与状语从句时态的呼应在时间、条件、让步等状语从句中,若主句为一般将来时,则从句往往用一般现在时表将来,若主句为过去将来时,则从句也用相对应的一般过去时。You
59、ll make progress if you keep working hard.如果你继续努力,你就会取得进步。He told us that he wouldnt give up until he succeeded.他告诉我们他决不放弃,直到成功为止。(3)主句与定语从句时态的呼应定语从句的谓语动词应根据动词本身所涉及的时间运用恰当的时态,但主句时态是过去时,从句一般也用过去时。This is the person who will give us a lecture tomorrow.这就是明天要给我们作报告的那个人。This was the person who would giv
60、e us a lecture the next day.这就是第二天要给我们作报告的那个人。注意 如果从句叙述的是某个真理、不变的事实或对现在或将来仍然有效的事情,则从句要用现在的某种时态。Grandmother said nothing is impossible to a willing heart.奶奶说心之所愿,无事不成。He said that the earth is round.他说地球是圆的。知识清单三主动语态和被动语态当句子的主语是动作的执行者时,谓语的形式叫主动语态;当句子的主语是动作的承受者时,谓语要用被动语态。1被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词be动词的过去分词”构成。
61、助动词be随着主语的人称、数、时态的不同而变化。被动语态的各种时态形式见下表:现在过去将来过去将来一般ia/am/are donewas/were donewill/shallbe donewould/shouldbe done进行is/am/arebeing donewas/werebeing done一般不用被动语态一般不用被动语态完成has/havebeen donehad beendonewill/shallhave beendonewould/shouldhave beendone2.被动语态的用法 (1)不知道谁是动作的执行者或没有必要知道时。This new style of M
62、P5 was very popular among young people when it was introduced to the market.这种新款MP5一上市就受到年轻人的喜爱。(不知道是谁把MP5引入市场)However,specialists have no doubt that the factory was built to produce a nuclear bomb.然而,专家们毫不怀疑建造这个工厂是用于制造核弹的。(不知道谁建造这个工厂,也没必要知道)(2)需要强调动作的承受者时。George Washington is considered to be the f
63、ounding father of the United States of America.乔治华盛顿被认为是美国的创立者。(3)为了使语气婉转,避免提及自己或对方而使用被动语态。The construction of the new lab must be completed by the end of next month.新实验室的建造一定要在下个月底前完成。(4)由于修饰的原因需要使用被动语态,使句子避免头重脚轻。The lecture will be made by Joe,who is a young artist from America.乔将来作这次报告,他是一位来自美国的青
64、年艺术家。(Joe后有一个非限制性定语从句,太长,故置于最后)(5)为了避免更换主语而使用被动语态,这种情况一般出现在并列句或复合句中。The President loves his people and is loved by his people.总统热爱人民,也为人民所爱戴。Once a promise is made,it shouldnt be broken.诺言一旦许下,就不能违背。(6)动作的执行者是无生命的事物。The whole village has been washed away by the flood.整个村庄都被洪水冲走了。(7)在文章标题、广告、新闻中多用被动语
65、态。cook wanted招聘厨师3主动变被动易错点分析(1)含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时,将直接宾语或间接宾语变成被动句的主语皆可。我生日那天汤姆送我一件礼物。主动:Tom gave me a present on my birthday.被动:I was given a present by Tom on my birthday.A present was given to me by Tom on my birthday.注意 如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语,则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词。在下列动词后,通常在间接宾语前用介词to:bring,give,hand,lend,offer
66、,pass,sell,show,take,tell等。在下列动词后,一般在间接宾语前用介词for:build,buy,cook,cut,choose,do,fetch,find,fix,get,keep,make,order,paint,play,sing等。(2)含复合宾语(宾语宾补)的主动句改为被动句时,一般把主动句中的宾语改为主语,而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面成为主语补足语。大多数小学要求学生学英语。主动:Most primary schools require their pupils to learn English.被动:The pupils are required to le
67、arn English in most primary schools.English is required to be learned by the pupils in most primary schools.在see,watch,hear,notice,listen to,look at,make,feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to,但改成被动语态后要加上to。主动:We often hear her sing.我们经常听到她唱歌。被动:She is often heard to sing.经常有人听到她唱歌。如果宾语补足语是名词,变被动句时,不要误把作宾语补足语的名词
68、作为句子主语。We called him a fool.我们叫他傻瓜。A fool was called him.()He was called a fool.()(3)短语动词的被动语态含有短语动词的句子变为被动语态时,要注意短语动词的完整性,动词后面的介词或副词不可遗漏。你必须注意你的发音。主动:You must pay attention to your pronunciation.被动:Your pronunciation must be paid attention to.他们马上去请医生了。主动:They sent for the doctor immediately.被动:The
69、 doctor was sent for immediately.4.被动语态与系表结构的区别所谓系表结构,在此处指“系动词用作表语的动词ed形式”。它与被动语态的形式完全一样,在使用时应注意它们的区别。(1)被动语态中的过去分词是动词,多强调动作;系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词,多强调状态。前者通常可用“by人”或“by抽象名词”表示动作的执行者,而后者则一般不用。The gate of the garden was locked by the girl.花园的门被那个女孩锁上了。(被动语态)The gate of the garden was locked.花园的门锁了。(系表结构)(2
70、)系表结构一般只用于一般现在时、一般过去时等少数几种时态,而被动语态可用于多种时态。The composition is well written.这篇作文写得很好。(系表结构)The composition is being written.正在写这篇作文。(被动语态)(3)系表结构中的过去分词可以被very,too,so等修饰,被动语态中的过去分词须用much修饰。He was very excited at the news.听到那个消息,他很激动。(系表结构)He was much excited by the news.那个消息使他很激动。(被动语态)(4)“be不及物动词的过去分词
71、”通常是系表结构。Her money is all gone.她的钱都花光了。(5)表示“充满”意思的“be过去分词with”结构多为系表结构。如be filled with,be crowded with,be covered with等。The mountain is covered with snow all the year round.这座山终年被积雪覆盖。(6)“remain/feel/lie/stand/become/grow.过去分词”结构为系表结构。The matter remained unsettled.这件事还未解决。(7)“get过去分词”构成被动语态,能与get构成被动语态的动词不多,有些已成为短语,如get dressed,get lost,get married。He got paid by the hourHe was paid by the hour.他被按小时付给报酬。(8)句中有时间状语或地点状语时,一般为被动语态,反之为系表结构。The bank is closed.银行关门了。(系表结构)The bank is usually closed at six.银行通常在6点关门。(被动语态)